liu.seSearch for publications in DiVA
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • oxford
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Modern anesthesia and peroperative monitoring methods reduce per- and postoperative mortality during transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
2005 (English)In: Brain Research Protocols, ISSN 1385-299X, E-ISSN 1872-809X, Vol. 14, no 3, p. 181-190Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Mortality and morbidity during and after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats are important confounding factors which may be minimized by improved anesthesia and peroperative monitoring techniques. We describe state of the art techniques for inducing anesthesia, endotracheal intubation, ventilation and monitoring peroperatively in this context.

Introducing the subtemporal approach of Tamura et al. in our laboratory 5 years ago, we experienced 25% peroperative and 24 h postoperative rat mortality when performing temporary clipping of the middle cerebral artery. This prompted us to abandon intraperitoneal anesthesia by chloral hydrate and ventilation by tracheotomy in favor of endotracheal intubation and isoflurane anesthesia (1% isoflurane in 30%:70% O2/N2O). These anesthetic techniques in combination with improved surgical skills have reduced our initial 25% peroperative- and 24 h postoperative mortality to 2.7% (1.8% peroperatively and 0.9% 24 h postoperatively). Furthermore, the following 14 days postoperative mortality rate was 1.8%. A total number of 203 rats have been operated with this method in different studies where a focal reperfusion stroke model combined with extended periods of observations were the cornerstone.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2005. Vol. 14, no 3, p. 181-190
Keywords [en]
Cerebral ischemia; Focal; Middle cerebral artery occlusion; Anesthetic method; Isoflurane; Rat
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-13443DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.01.002OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-13443DiVA, id: diva2:20735
Available from: 2005-11-11 Created: 2005-11-11 Last updated: 2017-12-13Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Estrogen-inducible neuropeptides in the rat brain: role in focal ischemic lesions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Estrogen-inducible neuropeptides in the rat brain: role in focal ischemic lesions
2005 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Sex steroids in general and estrogens in particular – in addition to their effects on the reproductive organs – affect a large number of crucial bodily functions, including “higher” brain functions.

Neuropeptides constitute the phylogenetically oldest neurotransmitter system and are currently thought to act mainly during stress, disease or injury. The concentration of galanin is i.a. up-regulated by injury to the nervous system and by estrogen.

The main focus of the present thesis was to investigate whether the reported neuroprotective effect of 17β-estradiol in experimental animal stroke models is partially mediated through its effects on galanin and if galanin per se exerts neuroprotective effects in stroke.

An exploratory study of the effects of sex steroid concentrations due to gender and pubertal development showed differences in concentrations of i.a. the neuropeptides galanin and neuropeptide Y also in brain regions of female rats important for higher brain functions, including hippocampus and cortex, brain regions not directly involved in reproduction. Puberty brings about changes in several hormonal mechanisms, and our studies showed that the major effect on the concentrations of galanin in various brain regions of ovariectomized (ovx) rats, was brought about by 17β-estradiol.

The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in thrombolysis – the current treatment of choice in human stroke – attempts the re-establishment of perfusion (reperfusion) to the lesioned area of the brain. This prompted us to develop a reperfusion stroke model in rats designed to be mild, focal and transient, allowing long-term observation periods of animals thriving well postoperatively. Mortality and morbidity during and after the middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion are important confounding factors crucial for the results. Changing anaesthesia from intraperitoneally administered chloral hydrate to isofl urane inhalation anaesthesia using endotracheal intubation and controlled ventilation markedly reduced the mortality rate from 25% to 10.6%, which was even further reduced down to 2.7 % by successively improved surgical skills.

Contrary to our initial hypothesis, long-term 17β-estradiol treatment resulted in larger ischemic lesions in our stroke model compared to control treatment. After 3 days the cerebral ischemic lesion area was doubled after 17β-estradiol treatment in rats subjected to 60 min microclip occlusion of the MCA followed by reperfusion. A similar, but not statistically signifi cant difference was found after 7 and 14 days. Three groups studying different types of experimental animal stroke and different doses of 17β-estradiol treatment have recently also demonstrated lack of neuroprotection by 17β-estradiol treatment. Furthermore, large epidemiological clinical studies have recently also reported an increased risk and poorer outcome in postmenopausal women subjected to hormone replacement therapy.

The concentrations of galanin-like immunoreactivity in extracts of punch biopsies from the penumbra area after transient MCA occlusion were found unchanged, but were decreased (p=0.015) in the apparently undamaged ipsilateral hippocampus. Galanin administered by continuous intracerebroventricular infusion (2.4 nmol/day) resulted in a 30% larger ischemic lesion compared to controls, measured 7 days after the MCA occlusion. Taken together, these results indicate that galanin in the brain is primarily a factor reacting to ischemic injury rather than a neuroprotective factor in its own right.

Very limited information is available about the steady state serum concentrations of 17β-estradiol in response to different modes of administration to rats for days and weeks. The need for this information has become especially apparent during recent years due to the observable dichotomy of estrogens effects – neuroprotective or not – in the various animal models of brain ischemia reported in the current scientific literature. The cause of this dichotomy is likely to be found in the experimental setup, including the mode of administration of 17β-estradiol. Delayed steady state of serum 17β-estradiol concentrations were found when comparing two common modes of exogenous administration of 17β-estradiol – slow-release osmotic pumps vs. daily subcutaneously injections of 17β-estradiol solved in sesame oil – to ovx rats during 2 times 6 weeks crossover treatment. Steady state was reached at week 4 in the daily injections group compared to at week 6 in the slow release osmotic pumps group. Once steady state was reached, the concentration was the same in both groups for the reminder of the experiment (in total 12 weeks).

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institutionen för biomedicin och kirurgi, 2005. p. 121
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 923
Keywords
Estrogen, neuropeptides, galanin, cerebral ischemia, middle cerebral artery occlusion
National Category
Neurosciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-4716 (URN)91-85497-58-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2005-12-09, Berzeliussalen, Ingång 65, Campus US, Linköpings universitet, Linköping, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

On the day of the public defence of the doctoral thesis, the status of article V was: Available on line since 24th of May 2005.

Available from: 2005-11-11 Created: 2005-11-11 Last updated: 2023-02-22
2. Focal ischemic reperfusion stroke model in rats and the role of galanin
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Focal ischemic reperfusion stroke model in rats and the role of galanin
2011 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Stroke is the third most common cause for mortality in industrialised countries and amongst the major causes of long- time morbidity. While the mortality due to myocardial infarction has been dramatically reduced during the last 10-15 years, mortality due to stroke remains almost the same, despite the fact that the two share similar basic pathogenic mechanisms including atherosclerosis, hypertension and diabetes. Treatment modalities of reperfusion therapy for acute ischemic stroke, including the use of tissue plasminogen activator for thrombolysis and endovascular treatments, are eff ective if applied early after onset of the first symptoms. The more frequent use of reperfusion therapy, especially in the most common type of stroke aff ecting the middle cerebral artery (MCA), increase the clinical relevance and demand for experimental models of temporary and focal ischemia of the brain. The primary goal of the present work was to develop a model in rats for studying the mechanisms underlying focal and temporary ischemia in brain regions supplied by the MCA.

We have modified the intracranial method of occluding the MCA originally described by Tamura et al. in the early 1980es by introducing a microclip to occlude the artery and induce reperfusion under direct visual control through an operating microscope. The goal was to create a mild ischemia model with low morbidity and mortality, optimizing conditions for the animals postoperatively and allowing longterm (weeks) observation periods of high relevance for human stroke. Morbidity and mortality in experimental stroke models are crucial confounders. Change of anesthesia from intraperitoneally administrated chloral hydrate to isoflurane inhalation anesthesia with endotracheal intubation and controlled ventilation reduced mortality markedly from 25% to ~10%. Improved overall skills in anesthesia and surgical techniques further reduced mortality to <3%.

Hypothermia reduces brain lesions caused by ischemia not only when administered before and during the ischemic episode, but also afterwards. Several studies have shown that galanin concentrations are increased in response to various types of lesions to the nervous system, and galanin may be amongst the factors supporting neuronal survival and functions. We therefore investigated whether or not hypothermia-induced alterations in galanin concentrations could constitute a part of the established neuroprotective effect of hypothermia in our rat stroke model. Hypothermia induced an overall increase in the concentrations of immunoreactive galanin (p < 0.001). The elevated galanin levels were predominantly found in the non-ischemic control hemisphere. The galanin concentrations were lower in the ischemic hemisphere in both the normo- and hypothermic animals compared to the corresponding contralateral intact hemisphere (p = 0.049). The hypothermia and not the ischemic/reperfusion lesions explained the major part of the observed changes in galanin concentrations. Hypothermia-induced elevation in galanin concentration is therefore not likely to be amongst the major protective mechanisms of hypothermia. Our results support the notion that hypothermia-induced increase in tissue concentrations of galanin in the brain are the result of changes from optimal homeostatic conditions – the hypothermia-induced stress – rather than the ischemic/reperfusion lesion- induced changes in galanin concentrations.

Whether the lesion-induced increase in galanin concentrations is primarily a signal that a lesion has occurred, a consequence of the lesion or a mechanism for facilitating neuronal survival is an open question. We therefore infused three different concentrations of galanin intracerebroventricularly in a direct attempt to investigate whether or not galanin has neuroprotective properties in a rat model of MCA occlusion. Furthermore, we infused the GalR2/3 agonist Gal(2-11) (AR-M1896) shown to subserve neuroprotective functions. The lesion was 98% larger seven days after a 60 min transient MCA occlusion and continuous administration of the GalR2/3 agonist Gal(2-11). No differences were found after seven days in the groups treated with galanin in three different concentrations (0.24, 2.4 and 24 nmol/day; p = 0.939, 0.715 and 0.977, respectively). There was also no difference in the size of the ischemic lesion measured after three days in the galanin-treated group (2.4 nmol/d) compared to artificial cerebrospinal fl uid (p = 0.925).

The expression of the galanin, GalR1, GalR2 and GalR3 receptor genes were investigated in the female rat brain seven days after a 60-min unilateral occlusion/reperfusion of the MCA. Galanin gene expression showed a 2.5-fold increase and GalR1 a 1.5-fold increase in the locus coeruleus of the ischemic hemisphere compared to the control side, and the GalR1 mRNA levels decreased by 35% in the cortex of the ischemic hemisphere. Thus, stroke-induced forebrain lesion upregulates synthesis of galanin and GalR1 in the locus coeruleus, a noradrenergic cell group projecting to many forebrain areas, including cortex and the hippocampal formation, supporting the notion that galanin may play a role in the response of the central nervous system to injury and have trophic effects.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2011. p. 92
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1242
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-68086 (URN)978-91-7393-185-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2011-05-20, Berzeliussalen, Ingång 65, Campus US, Linköpings universitet, Linköping, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2011-05-10 Created: 2011-05-10 Last updated: 2020-02-03Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

No full text in DiVA

Other links

Publisher's full textLink to Ph.D. thesis

Authority records

Theodorsson, AnnetteHolm, LovisaTheodorsson, Elvar

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Theodorsson, AnnetteHolm, LovisaTheodorsson, Elvar
By organisation
Clinical ChemistryFaculty of Health Sciences
In the same journal
Brain Research Protocols
Medical and Health Sciences

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar

doi
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
urn-nbn
Total: 200 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • oxford
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf