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Relationship between testosterone in serum, saliva and urine during treatment with intramuscular testosterone undecanoate in gender dysphoria and male hypogonadism
Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. National Board Forens Med, Department Forens Genet and Forens Toxicol, Artillerigatan 12, S-58758 Linkoping, Sweden.
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Chemistry.
Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Endocrinology.
Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Drug Research. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. National Board Forens Med, Department Forens Genet and Forens Toxicol, Artillerigatan 12, S-58758 Linkoping, Sweden.
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2018 (English)In: Andrology, ISSN 2047-2919, E-ISSN 2047-2927, Vol. 6, no 1, p. 86-93Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Long-term testosterone replacement therapy is mainly monitored by trough levels of serum testosterone (S-T), while urinary testosterone (U-T) is used by forensic toxicology to evaluate testosterone doping. Testosterone in saliva (Sal-T) may provide additional information and simplify the sample collection. We aimed to investigate the relationships between testosterone measured in saliva, serum and urine during standard treatment with 1,000mg testosterone undecanoate (TU) every 12th week during 1year. This was an observational study. Males with primary and secondary hypogonadism (HG; n=23), subjects with gender dysphoria (GD FtM; n=15) and a healthy control group of men (n=32) were investigated. Sal-T, S-T and U-T were measured before and after TU injections. Sal-T was determined with Salimetrics((R)) enzyme immunoassay, S-T with Roche Elecsys((R)) testosterone II assay and U-T by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sal-T correlated significantly with S-T and calculated free testosterone in both controls and patients (HG men and GD FtM), while Sal-T to U-T showed weaker correlations. Trough values of Sal-T after 12months were significantly higher in the GD FtM group (0.77 +/- 0.35nmol/L) compared to HG men (0.53 +/- 0.22nmol/L) and controls (0.46 +/- 0.15nmol/L), while no differences between S-T and U-T trough values were found. Markedly elevated concentrations of salivary testosterone, 7-14days after injection, were observed, especially in the GD FtM group. This study demonstrates that Sal-T might be a useful clinical tool to monitor long-term testosterone replacement therapy and might give additional information in forensic cases.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
WILEY , 2018. Vol. 6, no 1, p. 86-93
Keywords [en]
doping; gender dysphoria; hypogonadism; saliva; testosterone
National Category
Urology and Nephrology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-144253DOI: 10.1111/andr.12435ISI: 000418797400012PubMedID: 29145707OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-144253DiVA, id: diva2:1173556
Note

Funding Agencies|Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden; Linkoping University, Sweden

Available from: 2018-01-12 Created: 2018-01-12 Last updated: 2021-12-28
In thesis
1. Testosterone Use and Abuse: Methodological Aspects in Forensic Toxicology and Clinical Diagnostics
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Testosterone Use and Abuse: Methodological Aspects in Forensic Toxicology and Clinical Diagnostics
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is widespread in society and is today a major public health problem, associated with mental and somatic adverse effects and risk behavior, such as use of other illicit drugs and criminality. Testosterone, the most important endogenous male androgen, is therapeutically used in replacement therapy but is also extensively used as a doping agent. Traditionally, testosterone abuse is detected in urine in forensic cases and in serum in clinical diagnosis and monitoring, and free bioavailable serum testosterone is calculated by formulas. Salivary testosterone is however an attractive biomarker, as testosterone in saliva is supposed to reflect free testosterone in serum. 

The aim of this thesis was to investigate the abuse of AAS from a forensic perspective, particularly focusing on testosterone and methodological problems and potential alternative matrices for measurements of testosterone in forensic and clinical assessments. 

In the first study the toxicological findings in individuals suspected of doping offences, registered in the Swedish national forensic toxicology database were investigated (paper I). In paper II, testosterone levels in serum, saliva, and urine in clinical patients during replacement therapy with testosterone undecanoate (Nebido®) were studied. Further, the sensitivity of the current procedure for detection of testosterone abuse was investigated by method comparison using isotope ratio measurement (paper III) and a quantitative LC-MS/MS method for testosterone in serum and saliva was developed and presented (paper IV). 

It was found that testosterone was most frequently detected in the forensic cases and co-abuse of narcotics was common among AAS abusers. Methodological problems in detection of testosterone abuse using the present procedures was identified, indicating a need for new analytical strategies. A sensitive and highly specific LC-MS/MS method was developed for determination of testosterone in serum and saliva, which was shown suitable for analysis of forensic and clinical samples. Salivary testosterone was shown to correlate well with free serum testosterone in both male and female, and a sensitive marker in testosterone therapy, especially in females. In conclusion, it was found that saliva might have a potential as an alternative matrix for detection of illicit administration of testosterone and for diagnosis and monitoring of androgenic status. 

Abstract [sv]

Missbruket av anabola androgena steroider (AAS) är idag utbrett i samhället och är ett betydande folkhälsoproblem, associerat med fysisk och psykisk ohälsa och riskbeteende, såsom bruk av andra illegala droger och kriminalitet. Testosteron, det viktigaste manliga könshormonet används medicinskt vid klinisk substitutionsbehandling, men missbrukas även omfattande som dopningsmedel. Traditionellt detekteras missbruk av testosteron i urin i forensiska fall och i serum i klinisk diagnostik och monitorering och fritt biotillgängligt testosteron beräknas utifrån olika formler. Salivtestosteron är emellertid en attraktiv biomarkör, då testosteron i saliv anses spegla den fria fraktionen testosteron i serum. 

Denna avhandling syftade till att studera missbruket av anabola androgena steroider utifrån ett forensiskt perspektiv, speciellt med fokus på testosteron och metodologiska problem och möjligheten att använda alternativa biomarkörer för detektion och mätning av testosteron i forensiska och kliniska frågeställningar. 

I det första delarbetet studerades de toxikologiska fynden hos individer misstänkta för brott mot den svenska dopinglagen, registrerade i Sveriges nationella databas för forensisk toxikologi. I delarbete II studerades nivåerna av testosteron i serum, saliv och urin hos patienter vid substitutionsbehandling med testosteronundekanoat (Nebido®). Vidare studerades känsligheten för detektion av missbruk av testosteron med befintlig metod genom jämförelser med analyser med isotop ratio (delarbete III) och en kvantitativ LC-MS/MS metod för testosteron i serum och saliv utvecklades och presenterades (delarbete IV). 

Testosteron detekterades frekvent i de forensiska fallen, och ett blandmissbruk av AAS och narkotiska preparat var vanligt förekommande. Metodologiska problem identifierades med den nuvarande proceduren för detektion av testosteronmissbruk, vilket indikerar ett behov av nya analytiska strategier. En känslig och högst specifik LC-MS/MS metod för bestämning av testosteron i serum och saliv utvecklades, vilken visade sig lämplig för analys av forensiska och kliniska prover. Salivtestosteron korrelerade med fritt testosteron i serum hos både män och kvinnor, och visade sig vara en känslig markör vid testosteronbehandling, speciellt hos kvinnor. Slutsatsen är att saliv kan ha potential som en alternativ matris för detektion av missbruk av testosteron och för diagnosticering och monitorering av androgent status.  

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2021. p. 76
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1762
National Category
Forensic Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-173146 (URN)10.3384/diss.diva-173146 (DOI)9789179297510 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-03-05, Belladonna, Building 511, Campus US, Linköping, 09:00 (Swedish)
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Supervisors
Note

Funding agencies: The National Board of Forensic Medicine,Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital, Linköping, Medical ResearchCouncil of Southeast Sweden and Strategic Research Area in Forensic Science,Linköping University.

Available from: 2021-02-04 Created: 2021-02-04 Last updated: 2021-12-28Bibliographically approved

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