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An Efficient Full-Wave Electromagnetic Analysis for Capacitive Body-Coupled Communication
Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Integrated Circuits and Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2144-6795
2015 (English)In: International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, ISSN 1687-5869, E-ISSN 1687-5877, Vol. 2015, p. 15-, article id 245621Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Measured propagation loss for capacitive body-coupled communication (BCC) channel (1 MHz to 60 MHz) is limitedly available in the literature for distances longer than 50 cm. This is either because of experimental complexity to isolate the earth-ground or design complexity in realizing a reliable communication link to assess the performance limitations of capacitive BCC channel. Therefore, an alternate efficient full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation approach is presented to realistically analyze capacitive BCC, that is, the interaction of capacitive coupler, the human body, and the environment all together. The presented simulation approach is first evaluated for numerical/human body variation uncertainties and then validated with measurement results from literature, followed by the analysis of capacitive BCC channel for twenty different scenarios. The simulation results show that the vertical coupler configuration is less susceptible to physiological variations of underlying tissues compared to the horizontal coupler configuration. The propagation loss is less for arm positions when they are not touching the torso region irrespective of the communication distance. The propagation loss has also been explained for complex scenarios formed by the ground-plane and the material structures (metals or dielectrics) with the human body. The estimated propagation loss has been used to investigate the link-budget requirement for designing capacitive BCC system in CMOS sub-micron technologies.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2015. Vol. 2015, p. 15-, article id 245621
Keywords [en]
Efficient Full-Wave Electromagnetic, Efficient Full-Wave EM, Full-Wave EM, Capacitive Body-Coupled Communication, Body-Coupled Communication, Vertical Coupler, Horizontal Coupler, Propagation Loss, Numerical technique, Analytical
National Category
Communication Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-118883DOI: 10.1155/2015/245621ISI: 000356768000001OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-118883DiVA, id: diva2:817217
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VINNOVA
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VINNOVAAvailable from: 2015-06-04 Created: 2015-06-04 Last updated: 2018-11-08Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Variation-Aware System Design Simulation Methodology for Capacitive BCC Transceivers
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Variation-Aware System Design Simulation Methodology for Capacitive BCC Transceivers
2015 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Capacitive body coupled communication (BCC), frequency range 500 kHz to 15 MHz, is considered an emerging alternate short range wireless technology which can meet the stringent low power consumption (< 1 mW) and low data rate (< 100 kbps) requirements for the next generation of connected devices for applications like internet-of-things (IoT) and wireless sensor network (WSN). But a reliable solution for this mode of communication covering all possible body positions and maximum communication distances around the human body could not be presented so far, despite its inception around 20 years back in 1995. The uncertainties/errors associated with experimental measurement setup create ambiguity about the measured propagation loss or transmission errors. The reason is the usage of either earth grounded lab instruments or the direct coupling of earth ground with transmitter/receiver or the analog front end cut-off frequency limitations in a few MHz region or the balun to provide isolation or the measurements on simplified homogeneous biological phantoms. Another source of ambiguity in the experimental measurements is attributed to the natural variations in human tissue electrophysiological properties from person to person which are also affected by physical factors like age, gender, number of cells at different body locations and humidity. The analytical models presented in the literature are also oversimplified which do not predict the true propagation loss for capacitive BCC channel.

An attempt is being made to understand and demonstrate, qualitatively and quantitatively, the physical phenomenon of signal transmission and propagation characteristics e.g., path loss in complex scenarios for capacitive BCC channel by both the experimental observations/measurements and simulation models in this PhD dissertation. An alternate system design simulation methodology has been proposed which estimates the realistic path loss even for longer communication distances > 50 cm for capacitive BCC channel. The proposed simulation methodology allows to vary human tissue dielectric/thickness properties and easily integrates with the circuit simulators as the output is in the form of S-parameters. The advantage is that the capacitive BCC channel characteristics e.g., signal attenuation as a function of different physical factors could be readily simulated at the circuit level to choose appropriate circuit topology and define suitable system specifications. This simulation methodology is based on full-wave electromagnetic analysis and 3D modeling of human body and environment using their conductivity, permittivity, and tangent loss profile to estimate the realistic propagation loss or path loss due to their combined interaction with the electrode coupler for capacitive BCC channel. This methodology estimates the complex path impedance from transmitter to receiver which is important to determine the matching requirements for maximum power transfer. The simulation methodology also contributes towards better understanding of signal propagation through physical channel under the influence of different electrode coupler configurations. The simulation methodology allows to define error bounds for variations in propagation loss due to both numeric uncertainties (boundary conditions, mesh cells) and human body variation uncertainties (dielectric properties, dielectric thicknesses) for varying communication distances and coupler configuration/sizes.

Besides proposing the simulation methodology, the digital baseband and passband communication architectures using discrete electronics components have been experimentally demonstrated in the context of IoT application through capacitive BCC channel for data rates between 1 kbps to 100 kbps under isolated earth ground conditions. The experimental results/observations are supported by the simulation results for different scenarios of capacitive BCC channel.

The experimental and simulation results help in defining suitable system specifications for monolithic integrated circuit design of analog front end (AFE) blocks for capacitive BCC transmitter/receiver in deep submicron CMOS technologies.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2015. p. 78
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 1721
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering Computer Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-122840 (URN)10.3384/diss.diva-122840 (DOI)978-91-7685-906-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2015-12-18, Visionen, Hus B, Campus Valla, Linköping, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

The series name Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Thesis in the printed version is incorrect. The correct name is Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations. This is corrected in the electronic version.

In the electronic published version minor errors in the acknowledgements and some typographical mistakes has been corrected.

Available from: 2015-11-26 Created: 2015-11-26 Last updated: 2019-11-15Bibliographically approved

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Kazim, Muhammad IrfanWikner, J. Jacob

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