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Efficacy of a transdiagnostic emotion-focused exposure treatment for chronic pain patients with comorbid anxiety and depression: a randomized controlled trial
Orebro Univ, Sweden.
Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Psychology. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9736-8228
Orebro Univ, Sweden.
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2019 (English)In: Pain, ISSN 0304-3959, E-ISSN 1872-6623, Vol. 160, no 8, p. 1708-1718Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The comorbidity between chronic pain and emotional problems has proven difficult to address with current treatment options. This study addresses the efficacy of a transdiagnostic emotion-focused exposure treatment ("hybrid") for chronic pain patients with comorbid emotional problems. Adults (n = 115) with chronic musculoskeletal pain and functional and emotional problems were included in a 2-centre, parallel randomized controlled, open-label trial comparing this treatment to an active control condition receiving a guided Internet-delivered pain management treatment based on CBT principles (iCBT). The hybrid treatment (n = 58, 10-16 sessions) integrates exposure in vivo for chronic pain based on the fear-avoidance model with an emotion-regulation approach informed by procedures in Dialectical Behavior Therapy. The iCBT (n = 57; 8 treatment modules) addresses topics such as pain education, coping strategies, relaxation, problem solving, stress, and sleep management using standard CBT techniques. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed before and after treatment as well as at a 9-month primary end point. Across conditions, 78% participants completed post-treatment and 81% follow-up assessment. Intent-to-treat analyses showed that the hybrid had a significantly better post-treatment outcome on pain catastrophizing (d = 0.39) and pain interference (d = 0.63) and significantly better follow-up outcomes on depression (d = 0.43) and pain interference (d = 0.51). There were no differences on anxiety and pain intensity. Observed proportions of clinically significant improvement favoured the hybrid on all but one comparison, but no statistically significant differences were observed. We conclude that the hybrid emotion-focused treatment may be considered an acceptable, credible, and efficacious treatment option for chronic pain patients with comorbid emotional problems.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2019. Vol. 160, no 8, p. 1708-1718
Keywords [en]
Chronic pain; Emotional problems; Transdiagnostic; Cognitive-behavioral therapy; Internet; Randomized clinical trial; Exposure
National Category
General Practice
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-160052DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001575ISI: 000480764500006PubMedID: 31335641Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85066118471OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-160052DiVA, id: diva2:1349030
Note

Funding Agencies|AFA insurance [140356]; Region Ostergotland [LIO-724821]; Swedish Foundation for Humanities and Social Sciences [P14-0799: 1]

Available from: 2019-09-06 Created: 2019-09-06 Last updated: 2023-11-10Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Emotion Regulation in Pain: Developing Effective Interventions for Patients with Pain and Emotional Distress
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Emotion Regulation in Pain: Developing Effective Interventions for Patients with Pain and Emotional Distress
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Chronic pain and emotional problems are common, often co-occur, and result in substantial suffering and social costs. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a family of treatments that have been extensively studied and has empirical support for its effectiveness in treating both conditions. However, CBT show small benefits for patients with comorbid pain and emotional disorders, and treatments are mostly adapted for one condition or the other. Hence, there is a need for transdiagnostic interventions, targeting both problematic pain behaviors and emotional components. In this thesis, I present results from three experimental studies investigating possibilities to refine and enhance CBT for chronic pain patients with emotional distress by using emotion regulation strategies and skills training from mindfulness-based interventions.

In Study I the aim was to evaluate the efficacy of a tailored transdiagnostic hybrid treatment, integrating basic CBT principles with strategies from Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), an acceptance and mindfulnessbased approach developed for individuals with difficulties regulating emotional responses. The hybrid treatment was compared in a randomised controlled trial to an internet-delivered active control condition (iCBT). Intent-to-treat analyses showed that the hybrid treatment had positive long-term effects 9 months after treatment on outcomes such as pain interference and symptoms of depression compared to the control condition. We concluded that the hybrid treatment may be considered an acceptable, credible, and efficacious treatment approach.

In Study II the aim was to investigate the importance of hypothesized treatment processes of the hybrid treatment, specifically pain-related dysregulation (catastrophizing, fear-avoidance, and non-acceptance of pain), and general emotion dysregulation (difficulties to regulate a wider range of emotional responses). Mediation analysis within the framework of structural equation modelling (SEM), using the full intention-to-treat sample, showed that decreased pain-related dysregulation mediated the effects of the hybrid treatment on both pain interference and symptoms of depression. Furthermore, indirect effects through pain-related dysregulation were more evident for participants scoring higher on this variable at baseline. In addition, decreased general emotion dysregulation mediated effects on symptoms of depression. We concluded that these findings provided further support for the conceptual principles of the hybrid treatment.

The aim of Study III was to investigate the effects of components of mindfulness-based interventions, specifically looking at the importance of attentional focus during mindfulness exercises on experiences of experimentally induced pain using the Cold Pressor Test (CPT). In a mixed experimental design, healthy participants were randomly assigned to brief mindfulness exercises with internal focus (body scan), external focus (mindful listening), or a control group using spontaneous coping. Compared to spontaneous coping the mindfulness exercises had positive effects on pain tolerance, pain threshold, pain unpleasantness, frequency of negative thoughts, and belief in thought content during the CPT. While our results showed that changes in attentional focus were consistent with the experimental manipulation, no significant differences were found between internal and external focus on any outcome measure. We concluded that the results did not support the notion that attentional focus would be essential for benefits of mindfulness, and that exercises with both external and internal focus could be beneficial when coping with pain.

In conclusion, the results from these studies support integrating basic CBT principles with emotion regulation strategies and skills training from mindfulness-based approaches to enhance treatments for patients with chronic pain and emotional distress. In addition, our findings provide some insights for future research regarding the importance of targeting pain-related dysregulation, and the possibilities of using mindfulness exercises with different attentional focus.

Abstract [sv]

Många personer med långvarig smärta beskriver även svårigheter att hantera känslor. Vid både smärta, ångest och nedstämdhet är det vanligt förekommande med orostankar, ältande och svårigheter att engagera sig i meningsfulla aktiviteter. Kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT) innehåller ett flertal insatser inriktade mot förändrade aktivitetsmönster samt hantering av tankar och känslor. Dessa behandlingsmål kan beskrivas som transdiagnostiska då de kan påverka livskvalitet och mående vid ett flertal olika diagnoser. KBT anses ha vetenskapligt stöd vid såväl långvarig smärta som nedstämdhet och ångestproblematik. De flesta behandlingsstudier gällande KBT vid långvarig smärta fokuserar dock främst på smärthantering, vilket tycks vara mindre effektivt vid samsjuklighet med depression eller ångest. Avhandlingen består av tre delarbeten som undersöker möjligheter att utveckla och förbättra KBT-behandlingar för patienter med långvarig smärta och emotionell problematik genom att använda känslohanteringsstrategier och färdighetsträning från mindfulnessbaserade interventioner.

Syftet med det första delarbetet var att utvärdera effekterna av en transdiagnostisk "hybridbehandling" som integrerar grundläggande KBT-principer med färdighetsträning i känslohantering från dialektisk beteendeterapi (DBT). Hybridbehandlingen jämfördes i en randomiserad kontrollerad multicenterstudie med en aktiv kontrollgrupp som fick internetbaserad KBT (iKBT). 115 patienter med långvarig smärta och samtidig emotionell problematik slumpades till någon av de två behandlingarna. Samtliga deltagare fyllde i formulär avseende psykiskt mående, smärta, smärthantering och aktivitetsförmåga innan och efter behandling, samt vid uppföljning nio månader efter avslutad behandling. De som fått hybridbehandlingen angav efter insatserna en större minskning av oro för smärta, samt en ökad förmåga att genomföra aktiviteter trots smärta. Vid uppföljning angav de som fått hybridbehandlingen fortfarande en ökad förmåga att genomföra aktiviteter, samt minskad nedstämdhet jämfört med iKBT. Totalt uppgav 72% av de som fått hybridbehandlingen, och 56% av de som fått iKBT, tillförlitliga förbättringar inom något av områdena; smärta, smärthantering, aktivitetsförmåga, ångest eller nedstämdhet.

Syftet med det andra delarbetet var att undersöka betydelsen av förbättrad känslohantering för utfallet av hybridbehandlingen. Analyserna visade att deltagare i hybridbehandlingen upplevde större förbättringar avseende förmågan att hantera känslor efter avslutad behandling än deltagare som fick iKBT. Vi fann även att dessa förbättringar hade ett tydligt samband med minskad nedstämdhet, samt ökad förmåga att genomföra aktiviteter trots smärta vid uppföljning efter nio månader. Vidare analys visade även att effekterna var mer uttalade för deltagare som skattade större svårigheter att hantera känslor relaterade till smärta före behandling.

Syftet med det tredje delarbetet var att undersöka betydelsen av uppmärksamhetsfokus i mindfulnessbaserade interventioner vid smärthantering. 204 friska deltagare randomiserades till en kortare mindfulnessövning med inåtriktat fokus (kroppsscanning), utåtriktat fokus (medvetet lyssnande), eller en kontrollbetingelse. Samtliga deltagare utförde före och efter betingelsen ett kallvattentest där de ombads att hålla en hand i iskallt vatten så länge det upplevdes uthärdligt. Vi undersökte sedan förändrad smärttröskel, smärtintensitet, smärttolerans, samt smärtrelaterat obehag och ångest. Resultaten visade att båda mindfulnessövningarna hade positiva effekter på smärttolerans, smärttröskel och upplevt obehag under kallvattentestet jämfört med kontrollbetingelsen. Även om resultaten visade att deltagarna hade olika uppmärksamhetsfokus efter övningarna, hittade vi inga signifikanta skillnader mellan inåtriktat och utåtriktat fokus på något av utfallsmåtten.

Vi kunde utifrån dessa studier dra slutsatsen att förbättrad känslohantering kan vara ett relevant behandlingsmål för patienter med långvarig smärta och emotionell problematik, samt att strategier och övningar med olika uppmärksamhetsfokus från mindfulnessbaserade interventioner kan vara användbara för att arbeta med denna målsättning. Hybridbehandlingen tycks vara en effektiv metod som kan förbättra psykiskt mående och funktion i denna patientgrupp genom ökad förmåga till känslohantering.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. p. 123
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1877
National Category
Applied Psychology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-199081 (URN)10.3384/9789180753692 (DOI)9789180753685 (ISBN)9789180753692 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-01-12, Berzeliussalen, Building 463, Campus US, Linköping, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-11-10 Created: 2023-11-10 Last updated: 2024-02-19Bibliographically approved

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