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Growing into Voting: Election Turnout among Young People and Habit Formation
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Political Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Institutet för Näringslivsforskning (IFN).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0806-5664
2018 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Vanans röst? : Om ungas valdeltagande och röstande som vanehandling (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

This thesis contains an introduction and four essays that together address the issues of turnout and habitual voting. Although voting is less unequal than other forms of political participation, it is still biased in favour of more socially affluent citizens.  One way to achieve more equal participation is to increase the general turnout. This is the implication of the `law of dispersion', formulated by Tingsten in 1937, which states that as turnout increases, participatory equality also increases. In Essay I, co-written with Mikael Persson and Maria Solevid, we revisit Tingsten's law and find new empirical support for it.

One possible path to improving general turnout is the formation of voting habits. It is argued by some scholars that voting is a habit formed early on in life, when young people encounter their first elections after coming of age. It is, however, still a matter of debate as to whether voting is an act of habit. Three of the four essays in this thesis tackle this question in various ways. In Essay II, I study voting among young people who encounter their first election in different social contexts depending on their age, and how these differing contexts affect their propensity to vote in their first and second election. In Essay III, I examine whether experiencing a European Parliament election with a low turnout as a first election affects the likelihood of casting a vote in a subsequent national parliamentary election. In Essay IV, co-written with Sven Oskarsson, we study student mock elections, which constitute the first, albeit hypothetical, election experience for many young people.

The main result is that the first election a young person faces is not as important as has been claimed in previous research. Regardless of whether the initial experience takes place in a context that encourages turnout or the first election encountered is a low-stimulus election that fails to draw crowds to the polls, there is no substantial impact on turnout in subsequent elections. One implication of this finding is that lowering the voting age is not likely to increase voting rates, not even in the longer term.

Abstract [sv]

Den här avhandlingen innefattar ett introduktionskapitel och fyra artiklar som tillsammans behandlar valdeltagande och röstning som en vana. Även om röstning i allmänna val är den mest jämlika formen av politiskt deltagande finns ändå tydliga skillnader i deltagande mellan befolkningsgrupper med olika socioekonomisk bakgrund. Ett sätt att nå ett mer jämlikt deltagande är genom ett högre valdeltagande. Det är innebörden av det lagbundna samband som Tingsten fann år 1937 och som förutsäger att skillnaden i deltagande mellan olika grupper är mindre ju högre valdeltagandet är. I avhandlingens första artikel, samförfattad med Mikael Persson och Maria Solevid, undersöker vi om detta samband fortfarande har empiriskt stöd och finner att så är fallet. 

En tänkbar väg till ett högre valdeltagande går via ett främjande av vanemässig röstning. En del forskare hävdar nämligen att röstning är en vana och att den vanan formas redan i de första val där en ung person har möjlighet rösta. Huruvida röstning är en vana är dock omdebatterat. Tre av avhandlingens artiklar tar på olika sätt upp den frågan. I avhandlingens andra artikel studerar jag unga personer som beroende på när de är födda får rösta för första gången vid olika åldrar och därmed i skilda social kontexter. Frågan jag ställer är hur dessa skillnader påverkar deras benägenhet att rösta i det valet och i det därpå följande. Vissa unga personer får rösta för första gången efter att ha nått rösträttsåldern i ett Europaparlamentsval där valdeltagandet är lågt. I den tredje artikeln undersöker jag ifall den erfarenheten har någon inverkan på deltagandet i ett därpå följande riksdagsval. I den fjärde artikeln, samförfattad med Sven Oskarsson, studerar vi om de skolval som arrangeras i många skolor har någon inverkan på studenters senare deltagande i riktiga val.

Avhandlingens huvudresultat är att deltagande i det första valet en ung person får rösta i saknar den betydelse för framtida valdeltagande som hävdats i tidigare forskning. Oavsett om det första valet äger rum i en kontext som främjar röstning eller om det är ett val som väcker lite intresse, får det ingen substantiell effekt på benägenheten att rösta i följande val. En implikation av detta resultat är att en sänkt rösträttsålder troligen inte skulle ge ett högre valdeltagande, inte ens på längre sikt.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2018. , p. 53
Series
Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences, ISSN 0282-9800 ; 752
Keywords [en]
Voter turnout, political equality, habit formation, youth participation
Keywords [sv]
Valdeltagande, politisk jämlikhet, vaneröstande, ungas deltagande
National Category
Political Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-150169DOI: 10.3384/diss.diva-150169ISBN: 9789176852163 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-150169DiVA, id: diva2:1238886
Public defence
2018-10-26, ACAS, A-huset, ingång 17, Campus Valla, Linköping, 13:15 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2018-10-01 Created: 2018-08-14 Last updated: 2021-12-28Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Voter Turnout and Political Equality: Testing the ‘Law of Dispersion’ in a Swedish Natural Experiment
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Voter Turnout and Political Equality: Testing the ‘Law of Dispersion’ in a Swedish Natural Experiment
2013 (English)In: Politics, ISSN 0263-3957, E-ISSN 1467-9256, Vol. 33, no 3, p. 172-184Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

According to the ‘law of dispersion’, the level of inequality in political participation is higher when voter turnout is low. We empirically test this hypothesis by evaluating levels of voter turnout in the 2010 Swedish election to the Västra Götaland county council and in the 2011 re-election for the same county council. The re-election voter turnout was reduced by almost half, from 80.6 per cent to 44.1 per cent. Our results support the law of dispersion: the level of inequality in participation substantially increased between young and old, rich and poor, low and high educated and politically interested and uninterested.

Keywords
voter turnout, voter participation, political equality, law of dispersion, re-elections
National Category
Political Science (excluding Public Administration Studies and Globalisation Studies)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-124361 (URN)10.1111/1467-9256.12012 (DOI)
Available from: 2016-01-27 Created: 2016-01-27 Last updated: 2018-08-14
2. Practice makes voters?: Effects of student mock elections on turnout
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Practice makes voters?: Effects of student mock elections on turnout
2020 (English)In: Politics, ISSN 0263-3957, E-ISSN 1467-9256, Vol. 40, no 3, p. 377-393Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Student mock elections are conducted in schools around the world in an effort to increase political interest and efficacy among students. There is, however, a lack of research on whether mock elections in schools enhance voter turnout in real elections. In this article, we examine whether the propensity to vote in Swedish elections is higher among young people who have previously experienced a student mock election. The analysis is based on unique administrative population-wide data on turnout in the Swedish 2010 parliamentary election and the 2009 European Parliament election. Our results show that having experienced a mock election as a student does not increase the likelihood of voting in subsequent real elections. This result holds when we study both short- and long-term effects, and when we divide our sample into different parts depending on their socio-economic status and study each part separately.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sage Publications, 2020
Keywords
education, political inequality, student mock elections, voter turnout
National Category
Political Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-161089 (URN)10.1177/0263395719875110 (DOI)000491638600001 ()
Funder
EU, European Research CouncilSwedish Research Council
Note

Funding agencies: Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council; European Research CouncilEuropean Research Council (ERC)

Available from: 2019-10-21 Created: 2019-10-21 Last updated: 2020-08-28Bibliographically approved

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