När många människor samlas på ett ställe finns en risk att det uppstår konflikter som urartar i våld, även om syftet med samlingen är fredligt. I boken beskrivs vad som kan hända i samband med demonstrationer, gatufester och idrottsevenemang. Bokens första syfte är att ge en överblick över aktuell forskning om masshändelser och kravaller. Ett annat syfte är att ge konkreta exempel på masshändelser som urartat och sådana som avlöpt fredligt, samt att förklara varför kravaller uppstår. Det tredje syftet är att ge konkreta beskrivningar av hur polis, myndigheter och arrangörer kan agera för att undvika kravaller. Ökad kunskap om den dynamik som kan utvecklas i samband med masshändelser kan bidra till att öka medvetenheten om den egna gruppens betydelse för händelseutvecklingen och bemötande av andra grupper. Detta är kunskap med relevans också för en mängd vardagliga situationer som kan uppstå på t.ex. arbetsplatser eller i skolklasser.

Boken riktar sig till poliser, polisaspiranter, idrottsföreningar och arrangörer av demonstrationer, men också till lokala myndigheter och politiker. Boken kan med fördel användas i undervisning och forskning inom det beteendevetenskapliga området.

The concept of ethnocultural empathy has been put forward as a variable that could explain tolerance between individuals and groups of different ethnic and cultural background. However, it is not clear if ethnocultural em-pathy is distinct from basic empathy. In this study we investigated the association between basic empathy, as measured by the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1983) and ethnocultural empathy, as measured by the Scale of Ethnocultural Empathy (Wang et al., 2003). We also explored the question of whether a set of back-ground variables would predict the two forms of empathy. We investigated if there were different predictors of ethnocultural and basic empathy, and if the two constructs are distinct. Results showed that the two forms of empathy were correlated and that largely similar predictors were found for the two constructs. A confirmatory factor analysis failed to confirm two separate constructs. Implications of the findings for the measurement of empathy are discussed.

Under senare år har oroligheter i samband med idrottsaktiviteter fått ökad uppmärksamhet, speciellt i samband med fotbollsmatcher. För att kunna förebygga kravaller och utveckla fredsskapande strategier behöver vi mer kunskap om de faktorer som påverkar interaktion mellan olika supportrar. En viktig del i detta är att öka förmågan att kunna skilja mellan "ofarlig" lek och "farliga" konfrontationer. Detta kapitel syftar till att öka kunskapen om den ofarliga lekfullheten.

In 2006 a group of Swedish researchers from Linköping University observed a high- risk match during the Football World-Cup Finals in Germany. The match between Germany and Poland took place in Dortmund, and during the entire day observations were performed at different locations in the city [cf. Granström & Hylander (2008), Guvå & Rosander (2008), Hau & Näslund (2008)].

In this report, information is summarised that focuses on the strategies and tactics of the police in Dortmund for this match as well as for the entire World championship tournament. Data was gathered by interviews with police officers in Dortmund and Frankfurt/Main, Germany. The purpose of this presentation is to account for police strategies and considerations that resulted in a mainly peaceful and orderly major football event.

  Coping with modern technology (genetics, biotechnology etc.) has become a major issue of people living in the 21st century. This technology creates new chances and possibilities but also new dangers and ethical concerns. This book investigates ethical dilemmas connected to these new technologies in a field of prenatal and genetic research that seems particularly challenging: prenatal diagnostics. In the last decades enormous progress has been made in diagnosing genetically based diseases and other serious prenatal abnormalities. Despite intensive world-wide research, several problems have emerged and still wait to be answered. The most prominent aim of the book is to address major ethical dilemmas in the context of genetic and prenatal diagnosis, and by that means help to create greater awareness of and sensitivity to these dilemmas among various segments of the societies.

Coping with modern technology (genetics, biotechnology etc.) has become a major issue of people living in the 21st century. This technology creates new chances and possibilities but also new dangers and ethical concerns. This book investigates ethical dilemmas connected to these new technologies in a field of prenatal and genetic research that seems particularly challenging: prenatal diagnostics. In the last decades enormous progress has been made in diagnosing genetically based diseases and other serious prenatal abnormalities. Despite intensive world-wide research, several problems have emerged and still wait to be answered. The most prominent aim of the book is to address major ethical dilemmas in the context of genetic and prenatal diagnosis, and by that means help to create greater awareness of and sensitivity to these dilemmas among various segments of the societies.

As part of a naturalistic study of mass events (group and intergroup processes) at football’s World Cup in Germany (June-July 2006) a group of senior psychology researchers from Linköping University in Sweden went to Dortmund to observe a potentially high-risk match between Germany and Poland. In the assembling process much »play« between football fans took place. »The fight about the fountain« will be used as an example in order to describe that place and fountain were not arbitrarily chosen; they served as an arena as well as a frame in which german and polish fans agreed upon interaction between the two groups should take place. Thus a transitional space was defined as a basic condition for playing. Results are also discussed with respect to the theoretical frame: symbolic activities within a group and between groups, play theory, and the concepts of transitional space and symbolic activities. For play to occur, time, place and overall culture must be in favour of these activities. As long as this space is maintained, a space that is neither identical with the inner nor with the outer realities, play/symbolic activities can continue. Peacekeeping structural aspects of a football context, i.e. the making of playgrounds are discussed.

Im Rahmen einer naturalistischen Studie über Massenereignisse bei der Fußballweltmeisterschaft in Deutschland (2006) wurde das »Hochrisikospiel« zwischen Deutschland und Polen beobachtet. Während des Eintreffens der Zuschauer in der Stadt und im Stadion fanden viele spielerische Aktivitäten zwischen den Fußballfans statt. Diese werden exemplarisch am Beispiel des »Kampfes um den Brunnen« beschrieben. Der Ort und der Brunnen dienten als Arena, in der sich polnische und deutsche Fans für ihre Interaktionen einigten. Damit wurde ein Übergangsbereich definiert, in dem Spiel und symbolische Aktivitäten stattfinden konnten. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung werden im Hinblick auf Theorien über symbolische Aktivität zwischen und innerhalb von Gruppen diskutiert und mit Theorien über Spiel und Übergangsraum verbunden. Damit Spiel stattfinden kann, bedarf es Zeit, Ort und generell positiver Bedingungen, welche diese Aktivitäten fördern. So lange dieser Ort aufrechterhalten wird, der weder mit der inneren noch mit der äußeren Realität vollständig übereinstimmt, können Spiel und symbolische Aktivitäten entwickelt und fortgesetzt werden. Aufgrund des dargestellten Beispiels werden strukturelle friedensschaffende Aspekte im Kontext von Fußballspielen für das Erzeugen von »Spiel-Räumen« diskutiert.