liu.seSearch for publications in DiVA
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • oxford
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Changes in galanin and GalR1 gene expression in discrete brain regions after transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in female rats
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Chemistry.
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry.
Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Show others and affiliations
2012 (English)In: Neuropeptides, ISSN 0143-4179, E-ISSN 1532-2785, Vol. 46, no 1, p. 19-27Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Injury to neurons results in upregulation of galanin in some central and peripheral systems, and it has been suggested that this neuropeptide may play a protective and trophic role, primarily mediated by galanin receptor 2 (GalR2). The objective of the present study was to investigate galanin, GalR1, GalR2 and GalR3 gene expression in the female rat brain seven days after a 60-min unilateral occlusion of the middle cerebral artery followed by reperfusion. Quantitative real-time PCR was employed in punch-biopsies from the locus coeruleus, somatosensory cortex and dorsal hippocampal formation including sham-operated rats as controls. Galanin gene expression showed a ~2.5-fold increase and GalR1 a ~1.5-fold increase in the locus coeruleus of the ischemic hemisphere compared to the control side. Furthermore, the GalR1 mRNA levels decreased by 35% in the cortex of the ischemic hemisphere. The present results indicate that a stroke-induced forebrain lesion upregulates synthesis of galanin and GalR1 in the locus coeruleus, a noradrenergic cell group projecting to many forebrain areas, including cortex and the hippocampal formation. These results support the notion that galanin may play a role in the response of the central nervous system to injury and have trophic eff ects.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2012. Vol. 46, no 1, p. 19-27
Keywords [en]
cerebral ischemia, galanin receptor, RT-PCR
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-68085DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2011.11.001ISI: 000300268800003OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-68085DiVA, id: diva2:416151
Note

On the day of the defence day the status of this article was Manuscript funding agencies|County Council of Ostergotland, Sweden||Swedish Research Council||Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation||

Available from: 2011-05-10 Created: 2011-05-10 Last updated: 2017-12-11Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Focal ischemic reperfusion stroke model in rats and the role of galanin
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Focal ischemic reperfusion stroke model in rats and the role of galanin
2011 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Stroke is the third most common cause for mortality in industrialised countries and amongst the major causes of long- time morbidity. While the mortality due to myocardial infarction has been dramatically reduced during the last 10-15 years, mortality due to stroke remains almost the same, despite the fact that the two share similar basic pathogenic mechanisms including atherosclerosis, hypertension and diabetes. Treatment modalities of reperfusion therapy for acute ischemic stroke, including the use of tissue plasminogen activator for thrombolysis and endovascular treatments, are eff ective if applied early after onset of the first symptoms. The more frequent use of reperfusion therapy, especially in the most common type of stroke aff ecting the middle cerebral artery (MCA), increase the clinical relevance and demand for experimental models of temporary and focal ischemia of the brain. The primary goal of the present work was to develop a model in rats for studying the mechanisms underlying focal and temporary ischemia in brain regions supplied by the MCA.

We have modified the intracranial method of occluding the MCA originally described by Tamura et al. in the early 1980es by introducing a microclip to occlude the artery and induce reperfusion under direct visual control through an operating microscope. The goal was to create a mild ischemia model with low morbidity and mortality, optimizing conditions for the animals postoperatively and allowing longterm (weeks) observation periods of high relevance for human stroke. Morbidity and mortality in experimental stroke models are crucial confounders. Change of anesthesia from intraperitoneally administrated chloral hydrate to isoflurane inhalation anesthesia with endotracheal intubation and controlled ventilation reduced mortality markedly from 25% to ~10%. Improved overall skills in anesthesia and surgical techniques further reduced mortality to <3%.

Hypothermia reduces brain lesions caused by ischemia not only when administered before and during the ischemic episode, but also afterwards. Several studies have shown that galanin concentrations are increased in response to various types of lesions to the nervous system, and galanin may be amongst the factors supporting neuronal survival and functions. We therefore investigated whether or not hypothermia-induced alterations in galanin concentrations could constitute a part of the established neuroprotective effect of hypothermia in our rat stroke model. Hypothermia induced an overall increase in the concentrations of immunoreactive galanin (p < 0.001). The elevated galanin levels were predominantly found in the non-ischemic control hemisphere. The galanin concentrations were lower in the ischemic hemisphere in both the normo- and hypothermic animals compared to the corresponding contralateral intact hemisphere (p = 0.049). The hypothermia and not the ischemic/reperfusion lesions explained the major part of the observed changes in galanin concentrations. Hypothermia-induced elevation in galanin concentration is therefore not likely to be amongst the major protective mechanisms of hypothermia. Our results support the notion that hypothermia-induced increase in tissue concentrations of galanin in the brain are the result of changes from optimal homeostatic conditions – the hypothermia-induced stress – rather than the ischemic/reperfusion lesion- induced changes in galanin concentrations.

Whether the lesion-induced increase in galanin concentrations is primarily a signal that a lesion has occurred, a consequence of the lesion or a mechanism for facilitating neuronal survival is an open question. We therefore infused three different concentrations of galanin intracerebroventricularly in a direct attempt to investigate whether or not galanin has neuroprotective properties in a rat model of MCA occlusion. Furthermore, we infused the GalR2/3 agonist Gal(2-11) (AR-M1896) shown to subserve neuroprotective functions. The lesion was 98% larger seven days after a 60 min transient MCA occlusion and continuous administration of the GalR2/3 agonist Gal(2-11). No differences were found after seven days in the groups treated with galanin in three different concentrations (0.24, 2.4 and 24 nmol/day; p = 0.939, 0.715 and 0.977, respectively). There was also no difference in the size of the ischemic lesion measured after three days in the galanin-treated group (2.4 nmol/d) compared to artificial cerebrospinal fl uid (p = 0.925).

The expression of the galanin, GalR1, GalR2 and GalR3 receptor genes were investigated in the female rat brain seven days after a 60-min unilateral occlusion/reperfusion of the MCA. Galanin gene expression showed a 2.5-fold increase and GalR1 a 1.5-fold increase in the locus coeruleus of the ischemic hemisphere compared to the control side, and the GalR1 mRNA levels decreased by 35% in the cortex of the ischemic hemisphere. Thus, stroke-induced forebrain lesion upregulates synthesis of galanin and GalR1 in the locus coeruleus, a noradrenergic cell group projecting to many forebrain areas, including cortex and the hippocampal formation, supporting the notion that galanin may play a role in the response of the central nervous system to injury and have trophic effects.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2011. p. 92
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1242
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-68086 (URN)978-91-7393-185-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2011-05-20, Berzeliussalen, Ingång 65, Campus US, Linköpings universitet, Linköping, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2011-05-10 Created: 2011-05-10 Last updated: 2020-02-03Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

No full text in DiVA

Other links

Publisher's full text

Authority records

Holm, LovisaHilke, SusanneTheodorsson, ElvarTheodorsson, Annette

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Holm, LovisaHilke, SusanneTheodorsson, ElvarTheodorsson, Annette
By organisation
Clinical ChemistryFaculty of Health SciencesDepartment of Clinical ChemistryDepartment of Clinical ChemistryDepartment of Neurosurgery UHL
In the same journal
Neuropeptides
Medical and Health Sciences

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar

doi
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
urn-nbn
Total: 309 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • oxford
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf