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Characterization of antigen and bacterial transport in the follicle-associated epithelium of human ileum
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Surgery . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden.
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cellbiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Surgery . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
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2006 (English)In: Laboratory investigation, ISSN 0023-6837, Vol. 86, no 5, p. 504-516Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The follicle-associated epithelium (FAE), covering Peyer's patches, provides a route of entry for antigens and microorganisms. Animal studies showed enhanced antigen and bacterial uptake in FAE, but no study on barrier function of human FAE has been reported. Our aim was to characterize the normal barrier properties of human FAE. Specimens of normal ileum were taken from 30 patients with noninflammatory colonic disease. Villus epithelium (VE) and FAE were identified and mounted in Ussing chambers. Permeability to 51Cr-EDTA, transmucosal flux of the protein antigen, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and transport of fluorescent Escherichia coli (chemically killed K-12 and live HB101) were measured. Uptake mechanisms were studied by confocal- and transmission electron microscopy, and by using pharmacological inhibitors in an in vitro coculture model of FAE and in human ileal FAE. HRP flux was substantially higher in FAE than in VE, and was reduced by an amiloride analog. Electron microscopy showed HRP-containing endosomes. Transport of E. coli K-12 and HB101 was also augmented in FAE and was confirmed by confocal microscopy. In vitro coculture experiments and electron microscopy revealed actin-dependent, mainly transcellular, uptake of E. coli K-12 into FAE. 51Cr-EDTA permeability was equal in FAE and VE. Augmented HRP flux and bacterial uptake but similar paracellular permeability, suggest functional variations of transcellular transport in the FAE. We show for the first time that FAE of human ileum is functionally distinct from regular VE, rendering the FAE more prone to bacterial–epithelial cell interactions and delivery of antigens to the mucosal immune system.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2006. Vol. 86, no 5, p. 504-516
Keywords [en]
E. coli, horseradish peroxidase, M cell, permeability, Peyer's patches
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-14563DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700397OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-14563DiVA, id: diva2:23835
Available from: 2007-07-03 Created: 2007-07-03
In thesis
1. Barrier function of the Follicle-Associated Epithelium in Stress and Crohn's disease
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Barrier function of the Follicle-Associated Epithelium in Stress and Crohn's disease
2007 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Crohns sjukdom är en kronisk inflammatorisk tarmsjukdom av okänd orsak. Det tidigaste tecknet på Crohns sjukdom är mikroskopiska sår i det s.k. follikelassocierade epitelet (FAE) som täcker ansamlingar av immunceller i tarmen. FAE är specialiserat för att fånga innehåll från tarmen och transportera det till underliggande immunvävnad. Denna funktion är viktig för att inducera skyddande immunsvar, men den utgör också en ingångsväg för sjukdomsalstrande bakterier. Crohns sjukdom är associerat med ett kraftigt ökat immunsvar mot bakterier, och sjukdomsförloppet kan ändras av stress.

Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen var att studera effekterna av stress på FAE samt att undersöka rollen av FAE vid utvecklingen av tarminflammation, särskilt vid Crohns sjukdom.

Inledningsvis studerades effekterna av psykologisk stress på FAE. Stressade råttor uppvisade ökad genomsläpplighet av bakterier efter stress, och passagen var högre i FAE än i vanligt epitel. Efterföljande experiment visade att stressförändringarna i slemhinnan regleras via kortikotropinfrisättande hormon och mastceller. Vidare visade det sig att vasoaktiv intestinal peptid kunde efterlikna stressens effekter på genomsläppligheten, och att detta kunde förhindras genom att blockera mastcellerna.

Studier av tunntarmsslemhinna från patienter med icke-inflammatorisk tarmsjukdom och friska kontroller visade en högre passage av bakterier i FAE än i vanligt epitel. Hos patienter med Crohns sjukdom var bakteriepassagen genom FAE betydligt ökad jämfört med kontroller.

Resultaten från detta avhandlingsarbete visar att stress kan förändra upptaget av bakterier från tarmen via FAE, med mekanismer som innefattar kortikotropinfrisättande hormon och mastceller. Detta har gett nya kunskaper kring regleringen av slemhinnebarriären. Vidare presenterar denna avhandling nya insikter i sjukdomsuppkomsten vid Crohns sjukdom genom att påvisa en tidigare okänd defekt i barriärfunktionen i FAE.

Abstract [en]

The earliest observable signs of Crohn’s disease are microscopic erosions in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) covering the Peyer’s patches. The FAE, which contains M cells, is specialised in sampling of luminal content and delivery to underlying immune cells. This sampling is crucial for induction of protective immune responses, but it also provides a route of entry for microorganisms into the mucosa. Crohn’s disease is associated with an increased immune response to bacteria, and the disease course can be altered by stress.

The overall aim of this thesis was to study the effects of stress on the FAE and elucidate the role of FAE in the development of intestinal inflammation, specifically Crohn’s disease.

Initially, rats were submitted to acute and chronic water avoidance stress to study the effects of psychological stress on the FAE. Stressed rats showed enhanced antigen and bacterial passage, and the passage was higher in FAE than in regular villus epithelium (VE). Further, stress gave rise to ultrastructural changes. Subsequent experiments revealed the stress-induced increase in permeability to be regulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone and mast cells. Furthermore, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) mimicked the stress effects on permeability, and the VIP effects were inhibited by a mast cell stabiliser.

Human studies of ileal mucosa from patients with non-inflammatory disease and healthy controls showed a higher antigen and bacterial passage in FAE than in VE. In patients with Crohn’s disease, the bacterial passage across the FAE was significantly increased compared to non-inflammatory and inflammatory controls (ulcerative colitis). Furthermore, there was an enhanced uptake of bacteria into dendritic cells, and augmented TNF-α release in Crohn’s disease mucosa.

Taken together this thesis shows that stress can modulate the uptake of luminal antigens and bacteria via the FAE, through mechanisms involving CRH and mast cells. It further shows that human ileal FAE is functionally distinct from VE, and that Crohn’s disease patients exhibit enhanced FAE permeability compared to inflammatory and non-inflammatory controls.

This thesis presents novel insights into regulation of the FAE barrier, as well as into the pathophysiology of Crohn’s disease by demonstrating a previously unrecognised defect of the FAE barrier function in ileal Crohn’s disease.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institutionen för biomedicin och kirurgi, 2007. p. 105
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1006
Keywords
Corticotropin-releasing hormone, Crohn’s disease, 51Cr- EDTA, Escherichia coli, follicle-associated epithelium, horseradish peroxidase, human, ileum, inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal mucosa, mast cell, M cell, permeability, Peyer’s patches, rat, Ussing chamber, vasoactive intestinal peptide, villus epithelium
National Category
Surgery
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9271 (URN)978-91-85831-79-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2007-06-08, Aulan, Hälsans Hus, Campus US, Linköpings Universitet, Linköping, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2007-07-03 Created: 2007-07-03 Last updated: 2020-03-29

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Keita, Åsa VGullberg, ElisabetEricson, Ann-CharlottSalim, Sa’ad YWallon, ConnyKald, AndersSöderholm, Johan D

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