liu.seSearch for publications in DiVA
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • oxford
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Out-of-Band Radiation from Large Antenna Arrays
Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Communication Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2093-5466
Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Communication Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7599-4367
Ericsson Res, Sweden.
Chalmers Univ Technol, Sweden.
Show others and affiliations
2018 (English)In: IEEE Communications Magazine, ISSN 0163-6804, E-ISSN 1558-1896, Vol. 56, no 4, p. 196-203Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The OOB radiation from large arrays with nonlinear hardware has a different radiation pattern than the beamformed in-band signal. This is the main difference between the OOB radiation from large arrays and from well-studied legacy systems. Beamforming might focus the OOB radiation in certain directions but also significantly reduce the total power that has to be transmitted. For cost and power-consumption reasons, large arrays might have to be built from low-complexity hardware without advanced pre-compensation for linearization, which increases the relative amount of OOB radiation. Given that large arrays will be used in future base stations, a correct understanding of the OOB radiation is crucial to specify appropriate linearity requirements for the hardware. We show that the OOB radiation from large arrays varies little between coherence times; it is isotropic in many cases; and when it is beamformed, it is directed toward the served user in a very narrow beam with an array gain equal to or less than that of the in-band signal. We draw the conclusion that, compared to legacy systems, less stringent linearity requirements can be used in many systems with large arrays by virtue of the lower transmit power needed to upkeep the same received signal-to-noise ratio.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC , 2018. Vol. 56, no 4, p. 196-203
National Category
Signal Processing
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-147809DOI: 10.1109/MCOM.2018.1601063ISI: 000430412200028OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-147809DiVA, id: diva2:1205630
Available from: 2018-05-14 Created: 2018-05-14 Last updated: 2022-04-11
In thesis
1. High-End Performance with Low-End Hardware: Analysis of Massive MIMO Base Station Transceivers
Open this publication in new window or tab >>High-End Performance with Low-End Hardware: Analysis of Massive MIMO Base Station Transceivers
2017 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Massive MIMO (multiple-input–multiple-output) is a multi-antenna technology for cellular wireless communication, where the base station uses a large number of individually controllable antennas to multiplex users spatially.  This technology can provide a high spectral efficiency.  One of its main challenges is the immense hardware complexity and cost of all the radio chains in the base station.  To make massive MIMO commercially viable, inexpensive, low-complexity hardware with low linearity has to be used, which inherently leads to more signal distortion.  This thesis investigates how the degenerated linearity of some of the main components—power amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and low-noise amplifiers—affects the performance of the system, with respect to data rate, power consumption and out-of-band radiation. The main results are: Spatial processing can reduce PAR (peak-to-average ratio) of the transmit signals in the downlink to as low as 0B; this, however, does not necessarily reduce power consumption.  In environments with isotropic fading, one-bit ADCs lead to a reduction in effective signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) of 4dB in the uplink and four-bit ADCs give a performance close to that of an unquantized system.  An analytical expression for the radiation pattern of the distortion from nonlinear power amplifiers is derived.  It shows how the distortion is beamformed to some extent, that its gain never is greater than that of the desired signal, and that the gain of the distortion is reduced with a higher number of served users and a higher number of channel taps.  Nonlinear low-noise amplifiers give rise to distortion that partly combines coherently and limits the possible SINR.  It is concluded that spatial processing with a large number of antennas reduces the impact of hardware distortion in most cases.  As long as proper attention is paid to the few sources of coherent distortion, the hardware complexity can be reduced in massive MIMO base stations to overcome the hardware challenge and make massive MIMO commercial reality.

Abstract [sv]

Massiv MIMO (eng: multiple-input–multiple-output) är en flerantennsteknologi för cellulär trådlös kommunikation, där basstationen använder ett stort antal individuellt styrbara antenner för att multiplexa användare i rummet.  Denna teknologi kan tillhandahålla en hög spektral effektivitet.  En av dess främsta utmaningar är den enorma hårdvarukomplexiteten och kostnaden hos basstationens alla radiokedjor.  För att massiv MIMO skall bli kommersiellt attraktivt, måste billiga, enkla hårdvarukomponenter med låg linjäritet användas, vilket oundvikligen leder till mer signaldistorsion.  Denna avhandling undersöker hur den försämrade linjäriteten hos några av huvudkomponenterna – effektförstärkare, analog-digital-omvandlare (AD-omvandlare) och lågbrusförstärkare – påverkar systemets prestanda, i termer av datatakt, effektförbrukning och utombandsstrålning.  Huvudresultaten är: Rumslig signalbehandling kan reducera sändsignalernas toppvärde i nerlänken ända ner till 0dB, vilket dock inte nödvändigtvis minskar effektförbrukningen.  I miljöer med isotrop fädning leder enbits-AD-omvandlare till 4dB lägre signal-till-interferens-och-brus-förhållande i upplänken, och fyrabits-AD-omvandlare ger en prestanda nära den ett system utan kvantisering kan uppnå.  Ett analytiskt uttryck för strålningsmönstret för distorsionen från icke-linjära effektförstärkare härleds.  Det visar hur distorsionen till viss del lobformas, att dess förstärkning aldrig är starkare än förstärkningen för den önskade signalen och att distorsionens förstärkning minskar med ett högre antal betjänade användare och ett högre antal kanaltappar.  Icke-linjära lågbrusförstärkare ger upphov distorsion som delvis kombinerar koherent och begränsar det möjliga signal-till-brus-och-interferens-förhållandet.  Slutsatsen är att rumslig signalbehandling med ett stort antal antenner reducerar hårdvarudistorsionens inverkan i de flesta fall.  Så länge som de få källorna till koherent distorsion ges tillbörlig uppmärksamhet, kan hårdvarukomplexiteten minskas i basstationer för massiv MIMO för att övervinna hårdvaruutmaningen och göra massiv MIMO kommersiell verklighet.

Abstract [zh]

蜂窩無線通訊領域中的大規模多天線技術以多個單獨可控的天線通過空間複用的方式服務多個用戶。如是可以大幅提高頻譜效率。實現此技術的主要難題在於基站所用射頻單元的極大複雜度及成本。爲使大規模多天線技術適用在商業系統中,需使用導致失真的低複雜度低成本的非線性硬件。本文探討若將一些主要部件——功放、模數轉換器、低噪聲放大器——的線性程度降低,系統性能是如何受到影響的,即系統的速率、功耗、帶外泄露等指標。主要的結果爲:空間信號處理可以降低下行信號的峯均比,直至0分貝;然而低峯均比不一定能夠降低功耗。用一比特模數轉換器使上行的信干噪比減少4分貝;用四比特模數轉換器可在各向同性衰落的環境裏實現接近無量化系統的性能。本文推導出非線性功放失真輻射方向的解析公式。該公式展示失真在某種程度上會被波束成形的;具體而言,失真的波束成形增益不大於有效信號的增益,波束成形增益會根據服務用戶數量和信道階數的增長而降低。非線性低噪聲放大器引起的失真,一部分會相干地合併,因此會限制信干噪比的增長。結論爲多天線的空間信號處理可以減少硬件失真的影響。只要適當地處理少數相干失真的來源,大規模多天線基站可以降低硬件複雜度,解決硬件難題,使大規模多天線技術成功地應用在商業系統中成爲現實。

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2017. p. 90
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 1896
Keywords
Beamforming, distortion, massive MIMO, MIMO, nonlinear hardware, peak-to-average ratio
National Category
Signal Processing Telecommunications Communication Systems Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering Computer Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-143455 (URN)10.3384/diss-diva-143455 (DOI)9789176853887 (ISBN)
Public defence
2018-01-26, Ada Lovelace, B-huset, Campus Valla, Linköping, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2018-01-03 Created: 2017-12-08 Last updated: 2019-10-11Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

No full text in DiVA

Other links

Publisher's full text

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Mollén, ChristopherLarsson, Erik G
By organisation
Communication SystemsFaculty of Science & Engineering
In the same journal
IEEE Communications Magazine
Signal Processing

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar

doi
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
urn-nbn
Total: 159 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • oxford
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf