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Chai, Guocai
Publications (10 of 77) Show all publications
Chai, G., Siriki, R., Nordström, J., Dong, Z. & Vitos, L. (2023). Roles of Nitrogen on TWIP in Advanced Austenitic Stainless Steels. Steel Research International, 94(10), Article ID 2200359.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Roles of Nitrogen on TWIP in Advanced Austenitic Stainless Steels
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2023 (English)In: Steel Research International, ISSN 1611-3683, E-ISSN 1869-344X, Vol. 94, no 10, article id 2200359Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The influence of nitrogen on the mechanical properties of two high Ni containing advanced austenitic stainless steels with low stacking fault energies is investigated. The results show that increase of nitrogen content greatly increases both strength and elongation of the steel at the same time. At the cryogenic temperature, the steels show a twin induced plasticity behavior. Ab initio calculations indicate that the increase of nitrogen slightly increases the stacking fault energy and consequently the critical shear stress for twin initiation in the steel. However, addition of nitrogen significantly increases the flow stress. This leads to a smaller critical strain for twin initiation and promotes deformation twinning in the high nitrogen steel. This is confirmed by the microstructure investigation. Deformation in steels is a competitive process between slip and twinning. Dislocation slip is dominant at low strain range, but formation of stacking fault and twinning become important in the later stages of deformation. At cryogenic temperature, it is mainly deformation twinning. The influence of nitrogen addition on magnetic property and its effect on deformation twinning are also discussed. The present study increases the understanding for the development of high-performance and low-cost advanced austenitic stainless steels.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley-V C H Verlag GMBH, 2023
Keywords
austenitic stainless steels; elongation; nitrogen; strengthening; twin induced plasticity
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-188442 (URN)10.1002/srin.202200359 (DOI)000846678800001 ()
Available from: 2022-09-14 Created: 2022-09-14 Last updated: 2024-01-10Bibliographically approved
Calmunger, M., Wärner, H., Chai, G. & Segersäll, M. (2023). Thermomechanical Fatigue of Heat Resistant Austenitic Alloys. Procedia Structural Integrity, 43, 130-135
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Thermomechanical Fatigue of Heat Resistant Austenitic Alloys
2023 (English)In: Procedia Structural Integrity, ISSN 2452-3216, Vol. 43, p. 130-135Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Rising global energy consumption and the increase in emissions of greenhouse gases (e.g. CO2) causing global warming, make need for more sustainable power generation. This could be accomplished by increasing the efficiency of the biomass-fired power plants, which is achieved by increasing the temperature and pressure. In addition, flexible generation of power is critical if only renewable power generation is to be achieved and this will increase the number of start-and stop cycles. Cyclic condition in a long-term high temperature environment is an operation process that such materials must withstand, in order to satisfy the needs for future power generation.

Commonly austenitic stainless steel are used for critical components of power plants. Because of future change in operating conditions, further investigations are needed to verify that the demands on safety for cyclic long-term usage is fulfilled. This work includes investigation of two commercial austenitic steels: Esshete 1250 and Sanicro 25. The materials were exposed to thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) in strain control under In-Phase and Out-of-Phase conditions and main testing temperature ranges of 100-650°C and 100-800°C respectively. Some of the specimens were pre-aged to simulate prolonged service condition. Mechanical test data were obtained and analysed in order to define the TMF performance of the investigated alloys. The differences in performance were discussed in relation to mechanical and microstructural characterization.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-200462 (URN)10.1016/j.prostr.2022.12.247 (DOI)2-s2.0-85159831221 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2024-01-27 Created: 2024-01-27 Last updated: 2024-02-01Bibliographically approved
Wärner, H., Chai, G., Moverare, J. & Calmunger, M. (2022). High Temperature Fatigue of Aged Heavy Section Austenitic Stainless Steels. Materials, 15(1), Article ID 84.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>High Temperature Fatigue of Aged Heavy Section Austenitic Stainless Steels
2022 (English)In: Materials, ISSN 1996-1944, E-ISSN 1996-1944, Vol. 15, no 1, article id 84Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This work investigates two austenitic stainless steels, Sanicro 25 which is a candidate for high temperature heavy section components of future power plants and Esshete 1250 which is used as a reference material. The alloys were subjected to out-of-phase (OP) thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) testing under strain-control in the temperature range of 100 ∘C to 650 ∘C. Both unaged and aged (650 ∘C, 3000 h) TMF specimens were tested to simulate service degradation resulting from long-term usage. The scanning electron microscopy methods electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to analyse and discuss active failure and deformation mechanisms. The Sanicro 25 results show that the aged specimens suffered increased plastic straining and shorter TMF-life compared to the unaged specimens. The difference in TMF-life of the two test conditions was attributed to an accelerated microstructural evolution that provided decreased the effectiveness for impeding dislocation motion. Ageing did not affect the OP-TMF life of the reference material, Esshete 1250. However, the structural stability and its resistance for cyclic deformation was greatly reduced due to coarsening and cracking of the strengthening niobium carbide precipitates. Sanicro 25 showed the higher structural stability during OP-TMF testing compare with the reference material.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2022
Keywords
high temperature austenitic stainless steels, out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue, crack propagation analysis, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS)
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-182258 (URN)10.3390/ma15010084 (DOI)000751248900001 ()35009228 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85121749412 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding: AB Sandvik Materials Technology in Sweden; Swedish Energy Agency through the Research Consortium of Materials Technology for Thermal Energy Processes [KME-801]

Available from: 2022-01-11 Created: 2022-01-11 Last updated: 2022-02-18Bibliographically approved
Öhlin, O., Chai, G. & Siriki, R. (2022). Structural Stability of Sandvik 3R60™ After 240 131 Hours Ageing and Creep Test at 700 °C. Transactions of the Indian National Academy of Engineering, 7(2), 625-633
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Structural Stability of Sandvik 3R60™ After 240 131 Hours Ageing and Creep Test at 700 °C
2022 (English)In: Transactions of the Indian National Academy of Engineering, ISSN 2662-5415, Vol. 7, no 2, p. 625-633Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Sandvik 3R60™ is an AISI 316/316L type of stainless steel. In this paper, the structural stability of the material under long-term ageing or creep test has been studied. The material had been creep tested with a stress of 45 MPa at 700 °C. The predicted rupture time for the creep specimen was about 100,000 h; however, the specimen broke first after 240,131 h. The oxidation behavior and structural stability in both aged and creep-tested samples were studied using SEM/EDS, EBSD and ECCI techniques. Thin oxide layers near the sample surface are mainly spinel oxides and eskolaite (Cr2O3). Sigma phase, χ-phase, Eta phase, M23C6 and Cr2N have been observed in the matrix of the samples. In the crept sample, the amount of sigma phase has increased, so has Eta phase and χ-phase as well. Thermo-Calc evaluation can reasonably predict precipitation of sigma phase, Eta phase and M23C6, but not χ-phase and Cr2N phases. Creep crack initiation behavior has been studied. It is mainly noticed to start at surface oxide layer or coarse sigma particles at grain boundary or triple point. Additionally, it is also observed that the presence of a thin Cr2O3 layer between the oxide and matrix along with discontinuous sigma phase distribution at grain boundary that will reduce the risk for creep crack initiation. Further, the crack propagation behavior has also been discussed.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2022
Keywords
Sandvik 3R60™, structural stability, creep, precipitation, heat resistant steels, AISI 316/316L
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-181431 (URN)10.1007/s41403-021-00298-9 (DOI)
Funder
Linköpings universitet
Available from: 2021-11-26 Created: 2021-11-26 Last updated: 2022-11-28Bibliographically approved
Mondal, R., Kumar Bonagani, S., Raut, P., Kumar, S., Sivaprasad, P. V., Chai, G., . . . Samajdar, I. (2021). Dynamic Recrystallizatin and Phase-Specific Corrosion Performance in a Super Duplex Stainless Steel. Journal of materials engineering and performance (Print), Article ID 11665.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Dynamic Recrystallizatin and Phase-Specific Corrosion Performance in a Super Duplex Stainless Steel
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2021 (English)In: Journal of materials engineering and performance (Print), ISSN 1059-9495, E-ISSN 1544-1024, article id 11665Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

Super duplex stainless steel specimens were subjected to controlled (in a deformation simulator) thermal and thermal plus deformation treatments. The objective was to relate the corrosion performance with hot (1000-1300°C) deformed microstructures. The microstructural evolutions were quantified with extensive microtextural characterization and measurements of phase-specific micro-hardness. The corrosion behavior was investigated by anodic polarization and phase-specific selective dissolution methods. Though the thermal treatment imposed an increasing degradation in corrosion performance with holding temperature, the associated deformation at that temperature brought a non-monotonic behavior. The best corrosion performance (or the lowest passivation current density) was noted in the specimen deformed at ~1100°C. This superior corrosion behavior was attributed to the grain size refinement in the austenite phase. Finally, a combination of transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) plus transmission electron microscopy (TEM) clearly related the grain size refinement to discontinuous dynamic recrystallization. The overall corrosion behavior was shown to be determined by a balance between decreasing austenite fraction and dynamic recrystallization-induced grain size refinement of the austenite phase.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ASM International, 2021
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-180806 (URN)10.1007/s11665-021-06221-1 (DOI)000698037800001 ()2-s2.0-85115227854 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2021-11-02 Created: 2021-11-02 Last updated: 2021-11-09Bibliographically approved
Huang, S., Dong, Z., Mu, W., Ström, V., Chai, G., Varga, L. K., . . . Vitos, L. (2021). Magnetocaloric properties of melt-spun MnFe-rich high-entropy alloy. Applied Physics Letters, 119(14), Article ID 141909.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Magnetocaloric properties of melt-spun MnFe-rich high-entropy alloy
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2021 (English)In: Applied Physics Letters, ISSN 0003-6951, E-ISSN 1077-3118, Vol. 119, no 14, article id 141909Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

High-entropy functional materials are of great interest in materials science and engineering community. In this work, ab initio electronic structure calculations of the phase stability and magnetic transition temperature of AlxCr0.25MnFeCo0.25−yNiy (x = 0–0.5, y = 0–0.25) alloys were performed to screen for compositions showing promising magnetocaloric properties in the vicinity of room temperature. The selected Al0.44Cr0.25MnFeCo0.05Ni0.2 alloy was synthesized via a rapid solidification technique and systematically characterized with respect to its structural and magnetocaloric properties. The results indicate that this alloy possesses a homogeneous microstructure based on an underlying body-centered cubic lattice and has a Curie temperature of ∼340 K. The temperature dependence of the adiabatic temperature change was evaluated using both direct and indirect methods. The ab initio-assisted design of 3d-metal-based high-entropy alloys, explored here, is intended to contribute to the development of magnetic refrigerators for room-temperature applications. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Institute of Physics (AIP), 2021
Keywords
Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous)
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-180177 (URN)10.1063/5.0065067 (DOI)000725036000006 ()
Note

Funding: Swedish Foundation for Strategic ResearchSwedish Foundation for Strategic Research; Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research CouncilEuropean Commission; Swedens Innovation Agency (VINNOVA)Vinnova [2019-05111]; Carl Tryggers Foundation; Swedish Energy Agency, ST and UPP; Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA)Orszagos Tudomanyos Kutatasi Alapprogramok (OTKA) [128229]

Available from: 2021-10-11 Created: 2021-10-11 Last updated: 2022-01-24Bibliographically approved
Wärner, H., Xu, J., Chai, G., Moverare, J. & Calmunger, M. (2021). Microstructural Evolution During High Temperature Dwell-fatigue of Austenitic Stainless Steels. International Journal of Fatigue, 143, Article ID 105990.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Microstructural Evolution During High Temperature Dwell-fatigue of Austenitic Stainless Steels
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2021 (English)In: International Journal of Fatigue, ISSN 0142-1123, E-ISSN 1879-3452, Vol. 143, article id 105990Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Microstructural evolution related to the mechanical response from isothermal dwell-fatigue testing at 700 °C of two austenitic steels, Esshete 1250 and Sanicro 25, is reported. Coherent Cu-precipitates and incoherent Nb-carbides were found to impede dislocation motion, increase hardening and improving the high temperature properties of Sanicro 25. Sparsely placed intergranular Cr- and Nb-carbides made Esshete 1250 susceptible to creep damage and intergranular crack propagation, mainly from interaction of the carbides and fatigue induced slip bands. Dynamic recrystallization of the plastic zone at the crack tip appeared to affect crack propagation of Sanicro 25 by providing an energetically privileged path.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2021
Keywords
creep-fatiuge interaction, high temperature austenitic alloys, high-resolution microscopy, dynamic recrystallization of crack tip plastic zone
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-171872 (URN)10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105990 (DOI)000597143700003 ()2-s2.0-85095446912 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding agencies: AB Sandvik Materials Technology in Sweden; Swedish Energy Agency through the Research Consortium of Materials Technology for Thermal Energy Processes [KME-701]

Available from: 2020-12-10 Created: 2020-12-10 Last updated: 2021-05-21Bibliographically approved
Huang, S., Dong, Z., Dastanpour, E., Ström, V., Chai, G., Varga, L. K., . . . Vitos, L. (2021). Vibrational Entropy-enhanced Magnetocaloric Effect in Mn-rich High-entropy Alloys. Applied Physics Letters, 119(8)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Vibrational Entropy-enhanced Magnetocaloric Effect in Mn-rich High-entropy Alloys
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2021 (English)In: Applied Physics Letters, ISSN 0003-6951, E-ISSN 1077-3118, Vol. 119, no 8Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We investigate the AlxCr0.2MnFe0.5Co0.3Ni0.5 (0.3 <= x <= 0.7) high-entropy alloys by combining experimental and theoretical techniques. X-ray diffraction and magnetization measurements indicate that Al alters the crystal structure and the entropy change upon magnetization-demagnetization while keeping the Curie temperature almost unchanged. First-principles calculations of the vibrational, magnetic, electronic, and configurational entropies show that the leading entropy change is due to the magnetic and vibrational degrees of freedom. The presence of the body-centered-cubic phase, showing a sizable elastic softening upon magnetic transition, brings about the substantial magnetocaloric effect in this family of alloys.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
AMER INST PHYSICS, 2021
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-178867 (URN)10.1063/5.0064308 (DOI)000688211700006 ()
Note

Funding: Swedish Foundation for Strategic ResearchSwedish Foundation for Strategic Research; Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research CouncilEuropean Commission; Swedens Innovation Agency (VINNOVA)Vinnova [2019-05111]; Carl Tryggers Foundation; Swedish Energy Agency, STandUPPSwedish Energy Agency; Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA)Orszagos Tudomanyos Kutatasi Alapprogramok (OTKA) [128229]

Available from: 2021-09-01 Created: 2021-09-01 Last updated: 2021-09-09Bibliographically approved
Mondal, R., Kumar Bonagani, S., Raut, P., Sivaprasad, P. V., Chai, G., Kain, V. & Samajdar, I. (2020). Role of Recovery and Recrystallization on the Post Cold Work Corrosion Performance in a Super Duplex Stainless Steel. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 167(10), Article ID 101501.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Role of Recovery and Recrystallization on the Post Cold Work Corrosion Performance in a Super Duplex Stainless Steel
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2020 (English)In: Journal of the Electrochemical Society, ISSN 0013-4651, E-ISSN 1945-7111, Vol. 167, no 10, article id 101501Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Cold rolled super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) were subjected to recovery (300 °C) and recrystallization (1020 °C) annealing. Annealing related microstructural changes were quantified with microtexture and phase-specific micro-hardness. Subsequent electrochemical characterization included potentiodynamic anodic polarization tests and Mott-Schottky analysis. It was established, for both single and two-phase specimens, that extensive recovery did not affect the electrochemical behavior, while the shortest recrystallization led to significant improvements in corrosion resistance. Improvements in corrosion performance of cold rolled SDSS was thus possible only through recrystallization, and associated removal of large lattice curvatures in the metallic substrate and reduced defect densities in the protective oxide film.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Electrochemical Society, 2020
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-180805 (URN)10.1149/1945-7111/ab95ca (DOI)000538498300001 ()2-s2.0-85086509491 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2021-11-02 Created: 2021-11-02 Last updated: 2021-11-09Bibliographically approved
Huang, S., Dong, Z., Mu, W., Ström, V., Chai, G. & Vitos, L. (2020). Thermo-elastic Properties of BCC Mn-rich High-entropy Alloy. Applied Physics Letters, 117(16), Article ID 164101.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Thermo-elastic Properties of BCC Mn-rich High-entropy Alloy
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2020 (English)In: Applied Physics Letters, ISSN 0003-6951, E-ISSN 1077-3118, Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 117, no 16, article id 164101Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We report a chemically disordered solid solution, Al0.6Cr0.2MnFe0.5Co0.3Ni0.5, based on a body-centered cubic underlying lattice with the measured Curie temperature of ∼380 K. First-principles alloy theory is employed to investigate the temperature-dependent free energy, elastic constants, and coefficient of thermal expansion at the ferromagnetic and paramagnetic states. Theory and experiment are found to strengthen each other, and the results indicate that the magnetic state has a strong impact on the thermo-elastic properties of the considered alloy. The present advance in the thermo-magneto-elasticity enhances the understanding required for controlling the magnetic and mechanical response of multi-component systems.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Institute of Physics (AIP), 2020
Keywords
Magnetic transition, thermal expansion, elastic behavior, high-entropy alloys
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-170790 (URN)10.1063/5.0017989 (DOI)000585790900001 ()
Note

Funding agencies: Swedish Foundation for Strategic ResearchSwedish Foundation for Strategic Research; Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council; Swedens Innovation Agency (VINNOVA)Vinnova [2019-05111]; Carl Tryggers Foundation; Swedish Energy AgencySwedish Energy Ag

Available from: 2020-10-22 Created: 2020-10-22 Last updated: 2020-11-30Bibliographically approved
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