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Synthesis of titanium-oxide nanoparticles with size and stoichiometry control
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Plasma och beläggningsfysik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Plasma och beläggningsfysik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.ORCID-id: 0000-0002-1744-7322
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Tunnfilmsfysik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.ORCID-id: 0000-0003-3767-225X
2015 (engelsk)Inngår i: Journal of nanoparticle research, ISSN 1388-0764, E-ISSN 1572-896X, Vol. 17, nr 9, s. 353-Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

Ti-O nanoparticles have been synthesized via hollow cathode sputtering in an Ar-O-2 atmosphere using high power pulsing. It is shown that the stoichiometry and the size of the nanoparticles can be varied independently, the former through controlling the O-2 gas flow and the latter by the independent biasing of two separate anodes in the growth zone. Nanoparticles with diameters in the range of 25-75 nm, and with different Ti-O compositions and crystalline phases, have been synthesized.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Springer Verlag (Germany) , 2015. Vol. 17, nr 9, s. 353-
Emneord [en]
Titanium dioxide; TiO2; Reactive sputtering; Size control; Composition control; Gas flow sputtering; Aerosols
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-121300DOI: 10.1007/s11051-015-3158-3ISI: 000360245300002OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-121300DiVA, id: diva2:854346
Merknad

Funding Agencies|Knut and Alice Wallenberg foundation [KAW 2014.0276]; Swedish Research Council via the Linkoping Linneaus Environment LiLi-NFM [2008-6572]

Tilgjengelig fra: 2015-09-16 Laget: 2015-09-14 Sist oppdatert: 2017-12-21
Inngår i avhandling
1. Titanium oxide nanoparticle production using high power pulsed plasmas
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Titanium oxide nanoparticle production using high power pulsed plasmas
2016 (engelsk)Licentiatavhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
Abstract [en]

This thesis covers fundamental aspects of process control when growing titanium oxide nanoparticles in a reactive sputtering process. It covers the influence of oxygen containing gas on the oxidation state of the cathode from which the growth material is ejected, as well as its influence on the particles oxidation state and their nucleation. It was found that a low degree of reactive gases was necessary for nanoparticles of titanium to nucleate. When the oxygen gas was slightly increased, the nanoparticle yield and particle oxygen content increased. A further increase caused a decrease in particle yield which was attributed to a slight oxidation of the cathode. By varying the oxygen flow to the process, it was possible to control the oxygen content of the nanoparticles without fully oxidizing the cathode. Because oxygen containing gases such as residual water vapour has a profound influence on nanoparticle yield and composition, the deposition source was re-engineered to allow for cleaner and thus more stable synthesis conditions.

The size of the nanoparticles has been controlled by two means. The first is to change electrical potentials around the growth zone, which allows for nanoparticle size control in the order of 25-75 nm. This size control does not influence the oxygen content of the nanoparticles. The second means of size control investigated was by increasing the pressure. By doing this, the particle size can be increased from 50 – 250 nm, however the oxygen content also increases with pressure. Different particle morphologies were found by changing the pressure. At low pressures, mostly spherical particles with weak facets were produced. As the pressure increased, the particles got a cubic shape. At higher pressures the cubic particles started to get a fractured surface. At the highest pressure investigated, the fractured surface became poly-crystalline, giving a cauliflower shaped morphology.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2016. s. 48
Serie
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Thesis, ISSN 0280-7971 ; 1748
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-128622 (URN)10.3384/lic.diva-128622 (DOI)978-91-7685-766-3 (ISBN)
Presentation
2016-06-16, Planck, Fysikhuset, Campus Valla, Linköpings universitet, Linköping, 13:15 (engelsk)
Opponent
Veileder
Tilgjengelig fra: 2016-05-25 Laget: 2016-05-25 Sist oppdatert: 2019-10-29bibliografisk kontrollert
2. Controlling the growth of nanoparticles produced in a high power pulsed plasma
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Controlling the growth of nanoparticles produced in a high power pulsed plasma
2017 (engelsk)Doktoravhandling, med artikler (Annet vitenskapelig)
Abstract [en]

Nanotechnology can profoundly benefit our health, environment and everyday life. In order to make this a reality, both technological and theoretical advancements of the nanomaterial synthesis methods are needed. A nanoparticle is one of the fundamental building blocks in nanotechnology and this thesis describes the control of the nucleation, growth and oxidation of titanium particles produced in a pulsed plasma. It will be shown that by controlling the process conditions both the composition (oxidationstate) and size of the particles can be varied. The experimental results are supported by theoretical modeling.

If processing conditions are chosen which give a high temperature in the nanoparticle growth environment, oxygen was found to be necessary in order to nucleate the nanoparticles. The two reasons for this are 1: the lower vapor pressure of a titanium oxide cluster compared to a titanium cluster, meaning a lower probability of evaporation, and 2: the ability of a cluster to cool down by ejecting an oxygen atom when an oxygen molecule condenses on its surface. When the oxygen gas flow was slightly increased, the nanoparticle yield and oxidation state increased. A further increase caused a decrease in particle yield which is attributed to a slight oxidation ofthe cathode. By varying the oxygen flow, it was possible to control the oxidation state of the nanoparticles without fully oxidizing the cathode. Pure titanium nanoparticles could not be produced in a high vacuum system because oxygen containing gases such as residual water vapour have a profound influence on nanoparticle yield and composition. In an ultrahigh vacuum system titanium nanoparticles without significantoxygen contamination were produced by reducing the temperature of the growth environment and increasing the pressure of an argon-helium gas mixture within whichthe nanoparticles grew. The dimer formation rate necessary for this is only achievable at higher pressures. After a dimer has formed, it needs to grow by colliding with a titanium atom followed by cooling by collisions with multiple buffer gas atoms. The condensation event heats up the cluster to a temperature much higher than the gas temperature, where it is during a short time susceptible to evaporation. When the clusters’ internal energy has decreased by collisions with the gas to less than the energy required to evaporate a titanium atom, it is temporarily stable until the next condensation event occurs. The temperature difference by which the cluster has to cool down before it is temporarily stable is exactly as many kelvins as the gas temperature.The addition of helium was found to decrease the temperature of the gas, making it possible for nanoparticles of pure titanium to grow. The process window where this is possible was determined and the results presented opens up new possibilities to synthesize particles with a controlled contamination level and deposition rate.The size of the nanoparticles has been controlled by three means. The first is to change the electrical potential around the growth zone, which allows for size (diameter) control in the order of 25 to 75 nm without influencing the oxygen content of the particles. The second means is by increasing the pressure which decreases the ambipolar diffusion rate of the ions resulting in a higher growth material density. By doing this, the particle size can be increased from 50 to 250 nm, however the oxygen content also increases with increasing pressure when this is done in a high vacuum system. The last means of size control was by adding a helium flow to the process where higher flows resulted in smaller nanoparticle sizes.

When changing the pressure in high vacuum, the morphology of the nanoparticles could be controlled. At low pressures, highly faceted near spherical particles were produced. Increasing the pressure caused the formation of cubic particles which appear to ‘fracture’ at higher pressures. At the highest pressure investigated, the particles became poly-crystalline with a cauliflower shape and this morphology was attributed to a lowad atom mobility.

The ability to control the size, morphology and composition of the nanoparticles determines the success of applying the process to manufacture devices. In related work presented in this thesis it is shown that 150-200 nm molybdenum particles with cauliflower morphology were found to scatter light in which made them useful in photovoltaic applications, and the size of titanium dioxide nanoparticles were found to influence the selectivity of graphene based gas sensors.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2017. s. 69
Serie
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 1873
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-143843 (URN)10.3384/diss.diva-143843 (DOI)9789176854662 (ISBN)
Disputas
2018-01-10, Planck, Fysikhuset, Campus Valla, Linköping, 10:15 (engelsk)
Opponent
Veileder
Tilgjengelig fra: 2017-12-21 Laget: 2017-12-21 Sist oppdatert: 2019-10-11bibliografisk kontrollert

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