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Different approaches in aphasia assessments: a comparison between test and everyday conversations
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Speech language pathology, Audiology and Otorhinolaryngology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
Linköping University, Department of Social and Welfare Studies, Division Ageing and Social Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3033-9879
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Speech language pathology, Audiology and Otorhinolaryngology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
2018 (English)In: Aphasiology, ISSN 0268-7038, E-ISSN 1464-5041, Vol. 32, no 4, p. 417-435Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: When it comes to aphasia assessments, many speech and language pathologists (SLPs) rely heavily on norm-referenced language tests, even though they are aware that certain important language skills can only be evaluated by analysis of conversational discourse. The formalized aphasia test situation is a typical example of institutional interaction, which differs in systematic ways from everyday conversations. This article examines conversations between persons with aphasia (PWAs) and SLPs in the two different contexts, a topic where previous research is limited. Aims: The aim is to compare the interactions between PWAs and SLPs in test conversations and in more everyday-like conversations and to relate the interactional data to the participants performance on the aphasia test battery. Methods amp; Procedures: Ten PWAs and three SLPs participated in the study. Each PWA participated in two conversations with an SLP, a test conversation, while performing tasks targeting the ability to produce sentences and narratives from an aphasia test battery, and a more everyday-like conversation. The conversations were audio and video recorded and thereafter transcribed. Three main observations considered to be important mechanisms for interaction organization were identified and calculated in the transcriptions. The test results were summarized and analyzed. Outcomes amp; results: The results demonstrated that there were a larger number of turns produced by the PWAs in the everyday conversations compared to the test conversations. Furthermore, there were more communicative initiatives and nonverbal contributions in the everyday conversations. The number of repairs initiated by the PWAs were equivalent, but looking at repair characteristics, it was found that repairs resolved within the same turn were found in the test conversations while repairs stretching over several turns were more frequent in the everyday conversations. Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrated differences of the interaction between PWAs and SLPs in test conversations and in more everyday-like conversations. Furthermore, there seemed to be no obvious relationship between the participants actual test scores on the aphasia test battery and aspects of conversation that can be related to being a competent speaker.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD , 2018. Vol. 32, no 4, p. 417-435
Keywords [en]
Aphasic conversation; conversational repair; turn-taking; communicative initiative
National Category
General Language Studies and Linguistics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-145154DOI: 10.1080/02687038.2017.1366416ISI: 000423619600003OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-145154DiVA, id: diva2:1182422
Note

Funding Agencies|Centre for Research and Development, Uppsala University/Region Gavleborg, Gavle, Sweden

Available from: 2018-02-13 Created: 2018-02-13 Last updated: 2022-04-08
In thesis
1. Interaction and Language Assessment in Aphasia and Dementia: A Comparative Perspective
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Interaction and Language Assessment in Aphasia and Dementia: A Comparative Perspective
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Language problems in dementia resemble the symptoms of aphasia in many respects. A growing body of research discusses the cognitive deficits associated with aphasia. Despite common denominators, very little is written with a comparative perspective on the two clinical groups. Although speech and language pathologists (SLPs) play a central role in aphasia care, they are not routinely involved in healthcare services for dementia. By tradition, language assessments tend to be test-oriented, even though there is an awareness of the advantages with informal assessment approaches. The overall aim of this thesis was to examine interaction in persons with aphasia (PWA) and persons with dementia (PWD) in test conversation and more informal conversations. The thesis has an interactional focus with a comparative perspective on the two clinical groups, on conversational contexts, and on test results with reference to SLP services.  

Study I, involving ten PWA, and study II, involving ten PWD, had similar approaches, investigating the organization of interaction between the participants and SLPs in test conversations and in more informal conversations. Furthermore, the participants’ interactional abilities were related to their actual test results on expressive tasks on an aphasia test battery. Study III in-volved detailed analyses of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) test interaction for both PWA and PWD. Additionally, the study set out to explore the relationship between linguistic and cognitive difficulties, in relation to assessments. Study IV investigated instances of trouble in conversations involving PWA/PWD and SLPs, with a particular focus on “trouble domain” and interactional consequences. 

The results of study I and II demonstrated substantial differences be-tween the organization of interaction in test conversations and informal con-versations, regardless of whom they involved. The informal conversations pro-vided opportunities for the PWA/PWD to talk more and to initiate own topics and multimodal resources were used by the PWA. This was seen to a far lesser degree among the PWD. With a few distinct exceptions, the PWD came across as rather communicatively competent. This was not necessarily reflected by the aphasia test results, since several participants struggled with a couple of test assignments. In PWA, the demonstration of aspects of communication that could be related to being a competent speaker did not fully correlate with aphasia test scores. The analyses showed that instances of trouble occurred equally often in the two conversational contexts whereas trouble characteristic differed. Mutual trouble-solving was almost solely observed in the informal conversations. 

Study III revealed some particularly challenging aspects of the MMSE test interaction. The study shed light on the problematic issue of separating language and cognition, since PWA and PWD had similar test results on the cognitive screening and since the “language” test items did not seem to capture linguistic problems more than the other remaining test items. Qualitative analyses of the interactional aspects of test situations may reveal information about both cognitive and linguistic abilities that otherwise would have been over-looked. 

The in-depth analyses of conversational trouble in study IV revealed that most troubles involving PWA were connected to primarily linguistic is-sues. Conversational trouble in PWD, however, typically labelled “lexical problems”, were many times due to primarily cognitive issues. It was also observed that the SLPs took a more passive role trouble-solving in conversations involving PWD. Less severe linguistic problems in the PWD, lack of shared personal common ground, and preconceived notions about the medical conditions alongside with SLPs’ professional culture and experience are discussed as potential motives for this behaviour.  

Altogether, the results of the present thesis demonstrate that formal tests that attempt to measure language or cognition do not take into account that it is problematic to separate these abilities. Within SLP services, it would be preferable to move away from a fault-finding perspective on assessment and intervention, towards an approach in which language and cognition as co-constructed acts is central.

Abstract [sv]

Vid demenssjukdomar förekommer ofta problem med språk och kommunikation som liknar symptomen vid afasi. Kognitiva svårigheter vid afasi är ett ämne som diskuteras allt mer. Trots dessa gemensamma beröringspunkter är det en ytterst liten mängd forskning som jämför språk och kommunikation vid afasi och demens. Logopeder är centrala vid bedömning och behandling av afasi, däremot är logopedinsatser riktade till personer med demensrelaterade språkproblem mer sällsynt förekommande. Logopediska språkbedömningar baseras primärt på formella test, trots att såväl forskare som kliniskt verksamma logopeder tycks vara eniga om betydelsen av att bedöma mer vardaglig kommunikation. Den här avhandlingen undersöker språk och kommunikation vid afasi och demens. Avhandlingen har ett jämförande perspektiv på de kliniska grupperna och på testresultat/testsamtal och vardagliga samtal, relaterat till logopediska insatser.  

Delstudie I som inkluderade deltagare med afasi, och delstudie II som inkluderade deltagare med demens hade liknande upplägg. Studierna under-sökte och jämförde samtalsmönster i testsamtal och mer vardagliga samtal mellan deltagarna och logopeder. Vidare relaterades deltagarnas kommunikativa förmågor till deras resultat på ett afasitest.  

Delstudie III undersökte testsamtal med det kognitiva screeningtestet Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) och inkluderade både deltagarna med afasi och demens. Studien avsåg att utforska förhållandet mellan språkliga och kognitiva svårigheter i relation till bedömningen och testet. I delstudie IV gjordes mer detaljerade jämförande analyser av problematiska situationer i de mer vardagliga samtalen. Studien inkluderade samtliga deltagare och hade särskilt fokus på konsekvenser i kommunikationen liksom den bakomliggande orsaken till varför problemet uppstod. Det framkom att samtalsmönster i logopediska testsamtal och vardagliga samtal skiljer sig avsevärt åt, oavsett om de involverar en person med afasi eller en person med demens i samtal med en logoped. Mer vardagliga samtal ledde till mer tal från deltagarna (både antal yttranden och antal ord) och möjliggjorde initiativtagning, gemensam problemlösning och användning av alternativa kommunikationssätt. Deltagarna med demens använde alternativa kommunikationssätt i liten utsträckning. Dock framstod de, med några tydliga undantag, som relativt kommunikativt kompetenta i de vardagliga samtalen. Den kommunikativa kompetensen hos personerna med demens återspeglades nödvändigtvis inte i resultaten från afasitestet där flera deltagare hade stora problem med åtskilliga uppgifter. Några av deltagarna med afasi upplevdes som kommunikativt kompetenta i de vardagliga samtalen, vilket inte återspeglades i testresultaten.   

Analysen i delstudie III visade på flera intressanta företeelser i testsamtalen från den kognitiva testningen med MMSE. Studien belyser det problematiska med att separera språk från kognition. Deltagarna med afasi och deltagarna med demens hade, något oväntat, ungefär likartade resultat på screeningtestet. Detta gällde även för testkategorin ”språk”, vars uppgifter inte tycktes testa språkförmågan mycket mer än uppgifterna i testets övriga kategorier.  

Den mer djuplodande analysen av kommunikationsproblem i vardagliga samtal i delstudie IV syftade till att jämföra de båda kliniska grupperna. Resultaten visade att afasideltagarnas kommunikationsproblem nästan uteslutande berodde på språkliga faktorer. När deltagarnas med demens hade svårigheter i samtalen sågs en nästan jämbördig fördelning mellan språkliga och kognitiva orsaker till problemen. Det pratas ofta om ”lexikala problem” vid demens, men det tycks inte vara helt entydigt. Vidare framkom det att deltagande logopeder intog mer passiva roller i problemlösningen med personerna med demens. Lindrigare språkproblem hos demensgruppen, avsaknad av ”gemensam grund” i samtalen och logopedernas kliniska erfarenhet och förutfattade meningar om de båda tillstånden diskuteras som potentiella orsaker till skillnaderna i bemötandet.

Sammantaget visar avhandlingens resultat att formella test som försöker mäta språk eller kognition inte tar hänsyn till att det är svårt att separera dessa förmågor. Inom logopedisk praktik är det nödvändigt att betrakta språk och kognition som samvarierande förmågor. Vidare är det viktigt att vara mindre diagnosinriktad och att skifta fokus från formella bedömningar och intervention baserade på ett felsökningsperspektiv, till informella bedömningar och intervention inriktade på kommunikation i vardagen.  

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2022. p. 69
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1804
Keywords
Aphasia, Dementia, Assessment, Testing, Interaction, Language, Cognition
National Category
Health Sciences General Language Studies and Linguistics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-184222 (URN)10.3384/9789179292416 (DOI)9789179292409 (ISBN)9789179292416 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-05-06, Hasselquistsalen, Building 511, Campus US, Linköping, 13:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Note

Funding agencies: The Centre for Research and Development, UppsalaUniversity/Region Gävleborg (CFUG)

Available from: 2022-04-08 Created: 2022-04-08 Last updated: 2022-04-08Bibliographically approved

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Myrberg, KarinHydén, Lars-ChristerSamuelsson, Christina
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