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Homman, L., Danielsson, H. & Rönnberg, J. (2023). A structural equation mediation model captures the predictions amongst the parameters of the ease of language understanding model. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article ID 1015227.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A structural equation mediation model captures the predictions amongst the parameters of the ease of language understanding model
2023 (English)In: Frontiers in Psychology, E-ISSN 1664-1078, Vol. 14, article id 1015227Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of the Ease of Language Understanding (ELU) model through a statistical assessment of the relationships among its main parameters: processing speed, phonology, working memory (WM), and dB Speech Noise Ratio (SNR) for a given Speech Recognition Threshold (SRT) in a sample of hearing aid users from the n200 database.

Methods: Hearing aid users were assessed on several hearing and cognitive tests. Latent Structural Equation Models (SEMs) were applied to investigate the relationship between the main parameters of the ELU model while controlling for age and PTA. Several competing models were assessed.

Results: Analyses indicated that a mediating SEM was the best fit for the data. The results showed that (i) phonology independently predicted speech recognition threshold in both easy and adverse listening conditions and (ii) WM was not predictive of dB SNR for a given SRT in the easier listening conditions (iii) processing speed was predictive of dB SNR for a given SRT mediated via WM in the more adverse conditions.

Conclusion: The results were in line with the predictions of the ELU model: (i) phonology contributed to dB SNR for a given SRT in all listening conditions, (ii) WM is only invoked when listening conditions are adverse, (iii) better WM capacity aids the understanding of what has been said in adverse listening conditions, and finally (iv) the results highlight the importance and optimization of processing speed in conditions when listening conditions are adverse and WM is activated.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Frontiers Media S.A., 2023
Keywords
cognitive hearing science; ELU model; mediation model; phonology; processing speed; working memory
National Category
Psychology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-192300 (URN)10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1015227 (DOI)000953499600001 ()36936006 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85150422358 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 349-2007-8654Swedish Research Council, 2017-06092
Available from: 2023-03-13 Created: 2023-03-13 Last updated: 2023-04-14
Stenbäck, V., Marsja, E., Ellis, R. J. & Rönnberg, J. (2023). Relationships between behavioural and self-report measures in speech recognition in noise. International Journal of Audiology, 62(2), 101-109
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Relationships between behavioural and self-report measures in speech recognition in noise
2023 (English)In: International Journal of Audiology, ISSN 1499-2027, E-ISSN 1708-8186, Vol. 62, no 2, p. 101-109Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objective

Using data from the n200-study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between behavioural (the Swedish HINT and Hagerman speech-in-noise tests) and self-report (Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Questionnaire (SSQ)) measures of listening under adverse conditions.

Design

The Swedish HINT was masked with a speech-shaped noise (SSN), the Hagerman was masked with a SSN and a four-talker babble, and the subscales from the SSQ were used as a self-report measure. The HINT and Hagerman were administered through an experimental hearing aid.

Study sample

This study included 191 hearing aid users with hearing loss (mean PTA4 = 37.6, SD = 10.8) and 195 normally hearing adults (mean PTA4 = 10.0, SD = 6.0).ResultsThe present study found correlations between behavioural measures of speech-in-noise and self-report scores of the SSQ in normally hearing individuals, but not in hearing aid users.

Conclusion

The present study may help identify relationships between clinically used behavioural measures, and a self-report measure of speech recognition. The results from the present study suggest that use of a self-report measure as a complement to behavioural speech in noise tests might help to further our understanding of how self-report, and behavioural results can be generalised to everyday functioning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2023
Keywords
Speech perception, hearing loss, SSQ, age-related hearing loss
National Category
Psychology (excluding Applied Psychology)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-183739 (URN)10.1080/14992027.2022.2047232 (DOI)000771248900001 ()35306958 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding: FORTE, Vetenskapsradet

Available from: 2022-03-21 Created: 2022-03-21 Last updated: 2023-11-21Bibliographically approved
Marsja, E., Stenbäck, V., Moradi, S., Danielsson, H. & Rönnberg, J. (2022). Is Having Hearing Loss Fundamentally Different?: Multigroup Structural Equation Modeling of the Effect of Cognitive Functioning on Speech Identificatio. Ear and Hearing, 43(5), 1437-1446
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Is Having Hearing Loss Fundamentally Different?: Multigroup Structural Equation Modeling of the Effect of Cognitive Functioning on Speech Identificatio
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2022 (English)In: Ear and Hearing, ISSN 0196-0202, E-ISSN 1538-4667, Vol. 43, no 5, p. 1437-1446Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objectives: Previous research suggests that there is a robust relationship between cognitive functioning and speech-in-noise performance for older adults with age-related hearing loss. For normal-hearing adults, on the other hand, the research is not entirely clear. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine the relationship between cognitive functioning, aging, and speech-in-noise, in a group of older normal-hearing persons and older persons with hearing loss who wear hearing aids.

Design: We analyzed data from 199 older normal-hearing individuals (mean age = 61.2) and 200 older individuals with hearing loss (mean age = 60.9) using multigroup structural equation modeling. Four cognitively related tasks were used to create a cognitive functioning construct: the reading span task, a visuospatial working memory task, the semantic word-pairs task, and Raven’s progressive matrices. Speech-in-noise, on the other hand, was measured using Hagerman sentences. The Hagerman sentences were presented via an experimental hearing aid to both normal hearing and hearing-impaired groups. Furthermore, the sentences were presented with one of the two background noise conditions: the Hagerman original speech-shaped noise or four-talker babble. Each noise condition was also presented with three different hearing processing settings: linear processing, fast compression, and noise reduction.

Results: Cognitive functioning was significantly related to speech-in-noise identification. Moreover, aging had a significant effect on both speech-in-noise and cognitive functioning. With regression weights constrained to be equal for the two groups, the final model had the best fit to the data. Importantly, the results showed that the relationship between cognitive functioning and speech-in-noise was not different for the two groups. Furthermore, the same pattern was evident for aging: the effects of aging on cognitive functioning and aging on speech-in-noise were not different between groups.

Conclusion: Our findings revealed similar cognitive functioning and aging effects on speech-in-noise performance in older normal-hearing and aided hearing-impaired listeners. In conclusion, the findings support the Ease of Language Understanding model as cognitive processes play a critical role in speech-in-noise independent from the hearing status of elderly individuals.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2022
Keywords
Aging; Cognitive functioning; Ravens; Speech in noise; Structural equation modeling; Working memory
National Category
Psychology (excluding Applied Psychology)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-182150 (URN)10.1097/aud.0000000000001196 (DOI)000843475700006 ()34983896 (PubMedID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 349-2007-8654Forte, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, 2012-1693Swedish Research Council, VR-2017-06092
Note

Funding: Linnaeus Centre HEAD excellence center grant from the Swedish Research Council [349-2007-8654]; FORTE [2012-1693]; Swedish Research Council [VR-2017-06092]

Available from: 2022-01-07 Created: 2022-01-07 Last updated: 2022-09-05Bibliographically approved
Rönnberg, J., Holmer, E. & Rudner, M. (2022). The Ease of Language Understanding Model. In: The Cambridge Handbook of Working Memory and Language: (pp. 197-218). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Ease of Language Understanding Model
2022 (English)In: The Cambridge Handbook of Working Memory and Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022, p. 197-218Chapter in book (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

To conceptualize the communicative role of working memory (WM), the Ease-of-Language Understanding (ELU) model was proposed (e.g., Rönnberg, 2003; Rönnberg et al., 2008, 2013, 2019, 2020). The model states that ease of language understanding is determined by the speed and accuracy with which the signal is matched to existing multimodal language representations. When matching is fast and complete, language understanding is effortless; this process may be facilitated by predictions based on the contents of WM. However, when the contents of the language signal mismatches with existing representations, WM is triggered to access knowledge in semantic long-term memory (SLTM) and personal experience from episodic long-term memory (ELTM) – promoting inference-making and postdictions in WM. The interplay between WM and LTM is fundamental to language understanding; its efficiency becomes apparent in adverse conditions and its breakdown may explain cognitive decline and dementia. Empirical support, limitations, and future studies will be discussed.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022
Series
Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics
National Category
Psychology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-188116 (URN)10.1017/9781108955638.013 (DOI)9781108955638 (ISBN)
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2017-06092
Available from: 2022-09-05 Created: 2022-09-05 Last updated: 2022-10-24Bibliographically approved
Rönnberg, J., Holmer, E. & Rudner, M. (2021). Cognitive Hearing Science: Three Memory Systems, Two Approaches, and the Ease of Language Understanding Model. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 64(2), 359-370
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cognitive Hearing Science: Three Memory Systems, Two Approaches, and the Ease of Language Understanding Model
2021 (English)In: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, ISSN 1558-9102, Vol. 64, no 2, p. 359-370Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to conceptualize the subtle balancing act between language input and prediction (cognitive priming of future input) to achieve understanding of communicated content. When understanding fails, reconstructive postdiction is initiated. Three memory systems play important roles: working memory (WM), episodic long-term memory (ELTM), and semantic long-term memory (SLTM). The axiom of the Ease of Language Understanding (ELU) model is that explicit WM resources are invoked by a mismatch between language input—in the form of rapid automatic multimodal binding of phonology—and multimodal phonological and lexical representations in SLTM. However, if there is a match between rapid automatic multimodal binding of phonology output and SLTM/ELTM representations, language processing continues rapidly and implicitly.

Method and Results

In our first ELU approach, we focused on experimental manipulations of signal processing in hearing aids and background noise to cause a mismatch with LTM representations; both resulted in increased dependence on WM. Our second—and main approach relevant for this review article—focuses on the relative effects of age-related hearing loss on the three memory systems. According to the ELU, WM is predicted to be frequently occupied with reconstruction of what was actually heard, resulting in a relative disuse of phonological/lexical representations in the ELTM and SLTM systems. The prediction and results do not depend on test modality per se but rather on the particular memory system. This will be further discussed.

Conclusions

Related to the literature on ELTM decline as precursors of dementia and the fact that the risk for Alzheimer's disease increases substantially over time due to hearing loss, there is a possibility that lowered ELTM due to hearing loss and disuse may be part of the causal chain linking hearing loss and dementia. Future ELU research will focus on this possibility.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2021
National Category
Psychology (excluding Applied Psychology)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-173827 (URN)10.1044/2020_JSLHR-20-00007 (DOI)000671810000007 ()33439747 (PubMedID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2017-06092Forte, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare
Note

Funding: Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research CouncilEuropean Commission [2017-06092]; Linnaeus Centre HEAD - Swedish Research Council; FORTE: Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare

Available from: 2021-03-09 Created: 2021-03-09 Last updated: 2021-12-28
Karlsson, T., Granlund, M. & Rönnberg, J. (2021). Framtidens utmaningar. In: Lisa Kilman, Josefine Andin, Håkan Hua, Jerker Rönnberg (Ed.), Leva som andra: Ett biopsykosocialt perspektiv på funktionsnedsättning och funktionshinder (pp. 365-378). Studentlitteratur AB
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Framtidens utmaningar
2021 (Swedish)In: Leva som andra: Ett biopsykosocialt perspektiv på funktionsnedsättning och funktionshinder / [ed] Lisa Kilman, Josefine Andin, Håkan Hua, Jerker Rönnberg, Studentlitteratur AB, 2021, p. 365-378Chapter in book (Refereed)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Studentlitteratur AB, 2021
National Category
Other Social Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-188060 (URN)9789144121437 (ISBN)
Available from: 2022-09-02 Created: 2022-09-02 Last updated: 2023-02-16Bibliographically approved
Kilman, L., Andin, J., Hua, H. & Rönnberg, J. (Eds.). (2021). Leva som andra: Ett biopsykosocialt perspektiv på funktionsnedsättning och funktionshinder (1ed.). Studentlitteratur AB
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Leva som andra: Ett biopsykosocialt perspektiv på funktionsnedsättning och funktionshinder
2021 (Swedish)Collection (editor) (Other academic)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Studentlitteratur AB, 2021. p. 384 Edition: 1
National Category
Other Social Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-178645 (URN)9789144121437 (ISBN)
Available from: 2021-08-25 Created: 2021-08-25 Last updated: 2023-12-28Bibliographically approved
Palmqvist, L., Danielsson, H., Jonsson, A. & Rönnberg, J. (2021). Träning av planeringsförmågor hos ungdomar med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning. In: Mara Westling Allodi (Ed.), Specialpedagogik för lärare: (pp. 388-402). Stockholm: Natur och kultur
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Träning av planeringsförmågor hos ungdomar med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning
2021 (Swedish)In: Specialpedagogik för lärare / [ed] Mara Westling Allodi, Stockholm: Natur och kultur, 2021, p. 388-402Chapter in book (Other academic)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Natur och kultur, 2021
Keywords
Funktionsnedsättningar, Ungdomar, Inlärningssvårigheter, Vardagsliv
National Category
Learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-188061 (URN)9789127827318 (ISBN)
Available from: 2022-09-02 Created: 2022-09-02 Last updated: 2022-10-24Bibliographically approved
Rönnberg, J. (2021). Vertikal och horisontell kunskapsutveckling. In: Lisa Kilman, Josefine Andin, Håkan Hua, Jerker Rönnberg (Ed.), Leva som andra: Ett biopsykosocialt perspektiv på funktionsnedsättning och funktionshinder (pp. 103-110). Studentlitteratur AB
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Vertikal och horisontell kunskapsutveckling
2021 (Swedish)In: Leva som andra: Ett biopsykosocialt perspektiv på funktionsnedsättning och funktionshinder / [ed] Lisa Kilman, Josefine Andin, Håkan Hua, Jerker Rönnberg, Studentlitteratur AB, 2021, p. 103-110Chapter in book (Refereed)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Studentlitteratur AB, 2021
National Category
Applied Psychology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-188055 (URN)9789144121437 (ISBN)
Available from: 2022-09-02 Created: 2022-09-02 Last updated: 2023-02-16Bibliographically approved
Zekveld, A., Kramer, S. E., Rönnberg, J. & Rudner, M. (2019). In a Concurrent Memory and Auditory Perception Task, the Pupil Dilation Response Is More Sensitive to Memory Load Than to Auditory Stimulus Characteristics. Ear and Hearing, 40(2), 272-286
Open this publication in new window or tab >>In a Concurrent Memory and Auditory Perception Task, the Pupil Dilation Response Is More Sensitive to Memory Load Than to Auditory Stimulus Characteristics
2019 (English)In: Ear and Hearing, ISSN 0196-0202, E-ISSN 1538-4667, Vol. 40, no 2, p. 272-286Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objectives: Speech understanding may be cognitively demanding, but it can be enhanced when semantically related text cues precede auditory sentences. The present study aimed to determine whether (a) providing text cues reduces pupil dilation, a measure of cognitive load, during listening to sentences, (b) repeating the sentences aloud affects recall accuracy and pupil dilation during recall of cue words, and (c) semantic relatedness between cues and sentences affects recall accuracy and pupil dilation during recall of cue words.

Design: Sentence repetition following text cues and recall of the text cues were tested. Twenty-six participants (mean age, 22 years) with normal hearing listened to masked sentences. On each trial, a set of four-word cues was presented visually as text preceding the auditory presentation of a sentence whose meaning was either related or unrelated to the cues. On each trial, participants first read the cue words, then listened to a sentence. Following this they spoke aloud either the cue words or the sentence, according to instruction, and finally on all trials orally recalled the cues. Peak pupil dilation was measured throughout listening and recall on each trial. Additionally, participants completed a test measuring the ability to perceive degraded verbal text information and three working memory tests (a reading span test, a size-comparison span test, and a test of memory updating).

Results: Cue words that were semantically related to the sentence facilitated sentence repetition but did not reduce pupil dilation. Recall was poorer and there were more intrusion errors when the cue words were related to the sentences. Recall was also poorer when sentences were repeated aloud. Both behavioral effects were associated with greater pupil dilation. Larger reading span capacity and smaller size-comparison span were associated with larger peak pupil dilation during listening. Furthermore, larger reading span and greater memory updating ability were both associated with better cue recall overall.

Conclusions: Although sentence-related word cues facilitate sentence repetition, our results indicate that they do not reduce cognitive load during listening in noise with a concurrent memory load. As expected, higher working memory capacity was associated with better recall of the cues. Unexpectedly, however, semantic relatedness with the sentence reduced word cue recall accuracy and increased intrusion errors, suggesting an effect of semantic confusion. Further, speaking the sentence aloud also reduced word cue recall accuracy, probably due to articulatory suppression. Importantly, imposing a memory load during listening to sentences resulted in the absence of formerly established strong effects of speech intelligibility on the pupil dilation response. This nullified intelligibility effect demonstrates that the pupil dilation response to a cognitive (memory) task can completely overshadow the effect of perceptual factors on the pupil dilation response. This highlights the importance of taking cognitive task load into account during auditory testing.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019
Keywords
Listening effort; Memory processing; Pupil dilation response; Speech perception
National Category
Other Medical Sciences not elsewhere specified
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-155558 (URN)10.1097/AUD.0000000000000612 (DOI)000459769700006 ()29923867 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85061056453 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council

Available from: 2019-03-26 Created: 2019-03-26 Last updated: 2021-12-28Bibliographically approved
Projects
A new perspective on selective attention: Is there a relation between the cognitive and the physiological mechanisms of hearing? [P11-0617:1_RJ]; University of Gävle
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0001-7311-9959

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