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Distribution of plasma concentrations of first-line anti-TB drugs and individual MICs: a prospective cohort study in a low endemic setting
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Infectious Diseases.
Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Karolinska Univ Hosp Solna, Sweden.
Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Karolinska Univ Hosp Solna, Sweden.
Karolinska Univ Hosp Solna, Sweden; Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
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2018 (English)In: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, ISSN 0305-7453, E-ISSN 1460-2091, Vol. 73, no 10, p. 2838-2845Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) could improve current TB treatment, but few studies have reported pharmacokinetic data together with MICs. Objectives: To investigate plasma concentrations of rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol along with MICs. Methods: Drug concentrations of rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol were analysed pre-dose and 2, 4 and 6 h after drug intake at week 2 in 31 TB patients and MICs in BACTEC 960 MGIT were determined at baseline. The highest plasma concentrations at 2, 4 and 6 h post-dose (C-high) were determined, as well as estimates of C-high/MIC and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC(0-6))/MIC including the corresponding ratios based on calculated free-drug concentrations. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02042261). Results: After 2 weeks of treatment, the median C-high values for rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol were 10.0, 5.3, 41.1 and 3.3 mg/L respectively. Lower than recommended drug concentrations were detected in 42% of the patients for rifampicin (amp;lt;8 mg/L), 19% for isoniazid (amp;lt;3 mg/L), 27% for pyrazinamide (amp;lt;35 mg/L) and 16% for ethambutol (amp;lt;2 mg/L). The median Chigh/MIC values for rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol were 164, 128, 1.3 and 2.5, respectively, whereas the AUC(0-6)/MIC was 636 (range 156-2759) for rifampicin and 351 (range 72-895) for isoniazid. Conclusions: We report low levels of first-line TB drugs in 16%-42% of patients, in particular for rifampicin. There was a wide distribution of the ratios between drug exposures and MICs. The future use of MIC determinations in TDM is dependent on the development of a reference method and clinically validated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
OXFORD UNIV PRESS , 2018. Vol. 73, no 10, p. 2838-2845
National Category
Pharmaceutical Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-153707DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky268ISI: 000452914200032PubMedID: 30124844OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-153707DiVA, id: diva2:1276195
Note

Funding Agencies|Research Council of Southeast Sweden; Region of Ostergotland; Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation; Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation; Swedish Research Council; Stockholm County Council [ALF20160331]

Available from: 2019-01-07 Created: 2019-01-07 Last updated: 2019-05-02
In thesis
1. Towards individualised treatment of tuberculosis
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Towards individualised treatment of tuberculosis
2019 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Each year, around 10 million of individuals develop active tuberculosis (TB). Worldwide, TB is the leading cause of death from an infectious agent surpassing both malaria and HIV. Current treatment regimens are long and therefore encompass a risk of nonadherence and development of acquired drug-resistance, reflected in the increase of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB. Indeed, this calls for prudent use of existing TB drugs and improvement of TB treatment strategies. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the current drug susceptibility testing (DST) breakpoints for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of TB treatment and to explore the role of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for optimising TB treatment.

Drug resistance in M. tuberculosis is expressed over a continuous scale and for some drugs it may be identified as low- and high-level resistance. This has been poorly reflected in currently used binary susceptibility breakpoints for TB drugs. Results from genome sequencing and phenotypic DST of ofloxacin and levofloxacin were compared in study I and current breakpoints were found to misclassify up to 25% of M. tuberculosis isolates with resistance mutations in gyrA as susceptible to fluoroquinolones. This finding may have implications for the classification of XDR-TB, treatment of MDR-TB and the evaluation of fluoroquinolones in clinical studies.

Study II was a prospective cohort study of susceptible TB in Sweden, where drug concentrations of first-line TB drugs were measured along with the susceptibility level of the bacteria defined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of M. tuberculosis. First-line drug concentrations below the reference range (16-42%) were common and most pronounced for rifampicin (13/31, 42%). An exploratory investigation of PK/PD parameters displayed a wide distribution of ratios between drug exposures and MICs. Rifampicin exhibited higher level of individual fluctuations over time during TB treatment compared with isoniazid. In study III the plasma drug concentrations of rifampicin were compared to the tuberculosis drug activity assay (TDA) and results showed that rifampicin drug levels, but not drug levels of the other first-line drugs, correlated with TDA. Patients with rifampicin drug levels below 8 mg/L had significantly lower median TDA. This finding supports the use of TDA as a potential indicator for low rifampicin exposure in resource-constrained settings without access to drug concentration analysis. The study design in study II has been further developed in study IV, which is a prospective cohort study of MDR-TB in China, where drug exposure will be explored in relation to individual bacterial MIC and measurements of treatment outcome.

In summary, the work in this thesis emphasises the importance of reliable DST of M. tuberculosis and the need to re-evaluate the currently used breakpoints. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) based on drug concentrations and MICs is a useful tool to avoid suboptimal drug exposure and to individualise TB treatments. Such strategies may improve treatment regimens and avoid further development of resistance.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2019. p. 94
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1662
National Category
Pharmaceutical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-156494 (URN)10.3384/diss.diva-156494 (DOI)9789176851289 (ISBN)
Public defence
2019-05-23, Hugo Theorell, Hus 448, Universitetssjukhuset, Linköping, 09:00 (English)
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Available from: 2019-04-24 Created: 2019-04-24 Last updated: 2020-05-06Bibliographically approved

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