Objectives: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is associated with better survival than percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, the optimal strategy for coronary artery revascularization in patients with advanced CKD who transition to ESRD is unclear. Methods: We examined a contemporary national cohort of 971 US veterans with incident ESRD who underwent first CABG or PCI up to 5 years before dialysis initiation. We examined the association of a history of CABG versus PCI with all-cause mortality following transition to dialysis using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for time between procedure and dialysis initiation, sociodemographics, comorbidities, and medications. Results: In total, 582 patients underwent CABG and 389 patients underwent PCI. The mean age was 64 +/- 8 years, 99% of patients were male, 79% were white, 19% were African American, and 84% had diabetes. The all-cause post-dialysis mortality rates after CABG and PCI were 229 per 1000 patient-years (95% confidence interval [CI], 205-256) and 311 per 1000 patient years (95% CI, 272-356), respectively. Compared with PCI, patients who underwent CABG had 34% lower risk of death (multivariable adjusted hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.51-0.86, P = .002) after initiation of dialysis. Results were similar in all subgroups of patients stratified by age, race, type of intervention, presence/absence of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and diabetes. Conclusions: CABG in patients with advanced CKD was associated lower risk of death after initiation of dialysis compared with PCI.