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Human-automation teamwork: Current practices and future directions in air traffic control
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Media and Information Technology. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6097-9797
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This dissertation explores the topic of human-automation teamwork in Air Traffic Control (ATC). ATC is a high stakes environment where complex automation is being introduced while the human operator has the legal responsibility. With increasing demands on productivity in various industries (as also in ATC), automation is introduced for efficiency, maintaining safety, and to keep the workload of the human operator within acceptable limits. However, previous research has shown that automation may cause negative effects on the human operator and performance, such as forcing the operator out of the control loop, which might lead to problems or confusion. Previous research suggests a need for strengthening human-automation collaboration where automation is seen as a team member to keep the operator in the loop. In order to achieve such teamwork, the design of the automation needs to be human-centred, i.e. that the automation is designed for the underlying need of the operator.

The aim of this dissertation is to explore teamwork in ATC from several angles to understand how the air traffic controllers are working in current ATC environments and how automation could be designed to support human-automation teamwork. The included studies rely on interviews, simulations, and questionnaires, all with operational air traffic controllers as participants.

The results indicate that for both human-human teamwork and human-automation teamwork, teamwork factors such as adaptability and mutual performance monitoring (knowing what the other team members are doing) are important for the work performance in current ATC environments, where mutual performance monitoring is especially important during stressful situations.

When designing automation, lessons learned from human-human teamwork should be considered. The work within the scope of this dissertation identifies and concerns two human-automation teamwork aspects: boundary awareness and implicit communication. These are proposed to support the operator’s knowledge about the automation and the communication flow between the operator and the automation. Boundary awareness is the operator’s knowledge of the automation’s abilities, its boundaries (what it can or cannot manage), and about consequences if it would go outside of these boundaries. Implicit communication is the unspoken or implied small cues that the operator and the automation can use to communicate with each other. It is proposed that implicit communication can be based on the work patterns of the operator. The knowledge gained through the work in this dissertation can be used as a foundation for further research and design of automation regarding operator knowledge about the automation boundaries and the communication within the team.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling utforskar teamwork mellan människa och automation inom flygtrafikledning. Flygtrafikledning är en högriskmiljö där komplex automation introduceras samtidigt som den mänskliga operatören har det juridiska ansvaret. Med ökade krav på produktivitet inom olika industrier (och även inom flygtrafikledning) så introduceras automation för effektiviteten, för att bibehålla säkerheten och för att hålla arbetsbelastningen för den mänskliga operatören inom acceptabla gränser. Tidigare forskning har däremot visat att automationen kan orsaka negativa effekter på den mänskliga operatören och på prestationen, som till exempel att tvinga ut operatören utanför kontrolloopen vilket leder till problem och förvirring. Tidigare forskning föreslår ett starkare samarbete mellan människa och automation där automationen är sedd som en teammedlem för att behålla operatören i loopen. För att uppnå ett sådant samarbete behöver automation vara människo-centrerad, att automation med andra ord är designad för operatörens underliggande behov.

Syftet med denna avhandling är att utforska teamwork från olika vinklar inom flygtrafikledning för att förstå hur flygledare jobbar i nuvarande flygtrafikledningsmiljöer och för att förstå hur automation skulle kunna designas för att stödja teamwork mellan människa och automation. Studierna som denna avhandling bygger på har använt sig av intervjuer, simuleringar och enkäter, alla med operativa flygtrafikledare som deltagare.

Resultatet tyder på att för både människa-människa teamwork och människa-automations teamwork så är teamwork faktorer så som flexibilitet och ömsesidig övervakning av teammedlemmarnas prestationer viktiga där övervakning av teammedlemmarnas prestationer är speciellt viktigt under stressiga situationer.

När man designar automation bör man ta lärdom från teamwork mellan människor. Vidare så identifierar och behandlar arbetet inom denna avhandling två aspekter gällande teamwork mellan människa och automation: gränsmedvetenhet och implicit kommunikation. Dessa aspekter är föreslagna vi att stötta operatörens kunskap om automationen och kommunikationsflödet mellan operatören och automationen. Gränsmedvetenhet är operatörens kunskap om automationens förmågor, dess gränser och dess konsekvenser när automation går utanför dessa gränser. Implicit kommunikation är de outtalade eller implicita ledtrådar som operatören och automationen kan använda för att kommunicera med varandra. Det är föreslaget att implicit kommunikation kan baseras på arbetsmönster från operatören eller från prediktioner från automationen. Kunskapen från denna avhandling kan användas som ett underlagför vidare forskning och design av automation gällande operatörers kunskap om automationens gränser och kommunikationen inom teamet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2020. , p. 114
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2047
National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-164303DOI: 10.3384/diss.diva-164303ISBN: 9789179299033 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-164303DiVA, id: diva2:1414837
Public defence
2020-05-15, K3, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, Norrköping, 09:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2020-04-07 Created: 2020-03-16 Last updated: 2020-04-07Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Design implications for teamwork in ATC
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Design implications for teamwork in ATC
2020 (English)In: Cognition, Technology & Work, ISSN 1435-5558, E-ISSN 1435-5566, Vol. 22, no 2, p. 409-426Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In air traffic control (ATC), teamwork is a key component among air traffic control operators (ATCOs) to safely direct theaircraft through the sky and on the ground. To be able to design for future ATC systems, we must understand how ATCOswork together, their teamwork, and how they experience and perceive teamwork, in different ATC environments. We conductedinterviews with 16 ATCOs working in four different ATC environments (en-route control, terminal area control, towercontrol for a small airport and tower control for a large airport in Sweden) and analysed the results in the light of the “BigFive” model of teamwork. The main contributions of this paper are to show: (1) how eight teamwork factors are differentlymanifested by the ATCOs in the different ATC environments, (2) that teamwork in ATC is important during routine operations,during stressful work, and during abnormal situations, and (3) that the design of the organisation, the environment,and the tools, affects teamwork and the importance of different teamwork factors.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer London, 2020
Keywords
Air traffic control, Teamwork, Design, En-route, TMA, Air traffic control tower
National Category
Other Engineering and Technologies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-160958 (URN)10.1007/s10111-019-00579-y (DOI)000527657500013 ()2-s2.0-85068791806 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding agencies: Swedish Transport Administration; LFV Air Navigation Services of Sweden; NFFP (National Aviation Research Programme) - VINNOVA (Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems) [NFFP6-2013-01201]; Swedish Armed Forces; Swedish Defence Materiel Administ

Available from: 2019-10-16 Created: 2019-10-16 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved
2. Analysis of work patterns as a foundation for human-automation communication in multiple remote towers
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Analysis of work patterns as a foundation for human-automation communication in multiple remote towers
2017 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Implicit communication and higher levels of automation will be more important in the future multiple remote towers, in order to make the work of the Air Traffic Controller (ATCO) more efficient. However, the ATCO still needs to be in the control loop to make critical decisions. Human-automation collaboration requires teamwork, based on common ground and implicit communication. To design automation that supports teamwork and implicit communication, the automation must know how the ATCO is working. Sensors, like eye-tracking, and work patterns of the ATCO can give important information regarding the current situation in order for the automation to provide situation based support, through implicit communication to the ATCO. This paper addresses the current lack of teamwork and implicit communication between the ATCO and the automation in today’s air traffic control towers. Two case studies, using eye-tracking, were conducted. One study in a single tower simulator and one in a multiple remote tower simulator with three airports. The results show varying work patterns in three different stages of managing aircraft arrivals. This paper also discusses the potential for implicit communication and how work patterns are a foundation for designing air traffic control systems allowing teamwork.

National Category
Human Computer Interaction
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-164302 (URN)
Conference
Twelfth USA/Europe Air Traffic Management Research and Development Seminar
Available from: 2020-03-16 Created: 2020-03-16 Last updated: 2021-09-09

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