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Abramian, D., Sidén, P., Knutsson, H., Villani, M. & Eklund, A. (2020). Anatomically Informed Bayesian Spatial Priors for FMRI Analysis. In: IEEE (Ed.), ISBI 2020: IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging. Paper presented at IEEE 17th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), Iowa City, IA, USA, 3-7 April 2020. IEEE
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Anatomically Informed Bayesian Spatial Priors for FMRI Analysis
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2020 (English)In: ISBI 2020: IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging / [ed] IEEE, IEEE, 2020Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Existing Bayesian spatial priors for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data correspond to stationary isotropic smoothing filters that may oversmooth at anatomical boundaries. We propose two anatomically informed Bayesian spatial models for fMRI data with local smoothing in each voxel based on a tensor field estimated from a T1-weighted anatomical image. We show that our anatomically informed Bayesian spatial models results in posterior probability maps that follow the anatomical structure.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2020
Series
IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging, ISSN 1945-7928, E-ISSN 1945-8452
Keywords
Bayesian statistics, functional MRI, activation mapping, adaptive smoothing
National Category
Medical Image Processing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-165856 (URN)10.1109/ISBI45749.2020.9098342 (DOI)000578080300208 ()978-1-5386-9330-8 (ISBN)
Conference
IEEE 17th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), Iowa City, IA, USA, 3-7 April 2020
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2017- 04889
Note

Funding agencies:  Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council [201704889]; Center for Industrial Information Technology (CENIIT) at Linkoping University

Available from: 2020-05-29 Created: 2020-05-29 Last updated: 2023-03-31Bibliographically approved
Tampu, I. E., Yolcu, C., Knutsson, H., Koay, C. G. & Özarslan, E. (2019). Estimation of the orientationally-averaged magnetic resonance (MR) signal for characterizing neurite morphology. In: : . Paper presented at Medicinteknikdagarna.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Estimation of the orientationally-averaged magnetic resonance (MR) signal for characterizing neurite morphology
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2019 (English)Conference paper, Oral presentation only (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The orientationally-averaged diffusion magnetic resonance (MR) signal acquired at high diffusion weighting shows great potential for answering fundamental questions about neural tissue microstructure[1]. The noise-induced bias in the magnitude-valued signal and angular resolution limitations in diffusion encoding are among the challenges in obtaining an accurate estimate. Here, we present a data processing framework for computing the orientationally-averaged diffusion signal that corrects the noise induced bias and accounts for the low angular resolution of the acquisition. Noise correction is performed using a statistical transformation framework [2] that converts the noisy MR signal from a noncentralChi distribution to a noisy Gaussian one. Weights for each of the probing directions are computed to improve the rotationally invariant representation of the sample. Synthetic data, generated to mimic diffusion acquisitions with different noise levels and number of acquisition directions, were used to test the data processing framework. The performance of the framework was evaluated by comparing the processed data with the analytical solution of the orientationally-averaged signal. Results show that the computation of the orientationally-averaged signal benefits from both the noise correction and the weighted averaging, especially in the low signal regime. This work provides a tool for processing high diffusion-weighted MR signals whose interpretation could improve our knowledge about neural tissue microstructure.

[1] Özarslan E, Yolcu C, Herberthson M, Knutsson H, Westin CF. Influence of the size and curvedness ofneural projections on the orientationally averaged diffusion MR signal. Front Phys, 2018; 6:17.

[2] Koay CG, Özarslan E, Basser PJ. A signal transformational framework for breaking the noise floorand its applications in MRI. J Magn Reson 2009; 197(2):108–119.

National Category
Other Medical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-160815 (URN)
Conference
Medicinteknikdagarna
Available from: 2019-10-09 Created: 2019-10-09 Last updated: 2024-01-10
Gu, X., Knutsson, H., Nilsson, M. & Eklund, A. (2019). Generating Diffusion MRI Scalar Maps from T1 Weighted Images Using Generative Adversarial Networks. In: Felsberg M., Forssén PE., Sintorn IM., Unger J. (Ed.), Image Analysis: Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Paper presented at Scandinavian Conference on Image Analysis, SCIA (pp. 489-498). Springer Publishing Company
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Generating Diffusion MRI Scalar Maps from T1 Weighted Images Using Generative Adversarial Networks
2019 (English)In: Image Analysis: Lecture Notes in Computer Science / [ed] Felsberg M., Forssén PE., Sintorn IM., Unger J., Springer Publishing Company, 2019, p. 489-498Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (diffusion MRI) is a non-invasive microstructure assessment technique. Scalar measures, such as FA (fractional anisotropy) and MD (mean diffusivity), quantifying micro-structural tissue properties can be obtained using diffusion models and data processing pipelines. However, it is costly and time consuming to collect high quality diffusion data. Here, we therefore demonstrate how Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) can be used to generate synthetic diffusion scalar measures from structural T1-weighted images in a single optimized step. Specifically, we train the popular CycleGAN model to learn to map a T1 image to FA or MD, and vice versa. As an application, we show that synthetic FA images can be used as a target for non-linear registration, to correct for geometric distortions common in diffusion MRI.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Publishing Company, 2019
Series
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, ISSN 0302-9743, E-ISSN 1611-3349
Keywords
Diffusion MRI, Generative Adversarial Networks, CycleGAN, Distortion correction
National Category
Medical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-158662 (URN)10.1007/978-3-030-20205-7_40 (DOI)000577966300040 ()978-3-030-20204-0 (ISBN)978-3-030-20205-7 (ISBN)
Conference
Scandinavian Conference on Image Analysis, SCIA
Note

Funding agencies:  Swedish research council grants [2015-05356, 2017-04889]; Center for Industrial Information Technology (CENIIT) at Linkoping University; Knut and Alice Wallenberg foundation project "Seeing organ function"; Analytic Imaging Diagnostics Arena (AIDA); ITEA3

Available from: 2019-07-08 Created: 2019-07-08 Last updated: 2020-11-01
Eklund, A. & Knutsson, H. (2019). Reply to Chen et al.: Parametric methods for cluster inference perform worse for two‐sided t‐tests. Human Brain Mapping, 40(5), 1689-1691
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Reply to Chen et al.: Parametric methods for cluster inference perform worse for two‐sided t‐tests
2019 (English)In: Human Brain Mapping, ISSN 1065-9471, E-ISSN 1097-0193, Vol. 40, no 5, p. 1689-1691Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.)) Published
Abstract [en]

One‐sided t‐tests are commonly used in the neuroimaging field, but two‐sided tests should be the default unless a researcher has a strong reason for using a one‐sided test. Here we extend our previous work on cluster false positive rates, which used one‐sided tests, to two‐sided tests. Briefly, we found that parametric methods perform worse for two‐sided t‐tests, and that nonparametric methods perform equally well for one‐sided and two‐sided tests.

Keywords
cluster inference, false positives, fMRI, one‐sided, permutation, two‐sided
National Category
Medical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-153286 (URN)10.1002/hbm.24465 (DOI)000460680400025 ()
Note

Funding agencies: NIH [R01 EB015611]; Wellcome Trust [100309/Z/12/Z]; Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse; Linkoping University; Swedish Research Council [2017-04889, 2013-5229]; "la Caixa" Foundation; Vetenskapsradet

Available from: 2018-12-10 Created: 2018-12-10 Last updated: 2019-04-01
Gu, X., Eklund, A., Özarslan, E. & Knutsson, H. (2019). Using the wild bootstrap to quantify uncertainty in mean apparent propagator MRI. Frontiers in Neuroinformatics, 13, Article ID 43.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Using the wild bootstrap to quantify uncertainty in mean apparent propagator MRI
2019 (English)In: Frontiers in Neuroinformatics, E-ISSN 1662-5196, Vol. 13, article id 43Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: Estimation of uncertainty of MAP-MRI metricsis an important topic, for several reasons. Bootstrap deriveduncertainty, such as the standard deviation, providesvaluable information, and can be incorporated in MAP-MRIstudies to provide more extensive insight.

Methods: In this paper, the uncertainty of different MAPMRImetrics was quantified by estimating the empirical distributionsusing the wild bootstrap. We applied the wildbootstrap to both phantom data and human brain data, andobtain empirical distributions for theMAP-MRImetrics returnto-origin probability (RTOP), non-Gaussianity (NG) and propagatoranisotropy (PA).

Results: We demonstrated the impact of diffusion acquisitionscheme (number of shells and number of measurementsper shell) on the uncertainty of MAP-MRI metrics.We demonstrated how the uncertainty of these metrics canbe used to improve group analyses, and to compare differentpreprocessing pipelines. We demonstrated that withuncertainty considered, the results for a group analysis canbe different.

Conclusion: Bootstrap derived uncertain measures provideadditional information to the MAP-MRI derived metrics, andshould be incorporated in ongoing and future MAP-MRIstudies to provide more extensive insight.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Frontiers Media S.A., 2019
Keywords
Bootstrap, diffusion MRI, MAP-MRI, uncertainty, RtoP, NG, PA
National Category
Medical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-157089 (URN)10.3389/fninf.2019.00043 (DOI)000471589200001 ()31244637 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding agencies:  Swedish Research Council [2015-05356]; Linkoping University Center for Industrial Information Technology (CENIIT); Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation project Seeing Organ Function; National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); National

Available from: 2019-05-27 Created: 2019-05-27 Last updated: 2024-01-17
Sjölund, J., Eklund, A., Özarslan, E., Herberthson, M., Bånkestad, M. & Knutsson, H. (2018). Bayesian uncertainty quantification in linear models for diffusion MRI. NeuroImage, 175, 272-285
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Bayesian uncertainty quantification in linear models for diffusion MRI
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2018 (English)In: NeuroImage, ISSN 1053-8119, E-ISSN 1095-9572, Vol. 175, p. 272-285Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is a valuable tool in the assessment of tissue microstructure. By fitting a model to the dMRI signal it is possible to derive various quantitative features. Several of the most popular dMRI signal models are expansions in an appropriately chosen basis, where the coefficients are determined using some variation of least-squares. However, such approaches lack any notion of uncertainty, which could be valuable in e.g. group analyses. In this work, we use a probabilistic interpretation of linear least-squares methods to recast popular dMRI models as Bayesian ones. This makes it possible to quantify the uncertainty of any derived quantity. In particular, for quantities that are affine functions of the coefficients, the posterior distribution can be expressed in closed-form. We simulated measurements from single- and double-tensor models where the correct values of several quantities are known, to validate that the theoretically derived quantiles agree with those observed empirically. We included results from residual bootstrap for comparison and found good agreement. The validation employed several different models: Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), Mean Apparent Propagator MRI (MAP-MRI) and Constrained Spherical Deconvolution (CSD). We also used in vivo data to visualize maps of quantitative features and corresponding uncertainties, and to show how our approach can be used in a group analysis to downweight subjects with high uncertainty. In summary, we convert successful linear models for dMRI signal estimation to probabilistic models, capable of accurate uncertainty quantification.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Academic Press, 2018
Keywords
Diffusion MRI, Uncertainty quantification, Signal estimation
National Category
Medical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-147245 (URN)10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.059 (DOI)000432949000023 ()29604453 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding agencies: Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [AM13-0090]; Swedish Research Council CADICS Linneaus research environment; Swedish Research Council [2012-4281, 2013-5229, 2015-05356, 2016-04482]; Linkoping University Center for Industrial Information Technolog

Available from: 2018-04-12 Created: 2018-04-12 Last updated: 2024-01-10
Özarslan, E., Yolcu, C., Herberthson, M., Knutsson, H. & Westin, C.-F. (2018). Influence of the Size and Curvedness of Neural Projections on the Orientationally Averaged Diffusion MR Signal. Frontiers in Physics, 6, 1-10, Article ID 17.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Influence of the Size and Curvedness of Neural Projections on the Orientationally Averaged Diffusion MR Signal
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2018 (English)In: Frontiers in Physics, E-ISSN 2296-424X, Vol. 6, p. 1-10, article id 17Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Neuronal and glial projections can be envisioned to be tubes of infinitesimal diameter as far as diffusion magnetic resonance (MR) measurements via clinical scanners are concerned. Recent experimental studies indicate that the decay of the orientationally-averaged signal in white-matter may be characterized by the power-law, Ē(q) ∝ q−1, where q is the wavenumber determined by the parameters of the pulsed field gradient measurements. One particular study by McKinnon et al. [1] reports a distinctively faster decay in gray-matter. Here, we assess the role of the size and curvature of the neurites and glial arborizations in these experimental findings. To this end, we studied the signal decay for diffusion along general curves at all three temporal regimes of the traditional pulsed field gradient measurements. We show that for curvy projections, employment of longer pulse durations leads to a disappearance of the q−1 decay, while such decay is robust when narrow gradient pulses are used. Thus, in clinical acquisitions, the lack of such a decay for a fibrous specimen can be seen as indicative of fibers that are curved. We note that the above discussion is valid for an intermediate range of q-values as the true asymptotic behavior of the signal decay is Ē(q) ∝ q−4 for narrow pulses (through Debye-Porod law) or steeper for longer pulses. This study is expected to provide insights for interpreting the diffusion-weighted images of the central nervous system and aid in the design of acquisition strategies.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Frontiers Media S.A., 2018
National Category
Biomedical Laboratory Science/Technology Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics Medical Laboratory and Measurements Technologies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-145426 (URN)10.3389/fphy.2018.00017 (DOI)000426713600001 ()
Available from: 2018-03-02 Created: 2018-03-02 Last updated: 2024-01-10Bibliographically approved
Gu, X., Sidén, P., Wegmann, B., Eklund, A., Villani, M. & Knutsson, H. (2017). Bayesian Diffusion Tensor Estimation with Spatial Priors. In: CAIP 2017: Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns. Paper presented at International Conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns (pp. 372-383). , 10424
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Bayesian Diffusion Tensor Estimation with Spatial Priors
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2017 (English)In: CAIP 2017: Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns, 2017, Vol. 10424, p. 372-383Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Spatial regularization is a technique that exploits the dependence between nearby regions to locally pool data, with the effect of reducing noise and implicitly smoothing the data. Most of the currently proposed methods are focused on minimizing a cost function, during which the regularization parameter must be tuned in order to find the optimal solution. We propose a fast Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method for diffusion tensor estimation, for both 2D and 3D priors data. The regularization parameter is jointly with the tensor using MCMC. We compare FA (fractional anisotropy) maps for various b-values using three diffusion tensor estimation methods: least-squares and MCMC with and without spatial priors. Coefficient of variation (CV) is calculated to measure the uncertainty of the FA maps calculated from the MCMC samples, and our results show that the MCMC algorithm with spatial priors provides a denoising effect and reduces the uncertainty of the MCMC samples.

Series
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, ISSN 0302-9743, E-ISSN 1611-3349 ; 10424
Keywords
Spatial regularization, Diffusion tensor, Spatial priors Markov chain, Monte Carlo Fractional anisotropy
National Category
Medical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-139844 (URN)10.1007/978-3-319-64689-3_30 (DOI)000432085900030 ()978-3-319-64689-3 (ISBN)978-3-319-64688-6 (ISBN)
Conference
International Conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns
Note

Funding agencies: Information Technology for European Advancement (ITEA) 3 Project BENEFIT (better effectiveness and efficiency by measuring and modelling of interventional therapy); Swedish Research Council [2015-05356, 2013-5229]; National Institute of Dental and Craniof

Available from: 2017-08-17 Created: 2017-08-17 Last updated: 2019-11-19
Özarslan, E., Yolcu, C., Herberthson, M., Westin, C.-F. & Knutsson, H. (2017). Effective Potential for Magnetic Resonance Measurements of Restricted Diffusion. Frontiers in Physics, 5, Article ID 68.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effective Potential for Magnetic Resonance Measurements of Restricted Diffusion
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2017 (English)In: Frontiers in Physics, E-ISSN 2296-424X, Vol. 5, article id 68Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The signature of diffusive motion on the NMR signal has been exploited to characterize the mesoscopic structure of specimens in numerous applications. For compartmentalized specimens comprising isolated subdomains, a representation of individual pores is necessary for describing restricted diffusion within them. When gradient waveforms with long pulse durations are employed, a quadratic potential profile is identified as an effective energy landscape for restricted diffusion. The dependence of the stochastic effective force on the center-of-mass position is indeed found to be approximately linear (Hookean) for restricted diffusion even when the walls are sticky. We outline the theoretical basis and practical advantages of our picture involving effective potentials.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Frontiers Media S.A., 2017
National Category
Medical Image Processing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-143866 (URN)10.3389/fphy.2017.00068 (DOI)
Available from: 2017-12-22 Created: 2017-12-22 Last updated: 2024-01-10Bibliographically approved
Shakya, S., Batool, N., Özarslan, E. & Knutsson, H. (2017). Multi-Fiber Reconstruction Using Probabilistic Mixture Models for Diffusion MRI Examinations of the Brain. In: Thomas Schultz, Evren Özarslan, Ingrid Hotz (Ed.), Thomas Schultz; Evren Özarslan; Ingrid Hotz (Ed.), Modeling, Analysis, and Visualization of Anisotropy: . Paper presented at Multidisciplinary Approaches to Multivalued Data: Modeling, Visualization, Analysis, Dagstuhl, Germany in April 2016 (pp. 283-308). Paper presented at Multidisciplinary Approaches to Multivalued Data: Modeling, Visualization, Analysis, Dagstuhl, Germany in April 2016. Springer
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multi-Fiber Reconstruction Using Probabilistic Mixture Models for Diffusion MRI Examinations of the Brain
2017 (English)In: Modeling, Analysis, and Visualization of Anisotropy / [ed] Thomas Schultz, Evren Özarslan, Ingrid Hotz, Springer, 2017, p. 283-308Chapter in book (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In the field of MRI brain image analysis, Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provides a description of the diffusion of water through tissue and makes it possible to trace fiber connectivity in the brain, yielding a map of how the brain is wired. DTI employs a second order diffusion tensor model based on the assumption of Gaussian diffusion. The Gaussian assumption, however, limits the use ofDTI in solving intra-voxel fiber heterogeneity as the diffusion can be non-Gaussian in several biological tissues including human brain. Several approaches to modeling the non-Gaussian diffusion and intra-voxel fiber heterogeneity reconstruction have been proposed in the last decades. Among such approaches are the multi-compartmental probabilistic mixture models. These models include the discrete or continuous mixtures of probability distributions such as Gaussian, Wishart or von Mises-Fisher distributions. Given the diffusion weighted MRI data, the problem of resolving multiple fibers within a single voxel boils down to estimating the parameters of such models.

In this chapter, we focus on such multi-compartmental probabilistic mixture models. First we present a review including mathematical formulations of the most commonly applied mixture models. Then, we present a novel method based on the mixture of non-central Wishart distributions. A mixture model of central Wishart distributions has already been proposed earlier to resolve intra-voxel heterogeneity. However, we show with detailed experiments that our proposed model outperforms the previously proposed probabilistic models specifically for the challenging scenario when the separation angles between crossing fibers (two or three) are small. We compare our results with the recently proposed probabilistic models of mixture of central Wishart distributions and mixture of hyper-spherical von Mises-Fisher distributions. We validate our approach with several simulations including fiber orientations in two and three directions and with real data. Resistivity to noise is also demonstrated by increasing levels of Rician noise in simulated data. The experiments demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed model over the prior probabilistic mixture models.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2017
Series
Mathematics and Visualization (MATHVISUAL), ISSN 1612-3786
Keywords
Crossing fibers, Diffusion MRI, DTI review, Intra-voxel fiber orientation, Mixture models, Mixture of hyper-spherical von Mises-Fisher distributions, Mixture of Wishart distributions, Wishart non-centrality parameter, Rician noise
National Category
Medical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-142048 (URN)10.1007/978-3-319-61358-1_12 (DOI)978-3-319-61357-4 (ISBN)978-3-319-61358-1 (ISBN)
Conference
Multidisciplinary Approaches to Multivalued Data: Modeling, Visualization, Analysis, Dagstuhl, Germany in April 2016
Available from: 2017-10-19 Created: 2017-10-19 Last updated: 2019-11-11
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-9091-4724

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