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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy versus Tinnitus Retraining Therapy in the treatment of tinnitus: A randomised controlled trial
Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Clinical and Social Psychology. Linköping University, Faculty of Educational Sciences.
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oto-Rhiono-Laryngology and Head & Neck Surgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Sinnescentrum, Department of ENT - Head and Neck Surgery UHL.
Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Linköping University, The Swedish Institute for Disability Research.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9736-8228
Vrinnevisjukhuset, Norrköping.
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2011 (English)In: Behaviour Research and Therapy, ISSN 0005-7967, E-ISSN 1873-622X, Vol. 49, no 11, p. 737-747Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The study compared the effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) with Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT) on tinnitus impact in a randomised controlled trial. Sixty-four normal hearing subjects with tinnitus were randomised to one of the active treatments or a wait-list control (WLC). The ACT treatment consisted of 10 weekly 60min sessions. The TRT treatment consisted of one 150min session, one 30min follow-up and continued daily use of wearable sound generators for a recommended period of at least 8h/day for 18 months. Assessments were made at baseline, 10 weeks, 6 months and 18 months. At 10 weeks, results showed a superior effect of ACT in comparison with the WLC regarding tinnitus impact (Cohen's d=1.04), problems with sleep and anxiety. The results were mediated by tinnitus acceptance. A comparison between the active treatments, including all assessment points, revealed significant differences in favour of ACT regarding tinnitus impact (Cohen's d=0.75) and problems with sleep. At 6 months, reliable improvement on the main outcome measure was found for 54.5% in the ACT condition and 20% in the TRT condition. The results suggest that ACT can reduce tinnitus distress and impact in a group of normal hearing tinnitus patients.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier , 2011. Vol. 49, no 11, p. 737-747
Keywords [en]
Acceptance and commitment therapy; Stress; Social workers; Burnout; Randomized controlled trial; Stress management
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-71844DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2011.08.001ISI: 000296941700003PubMedID: 21864830OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-71844DiVA, id: diva2:454468
Available from: 2011-11-07 Created: 2011-11-07 Last updated: 2024-02-19
In thesis
1. Tinnitus – an acceptance-based approach
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Tinnitus – an acceptance-based approach
2011 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Tinnitus – en acceptansinriktad ansats
Abstract [en]

Tinnitus is a highly prevalent health condition creating moderate or severe interference on mood, sleep and daily functioning for a group of those affected. The aims of this thesis were 1) to explore the role of acceptance and psychological flexibility in understanding tinnitus interference both experimentally and with a longitudinal design 2) to evaluate the immediate and long-term outcomes of an acceptance based behaviour therapy (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy; ACT) in the treatment of people with tinnitus and, 3) to investigate the relationship between treatment outcome and processes assumed to be the active ingredients of treatment (acceptance and cognitive defusion).

Study I (n=47) was an experiment comparing the impact of acceptance to that of thought suppression or a neutral instruction on the ability to maintain attention on an imagery task. Results indicated that participants could benefit from an acceptance strategy when performing the task. Study II (n=47) was a longitudinal trial studying the mediating role of acceptance on the relationship between tinnitus interference at baseline and tinnitus interference, anxiety, life quality, and depression at a seven-month follow-up. Full mediation was found for life quality and depression, and partial mediation for tinnitus interference. Study IV (n=64) was a randomised controlled trial evaluating the immediate and long-term effects of ACT in comparison to those of Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT) and to a wait list control. Results showed that ACT had large immediate effects on tinnitus interference in comparison to wait list, and medium long-term effects in comparison to TRT. Results were also seen on secondary outcome. Self-reported tinnitus acceptance significantly mediated the immediate outcome of ACT. Study III (n=24) was a process study where the video recorded sessions of ACT from study IV were observed and rated with regard to client behaviour. Results showed that in-session acceptance and defusion behaviours rated early in therapy were predictors of sustained positive treatment effects of ACT. These associations continued to be substantial even when controlling for the prior improvement in outcome. This whereas prior symptom change could not predict process variables rated late in therapy. Participants in all trials were chronic tinnitus patients, mainly from different departments of audiology. These findings implicate that 1) acceptance and psychological flexibility may contribute to the understanding of tinnitus interference 2) ACT can reduce tinnitus interference in a group of normal hearing tinnitus patients and 3) acceptance and cognitive defusion are important processes in ACT, related to outcome.

Abstract [sv]

Tinnitus är ett mycket vanligt hälsoproblem där en grupp av de drabbade upplever påtagliga besvär såsom påverkan på sömn, välbefinnande och funktionsnivå. Denna avhandlings syften var att 1) utforska den roll acceptans och psykologisk flexibilitet har för förståelsen av tinnitusbesvär såväl experimentellt som med en longitudinell design 2) utvärdera de omedelbara och långsiktiga effekterna av en acceptansinriktad beteendeterapi (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy; ACT) vid behandling av personer med tinnitus samt 3) undersöka relationen mellan behandlingsutfall och processer som antas utgöra behandlingens aktiva komponenter (acceptans och kognitiv defusion).

Studie I (n=47) var ett experiment där man jämförde förmågan att bibehålla uppmärksamheten på en mental bild vid tre olika betingelser: acceptans, tankesuppression eller en neutral betingelse. Resultaten indikerade att deltagarna som slumpats till acceptans var hjälpta av denna strategi i genomförandet av uppgiften. Studie II (n=47) var en självrapportstudie med longitudinell design där det undersöktes om acceptans fungerade som en mediator i sambandet mellan tinnitusbesvär i baslinjen och livskvalitet, depression, ångest och tinnitusbesvär vid en uppföljning efter sju månader. För variablerna livskvalitet och depression visade resultaten en fullständig mediation och för tinnitusbesvär en partiell mediation. Studie IV (n=64) var en randomiserad kontrollerad prövning av de omedelbara och långsiktiga effekterna av ACT i jämförelse med Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT) och en väntelistekontrollgrupp. Resultaten visade att ACT hade en stor omedelbar effekt på tinnitusbesvär i jämförelse med väntelistan och en medelstor effekt i jämförelse med TRT. Även sekundära utfallsmått visade på effekter. Utfallet i ACT medierades av självrapporterad acceptans av tinnitus. Studie III (n=24) studerade processer i ACT-behandlingen genom observation och skattning av klientbeteenden under de videoinspelade sessionerna. Resultaten visade att klienternas acceptans- och defusionbeteende under sessioner tidigt i terapin predicerade det långsiktiga utfallet i behandlingen. Dessa samband kvarstod även när man kontrollerade för symtomförbättring fram till den skattade sessionen. Detta medan tidigare symtomförbättring inte predicerade klientbeteende senare i behandling. Deltagare i samtliga studier var patienter med kronisk tinnitus, huvudsakligen rekryterade från reguljär hörselvård. Resultaten från dessa studier indikerar att 1) acceptans och psykologisk flexibilitet kan bidra till förståelsen av tinnitusbesvär 2) ACT kan minska tinnitusbesvär hos en grupp normalhörande patienter 3) acceptans och kognitiv defusion är viktiga processer i ACT vilka är relaterade till behandlingutfallet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2011. p. 84 + appendices 1-4
Series
Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences, ISSN 0282-9800 ; 547Studies from the Swedish Institute for Disability Research, ISSN 1650-1128 ; 40
Keywords
Tinnitus, tinnitus interference, acceptance, defusion, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Tinnitus, tinnitusbesvär, acceptans, defusion, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-71845 (URN)9789173930406 (ISBN)
Public defence
2011-11-18, sal 1, Hus Key, Campus Valla, Linköpings universitet, Linköping, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2011-11-07 Created: 2011-11-07 Last updated: 2019-12-19Bibliographically approved
2. Tinnitus in Context: A Contemporary Contextual Behavioral Approach
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Tinnitus in Context: A Contemporary Contextual Behavioral Approach
2013 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Tinnitus is the experience of sounds in the ears without any external auditory source and is a common, debilitating, chronic symptom for which we have yet to develop sufficiently efficacious interventions. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has evolved over the last 20 years to become the most empirically supported treatment for treating the adverse effects of tinnitus. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of individuals do not benefit from CBT-based treatments. In addition, the theoretical underpinnings of the CBT-model are poorly developed, the relative efficacy of isolated procedures has not yet been demonstrated, and the mechanisms of therapeutic change are largely unknown. These significant limitations preclude scientific progression and, as a consequence, leave many individuals with tinnitus suffering.

To address some of these issues, a contextual multi-method, principle-focused inductive scientific strategy, based on pragmatic philosophy, was employed in the present thesis project. The overarching aim of the thesis was to explore the utility of a functional dimensional process in tinnitus: Experiential avoidance—experiential openness/acceptance (EA). EA is defined as the inclination to avoid or alter the frequency, duration, or intensity of unwanted internal sensations, including thoughts, feelings or physical sensations. The thesis is based on experimental work (Study II, VI), process and mediation studies (Study I, III, V), and on randomized controlled trials (Study III, IV).

Three main sets of findings supported the utility of EA in tinnitus. First, an acceptance-based treatment (i.e.,Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, ACT) was found to be effective in controlled trials. Study III demonstrated that face-to-face ACT was more effective than a wait-list control and a habituation-based sound therapy. Study IV showed that internet-delivered ACT was more effective than an active control condition (internet-discussion forum) and equally effective as an established internet-delivered CBT treatment. Second, processes research (Study I, III, V) showed that key postulated processes of change were linked to the specific technology of ACT and that these changes in processes were associated with therapeutic outcomes. Specifically, Study V found evidence to that decreases in suppression of thoughts and feelings over the course of treatment were uniquely associated with therapeutic gains in ACT as compared with CBT. Third, experimental manipulations of experiential avoidance and acceptance processes provided support to the underlying dimension (Study II, VI). That is, Study II, employing an experimental manipulation, found that controlling background sounds were associated with reduced cognitive efficiency and increased tinnitus interference over repeated experimental trials. In addition, in normal hearing participants, experimentally induced mindfulness counteracted reduced persistence in a mentally challenging task in the presence of a tinnitus-like sound stemming from initial effortful suppression of the same sound (Study VI). It is concluded that a principle-, contextual-focused approach to treatment development may represent an efficient strategy for scientific progression in the field of psychological treatments of tinnitus severity.

Abstract [sv]

Tinnitus är upplevelsen av ljud i frånvaro av en extern ljudkälla och är ett vanligt, långvarigt och svårbehandlat hälsotillstånd. Kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT) har det starkaste forskningsstödet för att behandla de negativa konsekvenserna av tinnitus. Detta till trots svarar inte en stor andel på KBT-baserade behandlingar för tinnitus. Behandlingsutvecklingen av KBT försvåras som konsekvens av att teorier som behandlingen vilar på är dåligt utvecklade, effekten av isolerade tekniker har inte bevisats, och att förändringsmekanismer är till största del okända.

Föreliggande avhandling avsåg att adressera några av ovanstående problem genom att tillämpa en induktiv, flermetod, principstyrd vetenskaplig strategi baserad på pragmatisk kontextuell filosofi. Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen var att undersöka användbarheten i en funktionell processdimension vid tinnitus: upplevelsemässigt undvikande—upplevelsemässig acceptans (EA). EA definieras som benägenheten att undvika eller förändra frekvensen, durationen eller intensiteten av icke-önskade inre sensationer som tankar, känslor och fysiologiska sensationer. Avhandlingen är baserad på experimentella studier (Studie II, VI), process och mediationsstudier (Studie I, III, V) och randomiserade kontrollerade studier (Studie III, IV).

Tre övergripande fynd bekräftade användbarheten av EA vid tinnitus. För det första kunde det påvisas i randomiserade, kontrollerade studier att en acceptans-baserad behandling (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, ACT) hade effekt på tinnitusbesvär. Studie III fann stöd för att ACT var mer effektiv än en väntelistekontroll och en habitueringsfokuserad ljudterapi. Studie IV fann stöd för att internet-förmedlad ACT var mer effektiv än en aktiv kontrollbetingelse (internet-diskussionsforum) och lika effektiv som en etablerad internet-förmedlad KBT-behandling. För det andra kunde processforskning (Studie I, III, V) påvisa att teoretiskt viktiga processer var relaterade till specifika tekniker i ACT och att dessa processer var i sin tur associerade med behandlingsutfall. Exempelvis kunde Studie V styrka att minskning i individers benägenhet att tränga undan tankar och känslor i relation till tinnitus var unikt associerat med behandlingsutfall i ACT i jämfört med KBT. För det tredje påvisade experimentella manipulationer av acceptans- och undvikande-processer användbarheten av EA (Studie II, VI). Studie II fann stöd för att kontroll över maskeringsljud var associerad med minskad kognitiv prestationsförmåga och ökade besvära av tinnitus över upprepade experimentella manipulationer i jämfört med att inte ha kontroll över maskeringsljudet. Slutligen visade Studie VI att bland normalhörande kunde experimentellt inducerad mindfulness motverka minskad förmåga att hålla ut i en mentalt krävande uppgift i närvaro av ett tinnitusliknande ljud till följd av initial suppression av samma ljud. Den övergripande konklusionen av vetenskapliga arbeten som sammanfattas i avhandlingen var att en principstyrd och kontextuell vetenskaplig strategi kan vara en framkomlig väg för att utveckla psykologiska behandlingar för tinnitusbesvär.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2013. p. 106
Series
Linköping Studies in Arts and Sciences, ISSN 0282-9800 ; 570Studies from the Swedish Institute for Disability Research, ISSN 1650-1128 ; 45
Keywords
Tinnitus, acceptance, cognitive behavioral therapy, experiential avoidance, acceptance and commitment therapy
National Category
Applied Psychology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-88416 (URN)978-91-7519-701-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2013-03-15, I:101, Hus I, Campus Valla, Linköping University, Linköping, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2013-02-15 Created: 2013-02-05 Last updated: 2024-02-19Bibliographically approved

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