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Galanin administered intracerebroventricularly increases ischemic lesions measured 7 days after focal and transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in female rats
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
2005 (English)Article in journal (Refereed) Submitted
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2005.
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-13446OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-13446DiVA, id: diva2:20738
Available from: 2005-11-11 Created: 2005-11-11
In thesis
1. Estrogen-inducible neuropeptides in the rat brain: role in focal ischemic lesions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Estrogen-inducible neuropeptides in the rat brain: role in focal ischemic lesions
2005 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Sex steroids in general and estrogens in particular – in addition to their effects on the reproductive organs – affect a large number of crucial bodily functions, including “higher” brain functions.

Neuropeptides constitute the phylogenetically oldest neurotransmitter system and are currently thought to act mainly during stress, disease or injury. The concentration of galanin is i.a. up-regulated by injury to the nervous system and by estrogen.

The main focus of the present thesis was to investigate whether the reported neuroprotective effect of 17β-estradiol in experimental animal stroke models is partially mediated through its effects on galanin and if galanin per se exerts neuroprotective effects in stroke.

An exploratory study of the effects of sex steroid concentrations due to gender and pubertal development showed differences in concentrations of i.a. the neuropeptides galanin and neuropeptide Y also in brain regions of female rats important for higher brain functions, including hippocampus and cortex, brain regions not directly involved in reproduction. Puberty brings about changes in several hormonal mechanisms, and our studies showed that the major effect on the concentrations of galanin in various brain regions of ovariectomized (ovx) rats, was brought about by 17β-estradiol.

The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in thrombolysis – the current treatment of choice in human stroke – attempts the re-establishment of perfusion (reperfusion) to the lesioned area of the brain. This prompted us to develop a reperfusion stroke model in rats designed to be mild, focal and transient, allowing long-term observation periods of animals thriving well postoperatively. Mortality and morbidity during and after the middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion are important confounding factors crucial for the results. Changing anaesthesia from intraperitoneally administered chloral hydrate to isofl urane inhalation anaesthesia using endotracheal intubation and controlled ventilation markedly reduced the mortality rate from 25% to 10.6%, which was even further reduced down to 2.7 % by successively improved surgical skills.

Contrary to our initial hypothesis, long-term 17β-estradiol treatment resulted in larger ischemic lesions in our stroke model compared to control treatment. After 3 days the cerebral ischemic lesion area was doubled after 17β-estradiol treatment in rats subjected to 60 min microclip occlusion of the MCA followed by reperfusion. A similar, but not statistically signifi cant difference was found after 7 and 14 days. Three groups studying different types of experimental animal stroke and different doses of 17β-estradiol treatment have recently also demonstrated lack of neuroprotection by 17β-estradiol treatment. Furthermore, large epidemiological clinical studies have recently also reported an increased risk and poorer outcome in postmenopausal women subjected to hormone replacement therapy.

The concentrations of galanin-like immunoreactivity in extracts of punch biopsies from the penumbra area after transient MCA occlusion were found unchanged, but were decreased (p=0.015) in the apparently undamaged ipsilateral hippocampus. Galanin administered by continuous intracerebroventricular infusion (2.4 nmol/day) resulted in a 30% larger ischemic lesion compared to controls, measured 7 days after the MCA occlusion. Taken together, these results indicate that galanin in the brain is primarily a factor reacting to ischemic injury rather than a neuroprotective factor in its own right.

Very limited information is available about the steady state serum concentrations of 17β-estradiol in response to different modes of administration to rats for days and weeks. The need for this information has become especially apparent during recent years due to the observable dichotomy of estrogens effects – neuroprotective or not – in the various animal models of brain ischemia reported in the current scientific literature. The cause of this dichotomy is likely to be found in the experimental setup, including the mode of administration of 17β-estradiol. Delayed steady state of serum 17β-estradiol concentrations were found when comparing two common modes of exogenous administration of 17β-estradiol – slow-release osmotic pumps vs. daily subcutaneously injections of 17β-estradiol solved in sesame oil – to ovx rats during 2 times 6 weeks crossover treatment. Steady state was reached at week 4 in the daily injections group compared to at week 6 in the slow release osmotic pumps group. Once steady state was reached, the concentration was the same in both groups for the reminder of the experiment (in total 12 weeks).

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institutionen för biomedicin och kirurgi, 2005. p. 121
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 923
Keywords
Estrogen, neuropeptides, galanin, cerebral ischemia, middle cerebral artery occlusion
National Category
Neurosciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-4716 (URN)91-85497-58-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2005-12-09, Berzeliussalen, Ingång 65, Campus US, Linköpings universitet, Linköping, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

On the day of the public defence of the doctoral thesis, the status of article V was: Available on line since 24th of May 2005.

Available from: 2005-11-11 Created: 2005-11-11 Last updated: 2023-02-22

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Theodorsson, AnnetteTheodorsson, Elvar

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