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GAD autoantibody epitope pattern after GAD-alum treatment in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Pediatrik. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Pediatrik. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Pediatrik. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Pediatrik. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Barn- och kvinnocentrum, Barn- och ungdomskliniken i Linköping.
Vise andre og tillknytning
2012 (engelsk)Inngår i: Pediatric Diabetes, ISSN 1399-543X, E-ISSN 1399-5448, Vol. 13, nr 3, s. 244-250Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

Aims/hypothesis. Previously we have shown that two injections of glutamic acid decarboxylase formulated in alum (GAD-alum) preserved residual insulin secretion in children and adolescents with recent onset type 1 diabetes (T1D), and was accompanied by an increase in GAD autoantibody (GADA) titers. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether GAD-alum treatment affected the GADA epitope pattern.

Methods. Serum samples of patients treated with GAD-alum (n=33) or placebo (n=27), at baseline and 1, 3, 9, and 15 months after initiation of treatment, were tested for their binding capacity to specific GADA epitopes in an epitope specific radioligand-binding assay with six GAD65-specific recombinant Fab (rFab) (b96.11, DPA, DPD, MICA3, b78 and N-GAD65 mAb).

Results. For the period included in this study (baseline to 15 months) no difference in variability of binding to any of the tested rFab were observed. However, a higher median response to the b96.11-defined epitope in the first 3 months after the initial injection was observed in GAD-alum treated patients (-8.1%, min -72.4%, max 39.6%) compared to patients receiving placebo (1.5%, min -28.3%, max 28.6%) (p=0.02). This effect was especially evident in GAD-alum treated patients who experienced an increase of more than 100% in their GADA titer from baseline to 3 months (n=27), where we observed an 10.8% (-10.8%, min -72.4%, max 30.5%) increase in binding to the b96.11 epitope over the  first 3 months post initial injection (p=0.04). Subsequently the recognition of the b96.11-defined epitope in the GAD-alum group decreased between 3 and 15 months (8.3%, min -17.1%, max 36.7%) compared to the placebo group (-2.4%, min -32.8%, max 30.1%) (p<0.05) and returned to levels similar to that observed at baseline. Correlations between GADA titer and epitope binding for b96.11 and DPD were observed in the placebo group, but not in the GADalum group, at 3 and 15 months after initial treatment.

Conclusions/interpretation. We conclude that administration of GAD-alum temporarily induced increased binding to one epitope specificity of GADA.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
John Wiley & Sons, 2012. Vol. 13, nr 3, s. 244-250
Emneord [en]
Type 1 diabetes, autoantibody, epitope, GAD
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-64592DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5448.2011.00802.xISI: 000303194000004OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-64592DiVA, id: diva2:392912
Merknad
funding agencies|Swedish Child Diabetes Foundation (Barndiabetesfonden)||Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden||Diamyd Medical AB||National Institutes of Health| DK26190 DK53004 DK17047 |American Diabetes Association||Tilgjengelig fra: 2011-01-28 Laget: 2011-01-28 Sist oppdatert: 2017-12-11bibliografisk kontrollert
Inngår i avhandling
1. Autoantibodies related to type 1 diabetes in children
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Autoantibodies related to type 1 diabetes in children
2011 (engelsk)Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
Abstract [en]

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease resulting from destruction of the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas. The patients need life-long heavy treatment and still complications, both acute and later in life, are common. The incidence of type 1 diabetes has increased rapidly during the last decades, especially among young children. The disease can be predicted by genes predisposing type 1 diabetes, mainly human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, together with presence of autoantibodies to beta-cell antigens, where multiple autoantibodies confer the highest risk. A number of immune system intervention trials are now ongoing aiming to halt the progression of the inflammatory process in the beta cells.

This thesis aimed to investigate the prevalence and levels of autoantibodies in healthy children and in children with type 1 diabetes. Another aim was to study different properties of one of these autoantibodies, such as to which epitopes the antibodies bind and the distribution of immunoglobulin (Ig)-G subclasses, after immunomodulatory treatment in children with type 1 diabetes.

We found that positivity to autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA) and tyrosine phosphatase like protein islet antigen-2 (IA-2A) was associated with HLA risk genotypes in 5-year old children from the general population. HLA risk genotypes seemed important for persistence of autoantibodies and for development of type 1 diabetes, while emergence of autoantibodies, especially transient autoantibodies, seemed to be more influenced by environmental factors. Improved methods for detection of autoantibodies are needed, for prediction of diabetes and for identification of high-risk individuals suitable for prevention treatments. Therefore, an assay for measurement of insulin autoantibodies (IAA), based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR), was developed. The main advantages of this method are that there is no need for labelling and that it is time-saving compared to the traditionally used radioimmunoassay (RIA), but further development of the method is needed.

Treatment with GAD-alum (Diamyd) in children with type 1 diabetes has shown to preserve residual insulin secretion. This clinical effect was accompanied by an increase in GADA levels. We investigated the epitope reactivity of GADA in both GAD-alum and placebo treated children, and found that binding to one of the tested epitopes was temporarily increased after injection of GAD-alum. This result suggests that the quality of GADA was, to some extent, transiently affected by the treatment. On the other hand, no changes in binding to epitopes associated with stiff person syndrome (SPS) were observed, which together with the lack of change in GAD65 enzyme activity further strengthens the safety of the treatment. We also observed that the distribution of IgG subclasses was changed by GAD-alum treatment, with a lower proportion of IgG1 and higher IgG3 and IgG4. Lower IgG1 and higher IgG4 suggest a temporary switch towards a protective Th2 immune response, which has previously been observed in the same individuals for other immunological markers.

In conclusion, measurement of autoantibodies related to type 1 diabetes is an important tool for studying the autoimmune process in pre-diabetic and type 1 diabetic children. In addition to the use as markers of disease progression, the autoantibodies may be used for studying the effects of immunomodulatory treatments on the humoral immune response.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2011. s. 116
Serie
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1218
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-64593 (URN)978-91-7393-276-9 (ISBN)
Disputas
2011-02-18, Berzeliussalen, Hälsouniversitetet, Campus US, Linköpings universitet, Linköping, 09:00 (engelsk)
Opponent
Veileder
Tilgjengelig fra: 2011-01-28 Laget: 2011-01-28 Sist oppdatert: 2020-02-03bibliografisk kontrollert

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