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Evaluation of bioimpedance spectroscopy for measurements of body water distribution in healthy women before, during, and after pregnancy
Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Nutrition. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2273-4430
Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Nutrition. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
2004 (English)In: Journal of applied physiology, ISSN 8750-7587, E-ISSN 1522-1601, Vol. 96, no 3, p. 967-973Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) is a technique of interest in the study of human pregnancy because it can assess extracellular (ECW), intracellular (ICW), and total body water (TBW) as ECW plus ICW. The technique requires appropriate resistivity coefficients and has not been sufficiently evaluated during the reproductive cycle. Therefore, in a methodological study, we estimated ECW, ICW, and TBW, by means of BIS, and compared the results with the corresponding estimates obtained by using reference methods. Furthermore, results obtained by means of population-specific resistivity coefficients were compared with results obtained by means of general resistivity coefficients. These comparisons were made before pregnancy, in gestational weeks 14 and 32, as well as 2 wk postpartum in 21 healthy women. The reference methods were isotope and bromide dilution. Average ICW, ECW, and TBW, estimated by means of BIS, were in agreement with reference data before pregnancy, in gestational week 14, and postpartum. The corresponding comparison in gestational week 32 showed good agreement for ICW, whereas estimates by means of BIS were significantly (P < 0.001) lower than the corresponding reference values for ECW and TBW. Thus the BIS technique, which was based on a model developed for the nonpregnant body, estimated increases in ICW accurately, whereas increases in ECW and TBW tended to be underestimated. Estimates obtained by using population-specific and general resistivity coefficients were very similar. In conclusion, the results indicated that BIS is potentially useful for studies during pregnancy but that further work is needed before it can be generally applied in such studies.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2004. Vol. 96, no 3, p. 967-973
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-23933DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00900.2003Local ID: 3481OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-23933DiVA, id: diva2:244248
Available from: 2009-10-07 Created: 2009-10-07 Last updated: 2019-06-28
In thesis
1. Studies on energy metabolism and body composition of healthy women before, during and after pregnancy
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Studies on energy metabolism and body composition of healthy women before, during and after pregnancy
2004 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Current recommendations propose that an entire pregnancy requires an additional amount of energy from the diet equivalent to 335 000 kJ. This figure is mainly based on increases in the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and retention of total body fat (TBF). The BMR response to pregnancy varies considerably among women, but the factors responsible for this variability are unknown. TBF can be calculated from total body water (TBW) and the hydration factor (HF), using the so-called two-component model. However, the validity of this model during pregnancy has been questioned. Furthermore, current recommendations propose that energy needs during pregnancy may be partly offset by reductions in physical activity, but this statement is supported by little experimental evidence. The aims of this thesis were: to evaluate if the physical activity level (PAL) can be estimated by means of heart rate recording, accelerometry, and a questionnaire in women planning pregnancy; to assess the effect of pregnancy on energy expenditure due to physical activity, on activity pattern and on the biological variability of HF; to evaluate the use of bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) for assessing TBW during pregnancy; and to identifY factors explaining the variability of the BMR response to pregnancy.

Healthy women were studied before pregnancy (n=38), and in gestational weeks 8, 14, 20, 32, 35 and 2 weeks post partum (n=23). Total energy expenditure (TEE), BMR, TEE/BMR, activity pattern, body composition, circulatory variables and serum levels of thyroid hormones and insulin growth factor-I (IGF-1) were measured. Foetal weight in gestational week 31 and infant birth weight were assessed.

All estimates of PAL were imprecise and too low in women planning pregnancy. There was little change in TEE/BMR in gestational week 14, but it was significantly reduced in gestational week 32. However, activity pattern was largely unaffected by pregnancy. The biological variability of HF was 2%, 3% and 1.7% or less of average HF before pregnancy and in gestational weeks 14 and 32, respectively. BIS underestimated TBW during pregnancy. In gestational week 14, the increase in BMR correlated significantly with the increase in body weight and with TBF (%)before pregnancy. Together these variables explained about 40% of the variability in the BMR response. In gestational week 32, the increase in BMR correlated significantly with changes in body weight, TBF, fat-free mass, IGF-I, cardiac output and free triiodothyronine. At this stage of gestation the increase in body weight in combination with foetal weight or with the increased levels of IGF-I in serum explained about 60% of the variability of the increased BMR.

In conclusion: I) Heart rate recording, accelerometry and the questionnaire produced inappropriate PAL estimates. 2) In women maintaining their pre-pregnant activity pattern the increase in BMR represents the major component of the increased energy expenditure during pregnancy. 3) The two-component model for assessing TBF is appropriate in late gestation, while its precision may be impaired in early pregnancy. 4) BIS in its present form is not appropriate for assessing TBW during pregnancy. 5) Nutritional factors are important regarding the variability in the BMR response to pregnancy.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköpings universitet, 2004. p. 58
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 853
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-23970 (URN)3520 (Local ID)91-7373-825-5 (ISBN)3520 (Archive number)3520 (OAI)
Public defence
2004-05-28, Aulan, Hälsans Hus, Hälsouniversitetet, Linköping, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Available from: 2009-10-07 Created: 2009-10-07 Last updated: 2019-06-28Bibliographically approved

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Löf, MarieForsum, Elisabet

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