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Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance in ICUs in Southeastern Sweden
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Infectious Diseases . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Microbiology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology.
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1999 (English)In: Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, Vol. 43, no 8, p. 815-820Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: A study was designed to assess a computer-based program for continuous registration of antibiotic resistance, statistics concerning severity of illness, and consumption of antibacterial drugs.

Methods: The frequency of antibiotic resistance among bacteria in eight ICUs in southeastern Sweden was investigated yearly from 1995 through 1997. The antibiotic consumption in the ICUs was registered as defined daily doses (DDD) and compared to severity of illness (APACHE-II scores).

Results: There was a statistically significant increase in ampicillin resistance among Enterococcus spp. between 1996 and 1997, which was due to a shift from Enterococcus faecalis to Enterococcus faecium. A high prevalence of resistance among coagulase-negative staphylococci to oxacillin (≈ 70%), ciprofloxacin (≈ 50%), fucidic acid (≈ 50%) and netilmicin (≈ 30%) was seen in all ICUs during the whole study period. There was a statistically significant increase in ciprofloxacin resistance among Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. The resistance among Enterobacter spp. to cefotaxime decreased but this change was not statistically significant. Efforts were made to avoid betalactam antibiotics, except carbapenems, for treatment of infections caused by Enterobacter spp. and the consumption of cephalosporins decreased whereas the consumption of carbapenems increased. The total antibiotic consumption decreased by 2.5% during the study period. There was no correlation between APACHE II scores and antibiotic consumption.

Conclusions: Each ICU within a hospital ought to have a program for "on-line" antibiotic resistance surveillance of drugs used in that unit so that changes in empirical treatment can be made when there is an increase in antibiotic-resistant isolates within that unit.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
1999. Vol. 43, no 8, p. 815-820
Keywords [en]
Antibiotic resistance, intensive care units, antibiotic consumption, ICU-infections
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-12662DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-6576.1999.430806.xOAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-12662DiVA, id: diva2:16797
Available from: 2007-10-18 Created: 2007-10-18 Last updated: 2021-10-04
In thesis
1. Surveillance of Antibiotic Consumption and Antibiotic Resistance in Swedish Intensive Care Units
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Surveillance of Antibiotic Consumption and Antibiotic Resistance in Swedish Intensive Care Units
2007 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Introduction: Nosocomial infections remain a major cause of mortality and morbidity. The problem is most apparent in intensive care units (ICUs). Most ICU patients are compromised and vulnerable as a result of disease or severe trauma. One in ten people admitted to hospital is given an antibiotic for infection. The risk of acquiring a nosocomial infection in a European ICU is approximately 20%. It is vitally important that ways are found to prevent transmission between patients and personnel, and that local hygiene routines and antibiotic policies are developed. This thesis is a holistic work focused particularly on antimicrobial antibiotic resistance, antibiotic consumption and to some extent on hygiene in Swedish ICUs.

Aims: The general aim of this thesis was to investigate bacterial resistance and antibiotic consumption in Swedish ICUs and to try to correlate ICU demographic data with antibiotic consumption and antibiotic resistance. Additional aims were to investigate on which clinical indications antibacterial drugs are prescribed in the ICU, and to investigate the emergence of resistance and transmission of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the ICU using cluster analysis based on antibiograms and genotype data obtained by AFLP.

Material and methods: In paper 1-3, antibiotic consumption data together with bacterial antibiotic resistance data and specific ICU-demographic data were collected from an increasing number of ICUs over the years 1997-2001. Data from ICUs covering up to six million out of Sweden’s nine million inhabitants were included. In paper 4, the indications for antibiotic prescribing were studied during two weeks in 2000. Paper 5 investigated Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in order to detect cross-transmission with genotype obtained by AFLP, and antibiogram-based cluster analysis was also performed in order to see if this could be a quicker and easier substitute for AFLP.

Results: This thesis has produced three important findings. Firstly, antibiotic consumption in participating ICUs was relatively high during the study period, and every patient received on average more than one antimicrobial drug per day (I-IV). Secondly, levels of antimicrobial drug resistance seen in S. aureus, E. coli and Klebsiella spp remained low when data were pooled from all ICUs throughout the study period, despite relatively high antibiotic consumption (I-V). Thirdly, the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in CoNS and E. faecium, cefotaxime resistance in Enterobacter, and ciprofloxacin and imipenem resistance in P. aeruginosa was high enough to cause concern.

Conclusion: For the period studied, multidrug resistance in Swedish ICUs was not a major problem. Signs of cross-transmission with non-multiresistant bacteria were observed, indicating a hygiene problem and identifying simple improvements that could be made in patient care guidelines and barrier precautions. A need for better follow up of prescribed antibiotics was evident. With further surveillance studies and monitoring of antibiotics and bacterial resistance patterns in the local setting as well as on a national and international level, some of the strategic goals in the prevention and control of the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant microbes may be achievable.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institutionen för molekylär och klinisk medicin, 2007
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1019
Keywords
Bacterial Antibiotic resistance, Antibiotic Consumption, ICU, Surveillance programme, Multi drug resistance, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ICU demography
National Category
Infectious Medicine
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10049 (URN)978-91-85895-77-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2007-10-26, Elsa Brändströmsalen, University Hospital, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, 09:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Available from: 2007-10-18 Created: 2007-10-18 Last updated: 2020-03-29

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Hanberger, HåkanHoffmann, MikaelIsaksson, BarbroWalther, Sten

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