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Industrial Symbiosis in the Biofuel Industry: Quantification of the Environmental Performance and Identification of Synergies
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Environmental Technology and Management. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
2013 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The production of biofuels has increased in recent years, to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change. However, current production practices are heavily criticized on their environmental sustainability. Life cycle assessments have therefore been used in policies and academic studies to assess the systems; with divergent results. In the coming years however, biofuel production practices must improve to meet strict environmental sustainability policies.

The aims of the research presented in this thesis, are to explore and analyze concepts from industrial symbiosis (IS) to improve the efficiency and environmental performance of biofuel production and identify possible material and energy exchanges between biofuel producers and external industries.

An exploration of potential material and energy exchanges resulted in a diverse set of possible exchanges. Many exchanges were identified between biofuel producers to make use of each other’s by-products. There is also large potential for exchanges with external industries, e.g. with the food, energy and chemical producing industries. As such, the biofuel industry and external industries have possibilities for potential collaboration and environmental performance improvements, though implementation of the exchanges may be influenced by many conditions.

In order to analyze if concepts from IS can provide benefits to firms of an IS network, an approach was created which outlines how quantifications of IS networks can be produced using life cycle assessment literature for guidelines and methodological considerations. The approach offers methods for quantifying the environmental performance for firms of the IS network and an approach to distribute impacts and credits for the exchanges between firm, to test the assumed benefits for the firms of the IS network.

Life cycle assessment, and the approach from this thesis, have been used to quantify the environmental performance of IS networks by building scenarios based on an example from an IS network of biofuel producers in Sweden. From the analyses, it has been found that exchanges of material and energy may offer environmental performance improvements for the IS network and for firms of the network. However, the results are dependent upon the methodological considerations of the assessments, including the reference system, functional unit and allocation methods, in addition to important processes such as the agricultural inputs for the system and energy systems employed.

By using industrial symbiosis concepts, biofuel producers have possibilities to improve the environmental performance. This is done by making use of by-products and waste and diversifying their products, promoting a transition toward biorefinery systems and a bio-based economy for regional environmental sustainability.

Abstract [sv]

Produktionen av biobränslen har ökat de senaste åren, vilket är ett steg mot klimateffektivare lösningar i transportsektorn, men biodrivmedlen har ifrågasatts med hänvisning till tveksamheter kring deras miljö- och energiprestanda. Lifecykelanalyser har därför använts inom akademiska studier och för policy för att utvärdera systemen, dock utan samstämmiga resultat. Under de kommande åren måste därför praxis för produktion av biobränslen förbättras för att kunna möta de strikta kraven i hållbarhetskriterier för biobränslen.

Syftet med forskningen som presenteras i den här doktorsavhandlingen är att utforska och analysera koncept från området Industriell symbios (IS) och därigenom identifiera förbättringar för ökad effektivitet och miljöprestanda för biobränsleproduktion. Vidare är syftet att identifiera möjliga material- och energiutbyten mellan biobränsleproducenter och externa industrier.

Potentiella material- och energiutbyten undersöktes, vilket resulterade förslag på flera olika typer av potentiella utbyten. Undersökningen visar på en potential för att använda biprodukter i en biobränsleprocess som råvara till en annan biobränsleframställning. Vidare identifierades en stor potential för utbyten med externa industrier, som till exempel matproducenter samt industrier för energi och kemikalier. Det är tydligt att det finns möjligheter för biobränsleproducenter och externa industrier att samarbeta och därmed ge möjlighet till förbättringar i miljöprestandan, dock kan en implementering av dessa utbyten påverkas av många olika förutsättningar.

Avhandlingen presenterar även ett tillvägagångssätt för att visa hur kvantifiering av miljöprestanda inom ett nätverk för IS kan genomföras genom att använda riktlinjer och metodavvägningar från litteratur för livscykelanalys.  Detta tillvägagångssätt kan användas för att analysera om koncept från IS kan leda till fördelar för företagen i ett IS-nätverk.

Tillvägsgångssättet ger möjlighet att kvantifiera miljöprestandan för företagen i IS-nätverket och ger dessutom vägledning för hur miljöpåverkan från utbytena kan distribueras mellan de olika företagen. Metoden utvecklades för att bland annat undersöka de förmodade fördelarna från IS för varje enskild aktör.

Livscykelanalys i kombination med tillvägagångssättet ovan har använts för att kvantifiera miljöprestandan för IS-nätverk genom att konstruera scenarier. Scenarierna har baserats på ett exempel från ett IS-nätverk av biobränsleprocenter i Sverige. Analyserna visar att utbyten av material- och energi kan ge förbättringar i miljöprestanda. Resultaten är dock beroende av vilka metodavvägningar som gjorts, till exempel val av referenssystem, funktionell enhet och allokeringsmetoder. Vidare spelar viktiga processer som inputs från jordbruk och val av energisystem stor roll för resultatet.

Metodavvägningar för utväderingen influerar även miljöpåverkan samt hur den fördelas mellan företagen i IS-nätverket. Dessutom kan den lokala miljöpåverkan öka medan den globala påverkan minskar.

Sammanfattningsvis kan biobränsleproducenter, genom att använda koncept från industriell symbios, ges möjlighet att förbättra sin miljöprestanda. Detta kan ske genom att använda biprodukter och avfall samt genom att diversifiera sina produkter som ett första steg mot en övergång mot bioraffinaderier och en mer biobaserad ekonomi för regional hållbarhet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2013. , p. 92
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 1507
Keywords [en]
Industrial symbiosis, life cycle assessment, by-product, integration, environmental performance
National Category
Renewable Bioenergy Research Bioenergy Environmental Engineering Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-90233ISBN: 978-91-7519-658-9 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-90233DiVA, id: diva2:612448
Public defence
2013-04-26, ACAS, A-Huset, Campus Valla, Linköpings universitet, Linköping, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2013-04-04 Created: 2013-03-21 Last updated: 2019-12-03Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Improving the Environmental Performance of Biofuels with Industrial Symbiosis
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Improving the Environmental Performance of Biofuels with Industrial Symbiosis
2011 (English)In: Biomass and Bioenergy, ISSN 0961-9534, Vol. 35, no 5, p. 1747-1755Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In the production of biofuels for transport many critics have argued about the poor energyefficiency and environmental performance of the production industries. Optimism is thusset on the production of second generation biofuels, while first generation biofuelscontinue to dominate worldwide. Therefore it is interesting to consider how the environmentalperformance of first generation biofuel industries can be improved. The field ofindustrial symbiosis offers many possibilities for potential improvements in the biofuelindustry and theories from this research field are used in this paper to highlight howenvironmental performance improvements can be accomplished. This comes in the formof by-product synergies and utility synergies which can improve material and energyhandling. Furthermore, the processes and products can gain increased environmentalperformance improvements by the adaption of a renewable energy system which will actas a utility provider for many industries in a symbiotic network. By-products may thereafterbe upcycled through biogas production processes to generate both energy and a biofertilizer. A case study of an actual biofuel industrial symbiosis is also reviewed to providesupport for these theories.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2011
Keywords
Industrial Symbiosis, Biogas, Biofuel, Synergies, Industrial Symbiosis, Biogas, Biofuel, Synergies, Industrial Symbiosis, Biogas, Biofuel, Synergies, Industrial Symbiosis, Biogas, Biofuel, Synergies, Industrial Symbiosis, Biogas, Biofuel, Synergies, Industrial Symbiosis, Biogas, Biofuel, Synergies, Industrial Symbiosis, Biogas, Biofuel, Synergies, Industrial Symbiosis, Biogas, Biofuel, Synergies
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-67189 (URN)10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.01.016 (DOI)000290238200017 ()
Funder
Formas
Available from: 2011-04-04 Created: 2011-04-04 Last updated: 2019-06-13
2. Production synergies in the current biofuel industry: Opportunities for development
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Production synergies in the current biofuel industry: Opportunities for development
2012 (English)In: Biofuels, ISSN 1759-7269, E-ISSN 1759-7277, Vol. 3, no 5, p. 545-554Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: With criticism about the economic viability and environmental performance of biofuels, theuse of byproducts and integration with external industries could be achieved to improve their performanceand provide further use for byproducts and wastes. Methodology: A review of potential byproduct andutility exchanges between biofuel and external industries has been documented in this article through aliterature review and brainstorming workshop, and results have been classified based on their interactions.Results: It has been found that byproduct exchanges, especially those between biofuel industries, andexchanges between the biofuel industries and the food, feed, agriculture and energy industries, offer manypotential exchanges. Conclusion: The identified synergies offer possibilities for potential collaborationpartners in symbiotic exchanges with the biofuel industry.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
London: Future Science, 2012
Keywords
Biofuels, Synergies, By-product, Industrial Symbiosis
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-84548 (URN)10.4155/bfs.12.52 (DOI)
Funder
Formas
Available from: 2012-10-12 Created: 2012-10-12 Last updated: 2017-12-07
3. Quantifying the environmental performance of integrated bioethanol and biogas production
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Quantifying the environmental performance of integrated bioethanol and biogas production
2014 (English)In: Renewable energy, ISSN 0960-1481, E-ISSN 1879-0682, Vol. 6, p. 109-116Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

As the production of biofuels continues to expand worldwide, criticism about, e.g. the energy output versus input and the competition with food has been questioned. However, biofuels have the possibility to be optimized in order to improve the environmental performance. This could be accomplished through the use of concepts from industrial symbiosis. This paper provides a quantification of the environmental performance of industrial symbiosis in the biofuel industry through integration of biogas and ethanol processes using a life cycle approach. Results show that although increasing integration is assumed to produce environmental benefits, not all impact categories have achieved this and the results depend upon the allocation methods, energy system and assumptions chosen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2014
Keywords
Ethanol, Biogas, Industrial symbiosis, Environmental impacts, Biofuel, Life cycle assessment
National Category
Renewable Bioenergy Research Bioenergy Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-86218 (URN)10.1016/j.renene.2012.09.058 (DOI)000326141000018 ()
Available from: 2012-12-11 Created: 2012-12-11 Last updated: 2019-06-13
4. Who gets the benefits? An approach for assessing the environmental performance of industrial symbiosis
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Who gets the benefits? An approach for assessing the environmental performance of industrial symbiosis
2015 (English)In: Journal of Cleaner Production, ISSN 0959-6526, E-ISSN 1879-1786, Vol. 98, p. 263-271Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Industrial symbiosis networks are generally assumed to provide economic and environmental benefits for all firms involved, though few quantifications have been produced in the literature, and the methods for these quantifications have varied. This paper provides an approach to quantify the environmental performance of industrial symbiosis networks using guidance from the literature of life cycle assessment. Additionally, an approach to distribute credits due to exchanges for firms in the industrial symbiosis network is outlined. From the approach, influential methodological considerations used for the quantifications are discussed, including e.g. the production of reference systems, allocation methods, system boundaries and functional unit. The implications of such an approach may be beneficial for the industrial symbiosis community and provide information crucial for taxes, subsidies, business relations, expansion possibilities for the network, marketing and other issues related to the environmental performance of firms in the industrial symbiosis network.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2015
Keywords
Industrial symbiosis, life cycle assessment, by-product, integration, environmental performance
National Category
Environmental Sciences Environmental Engineering Bioenergy Renewable Bioenergy Research
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-90232 (URN)10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.06.024 (DOI)000356194300027 ()
Available from: 2013-03-21 Created: 2013-03-21 Last updated: 2019-06-13Bibliographically approved
5. Using LCA to quantify the environmental performance of an industrial symbiosis network: Application in the Biofuels Industry
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Using LCA to quantify the environmental performance of an industrial symbiosis network: Application in the Biofuels Industry
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

It is generally assumed that industrial symbiosis creates economic and environmental benefits for all firms involved, though few quantifications have been produced. The environmental performance of an industrial symbiosis network will be quantified using an approach from previous literature. Additionally, the benefits provided by exchanges have partitioned to firms taking part in the industrial symbiosis network, which may have implications for tax incentives, marketing, expansion and environmental awareness. The current industrial symbiosis network has been found to have benefits compared to reference scenarios produced. However, methodological choices, such as the choice of reference scenario and allocation methods may significantly influence the results of the environmental performance.

Keywords
Industrial symbiosis, life cycle assessment, by-product, integration, environmental performance
National Category
Environmental Sciences Environmental Engineering Renewable Bioenergy Research Bioenergy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-90229 (URN)
Available from: 2013-03-21 Created: 2013-03-21 Last updated: 2018-01-11

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