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Promises and pitfalls of value-based reimbursement in healthcare: A mixed method health economic approach
Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Society and Health.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6855-6169
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Financial incentives can be an effective tool to influence behaviour in almost any context and healthcare is no exception. The healthcare market is, however complex, characterised by uncertainty, information asymmetry and multiple agency connections. The reach and limits of financial incentives in healthcare has been widely debated for decades. Some argue that financial incentives increase efficient use of scarce resources, while others voice that it provides a hotbed for unintended and unethical behaviour. A well-functioning value-based reimbursement programme (VBRP) should facilitate alignment between financial incentives and professional values to secure both efficient and equitable healthcare. This thesis explores the promises and pitfalls of value-based reimbursement in the context of a value-based reimbursement programme within elective spine surgery in Region Stockholm, Sweden. 

By using mixed methods, this thesis explores what incentives arise from introducing a value-based reimbursement programme and how these incentives affect the provision of healthcare services. This thesis consists of four papers. Paper I examines the performance of healthcare providers (spine surgery clinics) on patient-reported outcome measures after the introduction of a value-based reimbursement programme and whether it has any effect on case mix regarding clinical and socio-economic factors. Paper II examines how a value-based reimbursement programme affects the cost of elective spine surgery to a third party payer/regional authority. Paper III explores how the intended incentives of the reimbursement programme was perceived by healthcare providers. In Paper IV, institutional logics within healthcare-providing organisations are identified and how their centrality and compatibility affect the institutionalisation of a value-based reimbursement programme in Region Stockholm. 

The results show that the VBRP had no effect on patient-reported outcome measures but decreased the mean cost per surgery. Thus, elective spine surgery in Region Stockholm may be considered more effective after the introduction of the VBRP. The removal of a production ceiling allowed healthcare providers to surgically treat more patients than was previously possible. The volume increased by 22 per cent, and the total cost increased by 11 percent. No indications of discrimination against sicker patients were found. A higher value was generated in elective spine surgery after the introduction of the VBRP. The idea of a VBRP was aligned with professional values. However, not all incentives were perceived as intended. The focus on minimising costs of post-discharge care was perceived to have a negative impact on quality aspects of physiotherapy and nursing.  

 

Taken together, a well-designed VBRP has the potential to promote a holistic healthcare perspective through 1) the level to which healthcare providers are held accountable for healthcare provision that increase the willingness to collaborate across healthcare providers and medical disciplines, 2) a better overall picture of patients healthcare utilisation and 3) challenging the traditional structures and ideas within healthcare that quality foremost depends on the performance of physicians. However, there are also challenges that needs to be addressed, 1) functioning routines for communication and follow-up between healthcare providers and the regional health authority, 2) to get different professions within a traditional hierarchical organisation to cooperate on equal terms, and 3) to create IT systems that create transparency and an understanding of the reimbursement programme. Continuous communication between healthcare providers and the regional health authority is therefore crucial to make the incentives of the reimbursement programme meaningful. 

Abstract [sv]

Finansiella incitament kan vara ett effektivt verktyg för att påverka beteende i nästan alla sammanhang, hälso- och sjukvården är inget undantag. Sjukvårdsmarknaden är dock komplex, präglad av osäkerhet, informationsasymmetri samt många aktörer som kan ha olika motiv. Användningen av finansiella incitament inom hälso- och sjukvården har diskuterats flitigt i decennier. Vissa hävdar att användningen av finansiella incitament leder till en bättre användning av knappa resurser, medan andra hävdar att det leder till oavsiktliga och oetiska resultat. Ett värdebaserat ersättningssystem kan eventuellt få finansiella incitament och professionella värderingar att dra åt samma håll. Region Stockholm introducerade ett värdebaserat ersättningssystem inom elektiv ryggkirurgi 2013. 

I avhandlingen utforskas möjligheterna och utmaningarna med ett värdebaserat ersättningssystem, både utifrån ersättningssystemets design och utifrån den kontext som det implementeras i, genom att kombinera kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoder. Avhandlingen består av fyra artiklar. I den första artikeln jämförs patientrapporterade utfallsmått och patientsammansättning, före och efter införandet av det värdebaserade ersättningssystemet. I den andra artikeln jämförs hur mycket beställaren (Region Stockholm) betalar för elektiv ryggkirurgi före och efter införandet av det värdebaserade ersättningssystemet. I den tredje artikeln undersöks hur det värdebaserade ersättningssystemet mottogs av de ryggkirurgiska klinikerna samt hur de anpassade sig till de nya förutsättningarna. I den fjärde och sista artikeln undersöks om ersättningssystemet upplevdes olika beroende på profession samt om relationen mellan dessa professioner påverkade hur vårdgivarna anpassade sig till det värdebaserade ersättningssystemet.

Resultatet visar att införandet av ett värdebaserat ersättningssystem inte hade någon effekt på patientrapporterade utfallsmått, däremot minskade genomsnittskostnaden vilket indikerar en effektivare elektiv ryggkirurgi i Region Stockholm. Inga tecken på diskriminering av sjukare patienter identifierades. Antalet opererade patienter ökade, likaså den totala kostnaden för elektiv ryggkirurgi, däremot genererade varje spenderad krona en större effekt efter införandet av ersättningssystemet. Själva idén med ett värdebaserat ersättningssystem gick i linje med professionella värderingar. Däremot framkom det att alla incitament inte uppfattades som det var tänkt och att uppfattningen varierade mellan olika professioner. Fokus på att minimera kostnader efter utskrivning upplevdes påverka kvalitetsaspekter inom fysioterapi och omvårdnad negativt. 

 

Sammantaget pekar studierna på att ett värdebaserat ersättningssystem möjliggör ett holistiskt perspektiv inom hälso- och sjukvården genom att 1) vårdgivarnas kostnadsansvar ökar viljan att samarbeta med andra vårdgivare, 2) vårdgivare får en bättre helhetsbild och kan ta bättre ansvar för patienters vårdutnyttjande och 3) traditionella strukturer och idéer inom hälso- och sjukvården att kvalitet främst beror på läkarnas prestation utmanas. Samtidigt finns det stora utmaningarna som följer med ett värdebaserat ersättningssystem, så som 1) skapandet av fungerande rutiner för kommunikation och uppföljning mellan beställare och utförare, 2) att få olika professioner inom en traditionellt hierarkisk organisation att samarbeta på lika villkor, samt 3) att skapa anpassade IT-system som skapar insyn och förståelse för ersättningssystemets mekanismer. Kontinuerlig kommunikation mellan beställare och vårdgivare är därför avgörande för att göra ersättningssystemets incitament meningsfulla, det finns ingen magisk lösning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2021. , p. 97
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1792
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-181099DOI: 10.3384/9789179290450ISBN: 9789179290443 (print)ISBN: 9789179290450 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-181099DiVA, id: diva2:1611843
Public defence
2021-12-10, Hasselquistsalen, Building 511, Campus US, Linköping, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Region StockholmAvailable from: 2021-11-17 Created: 2021-11-16 Last updated: 2022-05-06Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. A pain relieving reimbursement program? Effects of a value-based reimbursement program on patient reported outcome measures
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A pain relieving reimbursement program? Effects of a value-based reimbursement program on patient reported outcome measures
2020 (English)In: BMC Health Services Research, E-ISSN 1472-6963, Vol. 20, no 1, article id 805Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background Value-based reimbursement programs have become increasingly common. However, little is known about the effect of such programs on patient reported outcomes.Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of introducing a value-based reimbursement program on patient reported outcome measures and to explore whether a selection bias towards less complicated patients occurred. Methods This is a retrospective observational study with a before and after design based on the introduction of a value-based reimbursement program in Region Stockholm, Sweden. We analyzed patient level data from inpatient and outpatient care of patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery during 2006-2015. Patient reported outcome measures used was Global Assessment, EQ-5D-3L and Oswestry Disability Index. The case-mix of surgically treated patients was analyzed using medical and socioeconomic factors. Results The value-based reimbursement program did not have any effect on targeted or non-targeted patient reported outcome measures. Moreover, the share of surgically treated patients with risk factors such as having comorbidities and being born outside of Europe increased after the introduction. Hence, the value-based reimbursement program did not encourage discrimination against sicker patients. However, the income was higher among patients surgically treated after the introduction of the value-based reimbursement. This indicates that a value-based reimbursement program may contribute to increased inequalities in access to healthcare. Conclusions The value-based reimbursement program did not have any effect on patient reported outcome measures. Our study contributes to the understanding of the effects of a value-based reimbursement program on patient reported outcome measures and to what extent cherry-picking arises.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BMC, 2020
Keywords
Reimbursement; Payment; Value-based; Bundled payment; P4P; Incentives; PROM; ODI; EQ-5D
National Category
General Practice
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-169985 (URN)10.1186/s12913-020-05578-8 (DOI)000566252100001 ()32847579 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Region Stockholm; Linkoping University

Available from: 2020-09-28 Created: 2020-09-28 Last updated: 2022-09-15
2. Centrality and compatibility of institutional logics when introducing value-based reimbursement
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Centrality and compatibility of institutional logics when introducing value-based reimbursement
2021 (English)In: Journal of Health Organization & Management, ISSN 1477-7266, E-ISSN 1758-7247, Vol. 35, no 9, p. 298-314Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: Using financial incentives has been criticised for putting too much focus on things that can be measured. Value-based reimbursement may better align professional values with financial incentives. However, professional values may differ between actor groups. In this article, the authors identify institutional logics within healthcare-providing organisations. Further, the authors analyse how the centrality and compatibility of the identified logics affect the institutionalisation of external demands.

Design/methodology/approach: 41 semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives from healthcare providers within spine surgery in Sweden, where a value-based reimbursement programme was introduced. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis with an abductive approach, and a conceptual framework based on neo-institutional theory.

Findings: After the introduction of the value-based reimbursement programme, the centrality and compatibility of the institutional logics within healthcare-providing organisations changed. The logic of spine surgeons was dominating whereas physiotherapists struggled to motivate a higher cost for high quality physiotherapy. The institutional logic of nurses was aligned with spine surgeons, however as a peripheral logic facilitating spine surgery. To attain holistic and interdisciplinary healthcare, dominating institutional logics within healthcare-providing organisations need to allow peripheral institutional logics to attain a higher centrality for higher compatibility. Thus, allowing other occupations to take responsibility for quality and attain the feeling of professional pride.

Originality/value: Interviewing spine surgeons, physiotherapists, nurses, managers and administrators allows us to deepen the understanding of micro-level behaviour as a reaction (or lack thereof) to macro-level decisions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2021
Keywords
Health Policy, Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous)
National Category
Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-180828 (URN)10.1108/jhom-01-2021-0010 (DOI)000697172500001 ()34535988 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85114992992 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2021-11-03 Created: 2021-11-03 Last updated: 2022-05-06Bibliographically approved

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Eriksson, Thérèse

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