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Cetuximab sensitivity of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma xenografts is associated with treatment-induced reduction of EGFR, pEGFR, and pSrc
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Avdelning för neurobiologi. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten. Region Östergötland, Sinnescentrum, Öron- näsa- och halskliniken US.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Avdelning för neurobiologi. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten. Region Östergötland, Diagnostikcentrum, Klinisk patologi.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Centrum för social och affektiv neurovetenskap. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten.
Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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2017 (Engelska)Ingår i: Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine, ISSN 0904-2512, E-ISSN 1600-0714, nr 9, s. 717-724Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to validate in vitro drug sensitivity testing of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)cell lines in an in vivo xenograft model, and to identify treatment-induced changes in the EGFR signaling pathway that could be used as markersfor cetuximab treatment response.

METHODS: The in vitro cetuximab sensitivity of two HNSCC cell lines, UT-SCC-14 and UTSCC-45, was assessed using a crystal violet assay. In order to determine the corresponding in vivo sensitivity, UT-SCC-14 and UT-SCC-45 xenografts were generated in female BALB/c (nu/nu) nude mice. Mice were given three injections of intraperitoneal cetuximab or PBS and the tumor volume was recorded continuously. The expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphorylated EGFR (pEGFR), phosphorylated Src (pSrc), and Ki67 was investigated by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS: The treatment sensitive UT-SCC-14 cells were found to have an intrinsic cetuximab sensitivity (ICmabS) of 0.15 whereas the ICmabS of the insensitive cell line UT-SCC-45 was 0.78. The corresponding size ratio between untreated and cetuximab treated xenografts was 0.22 and 0.83 for UT-SCC-14 and UT-SCC-45, respectively. UT-SCC-14 cells had a higher baseline expression of pEGFR as compared to UT-SCC-45. Furthermore, in UT-SCC-14 xenografts there was a decrease in EGFR, pEGFR and pSrc upon cetuximab treatment. In contrast, a slight cetuximab-induced increase in EGFR, pEGFR and pSrc was observed in treatment-resistant UT-SCC-45 xenografts.

CONCLUSIONS: The in vitro treatment sensitivity was reproduced in the in vivo model and cetuximab sensitivity was found to associate with a treatment-induced reduction in pEGFR and pSrc.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
John Wiley & Sons, 2017. nr 9, s. 717-724
Nationell ämneskategori
Medicin och hälsovetenskap Klinisk medicin
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-113742DOI: 10.1111/jop.12545ISI: 000412303500009PubMedID: 28036101OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-113742DiVA, id: diva2:784448
Anmärkning

Funding agencies: Foundation of Ake Wiberg; County Council of Ostergotland; Research Funds of Linkoping University Hospital; Cancer Foundation of Ostergotland; Foundation of Magn. Bergvall; The Swedish Cancer Society [2010/545]

The previous status of this publication was Manuscript

Tillgänglig från: 2015-01-29 Skapad: 2015-01-29 Senast uppdaterad: 2018-05-03Bibliografiskt granskad
Ingår i avhandling
1. Understanding the Role of EGFR in the Treatment of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Understanding the Role of EGFR in the Treatment of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
2015 (Engelska)Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
Abstract [en]

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) originates from the epithelial lining of the upper aerodigestive tract. It accounts for over 90 % of the malignancies found in the head and neck region. 600,000 new cases of HNSCC occur each year worldwide. Apart from causing painful lesions, HNSCC directly impacts the patient’s fundamental functions such as breathing and eating and also can disrupt the patient’s senses such as smell, taste, speech and even vision. Most cases of HNSCC require a combination of different treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy (primarily cisplatin based), and radiotherapy. Treatment decisions are largely based on the size of the tumor, the involvement of local lymph nodes, and distant spread. Treatment resistance and local recurrence are significant problems and to date no form of clinical treatment sensitivity  prediction is available.

A majority of HNSCC tumors overexpresses the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This receptor is involved in proliferation and DNA repair and is the target of a monoclonal antibody named cetuximab that selectively binds and inhibits EGFR. It is the only targeted therapy available to HNSCC patients and reserved for late stage patients in  Sweden.

Numerous investigators have searched for predictive markers and we hypothesized that since HNSCC is a very heterogeneous disease a single factor would not be able to predict the treatment outcome. In paper I we explore a panel of predictive factors using a point system, called the number of negative points (NNP), in which we could combine both proteins and genetic variations in an attempt to find a set of markers that could predict the intrinsic cisplatin sensitivity (ICS). The expression level of EGFR, Hsp70, Bax, Bcl-XL, survivin, and COX-2 was determined in 39 HNSCC cell lines. Moreover, the p53, MDM2, FGFR4, XPC, XPD, XRCC1, and XRCC3 genes were analyzed for the presence of specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Pearson’s correlation tests showed that EGFR was the only protein that alone correlated to ICS (r=0.388, P=0.015). The strongest correlation to ICS was found when combining SNPs in XRCC3 and XPD with the expression of EGFR, Hsp70, Bax, and Bcl-2 using the NNP system (r=0.614 P≤0.001).

In paper II we assess the intrinsic radiosensitivity (IR), the ICS, and the intrinsic cetuximab sensitivity (ICmabS) as well as their combinations in 25 HNSCC cell lines established from HNSCC biopsies taken at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery at Linköping University Hospital. Furthermore we investigate the EGFR status (consisting of EGFR gene copy number, EGFR mRNA, EGFR protein, pEGFR), pAkt and mRNA levels of the seven known EGFR ligands. No correlation was found between the different treatment sensitivities. Cetuximab treatment response was significantly correlated to epiregulin (EREG) mRNA expression (r=-0.408, P=0.043). Cetuximab resistant cell lines tended to have low levels of pEGFR (P=0.13) while resistant cell lines had a significantly lower expression of EGFR protein (P=0.04) and tended to have decreased levels of pAkt (P=0.13) and amphiregulin (AREG) mRNA (p=0.18).

In paper III the functional importance of EGFR ligands in relation to proliferation and cetuximab sensitivity was investigated. Here we tried to diminish the tumor heterogeneity by selecting three cell lines that are derived from the same anatomical location but display different ICmabS. Signaling through the EGFR was stimulated with recombinant EGF, AREG or EREG or reduced by siRNA-mediated silencing of the aforementioned EGFR ligands. EGF downregulation suppressed the proliferation of all investigated tumor cell lines whereas the response to an increased level of EGF differed between EGFR overexpressing and EGFR non-overexpressing cell lines. Furthermore, tumor cells consistently displayed increased cetuximab resistance upon the addition of EGF, whereas EGF silencing was associated with an improved cetuximab response. The data regarding AREG and EREG were inconclusive.

In paper IV we wanted to validate in vitro drug sensitivity testing of HNSCC cell lines in an in vivo xenograft model, and to identify treatment-induced changes in the EGFR signaling pathway that could be used as markers for cetuximab treatment response. In vitro ICmabS for the HNSCC cell lines UT-SCC-14 and UT-SCC-45 was established using a crystal violet assay. In order to determine the corresponding in vivo sensitivity, UT-SCC-14 and UT-SCC-45 xenografts were generated in female BALB/c (nu/nu) nude mice. Mice were given three injections of intraperitoneal cetuximab or PBS and the tumor volume was recorded continuously. The expression of EGFR, pEGFR, pSrc, and Ki67 in the tumor tissue was investigated by immunohistochemistry. The in vitro sensitivity was reproduced in the in vivo model. Furthermore a clear reduction of EGFR, pEGFR, and pSrc after cetuximab treatment was noted in UT-SCC-14, the cetuximab sensitive cell line while the cetuximab resistant UT-SCC-45 showed a slight increase in EGFR, pEGFR and pSrc.

In conclusion, the EGFR ligand EGF is a potential predictive marker of poor cetuximab response and a possible treatment target. Moreover, treatment-induced downregulation of EGFR and pEGFR is associated with a good cetuximab response.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2015. s. 74
Serie
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1432
Nationell ämneskategori
Annan hälsovetenskap
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-113744 (URN)10.3384/diss.diva-113744 (DOI)978-91-7519-176-8 (ISBN)
Disputation
2015-03-06, Eken, Campus US, Linköpings universitet, Linköping, 09:00 (Svenska)
Opponent
Handledare
Tillgänglig från: 2015-01-29 Skapad: 2015-01-29 Senast uppdaterad: 2019-11-15Bibliografiskt granskad

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Jedlinski, AdamGarvin, StinaJohansson, Ann-CharlotteRoberg, Karin

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