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Exploring the Biopsychosocial Model in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: with emphasis on stress, comorbidities and fatigue
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Primary Care Center, Primary Health Care Center Mantorp.
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common, chronic, relapsing, and sometimes disabling, symptombased disorder of gut brain interactions. It has got a female predominance and occurs in all ages, with a slight decrease among elderly. The IBS symptoms can affect everyday work and social life in addition to an increased use of health care resources. Most IBS patients are diagnosed and helped in primary health care (PHC). For many patients, available treatment is insufficient. It is known that both extraintestinal symptoms such as fatigue, as well as comorbidities such as mood disorders, chronic pain syndromes, and insomnia contribute to the illness burden, often to a larger extent than the gastrointestinal symptoms as such.

Even though the pathophysiology of IBS is not completely known, it is now conceptualized as a disorder of altered brain-gut interactions, where a biopsychosocial model helps in understanding the symptoms. Exposure to stress is thought to play an important role overall in the pathology of IBS, as well as immune activation at least in a subgroup of patients.

This thesis aimed to gain deeper understanding of the biopsychosocial mechanisms of IBS and its associations with stress, comorbidities, and fatigue.

Methods 

Study I and II are based on the Twin cities IBS study population, which included IBS patients and a control group of other patients without gastrointestinal complaints from ten PHC centres in the county of Östergötland. Alongside demographics, psychosocial questionnaires and a GI symptom diary, it included analyses of hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) evaluated in study I, and data on self-rated health as well as diagnoses of comorbidities, and number of health care contacts from a regional registry, evaluated for study II.

Study III of this thesis is based on the Brain-Gut study with a population of secondary care IBS patients, and healthy controls (HC). It included self-rated measures of fatigue impact on the daily life and early adverse life events, as well as measures of circulating TNF-α, and analyses of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging of brain areas within a mesocorticolimbic circuitry of known relevance for fatigue.

Results 

Study I: Perceived stress was higher in the IBS group while a considerable portion of IBS patients had low levels of HCC. No association between perceived stress and HCC was seen in either group.

Study II: IBS patients had lower self-rated health and more PHC utilization than the non-IBS patients. Good self-rated health was independently associated with younger age, higher sense of coherence and less gastrointestinal pain in both groups. In IBS, PHC utilization was associated with comorbidities in general, and sleep disorders in particular.

Study III: Fatigue impact on daily life, and TNF- α were higher in IBS patients than in HC. In IBS, further an association was seen between fatigue impact on the one hand, and TNF- α, emotional abuse in childhood, as well as altered mesocorticolimbic connectivity on the other.

Conclusion 

In conclusion this thesis firstly emphasizes that IBS patients in many ways, including health outcomes, consists a vulnerable group of PHC patients. We add evidence for a possible suppression of the stress response system in a substantial portion of IBS patients.

Further, comorbid sleep disorders seem to be particularly associated with excess PHC utilization in IBS and could possibly be a target for treatment interventions. Moreover, alongside treating gastrointestinal pain, efforts to improve the individuals’ sense of coherence could be one way to achieve better self-rated health in both IBS and non-IBS patients.

Finally, we suggest that fatigue in IBS is associated with immune activation, central alterations and to some extend also previous childhood trauma.

Abstract [sv]

IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome) är en vanlig, kronisk tarmsjukdom med återkommande symtom av buksmärta tillsammans med ändrade avföringsvanor. Den drabbar cirka 10% av befolkningen och är vanligast hos kvinnor samt något mindre vanlig hos äldre. För många innebär IBS ett stort lidande, försämrad livskvalitet och ökad sjukvårdskonsumtion. De flesta IBS-patienter tas om hand i primärvården. Nuvarande, tillgänglig behandling är ofta otillräcklig.

En del IBS-patienter har också andra symtom, så som muskelsmärta och uttalad trötthet, som inte går över vid vila, så kallad fatigue. Det är också vanligt förekommande med andra sjukdomstillstånd såsom depression och andra smärtsyndrom. Det är visat att den typen av symtom och samsjuklighet många gånger är värre för IBS-patienten än de faktiska magtarmsymptomen.

Numera tror man att symtomen vid IBS beror på störningar i det ömsesidiga samspelet mellan tarm och hjärna, men de bakomliggande mekanismerna är inte helt klarlagda. För att förstå IBS-patientens symtom är en så kallad biopsykosocial förklaringsmodell till stor hjälp, då symtomen inte bara beror av biologiska mekanismer, utan individens sociala miljö samt psykologiska reaktioner spelar också stor roll.

Stress är centralt för så väl utveckling av, som symtom vid IBS och även för förståelsen av den biopsykosociala förklaringsmodellen generellt. Tidigare forskning visar också att immunsystemet är påverkat hos åtminstone en andel av IBS-patienterna.

Syftet med den här avhandlingen var att nå en djupare förståelse av biopsykosociala mekanismer vid IBS med fokus på stress, samsjuklighet och fatigue.

 

Delstudie I och II jämförde IBS-patienter och en kontrollgrupp med andra primärvårdspatienter, utan magtarmsymtom på 10 vårdcentraler i Östergötland. Delstudie III undersökte IBS-patienter på magtarmkliniken i Linköping i jämförelse med friska kontroller.

I delstudie I undersökte vi kortisol i hår-nivåer, som ett mått på hur stresshormonnivåerna varit över tid. Trots att IBS-patienterna som grupp beskrev en större självupplevd stress än icke-IBS-patienterna hade en andel förhållandevis låga nivåer av kortisol i håret.

I delstudie II undersökte vi hur samsjuklighet i form av totalt antal registrerade diagnoser, samt vissa specifika diagnoser och psykologiska aspekter samt magtarmsymtom, påverkade självskattad hälsa och primärvårdskonsumtion hos IBS- och icke-IBS-patienterna. I båda grupperna var lägre ålder, större känsla av sammanhang, och lägre grad av buksmärta oberoende associerat med bättre självskattad hälsa. Hos IBS-patienterna fann vi närmast en femfaldigt ökad risk att ha många kontakter med primärvården vid samtidigt diagnostiserad sömnstörning. Den kopplingen sågs inte hos patienterna utan IBS. Däremot var det totala antalet diagnoser också en faktor av betydelse för vårdkonsumtionen i båda grupperna.

I delstudie III belyste vi fatigue och eventuella kopplingar till nivåer av en proinflammatorisk signalmolekyl (TNF-α) samt till självrapporterade missförhållanden under uppväxten hos IBS patienter och friska kontroller. Med funktionell magnetkameraundersökning av hjärnan undersökte vi också kopplingen mellan aktivitetsmönster i områden som är relaterade till emotionella, kognitiva och motivationsrelaterade aspekter av fatigue hos IBS patienter och friska kontroller. Vi fann att IBS-patienterna upplevde fyrfaldigt mer påverkan av fatigue på sina dagliga liv än kontrollerna. Den ökade trötthetsupplevelsen var också relaterad till högre nivåer av TNF-α i blodet hos IBS-patienterna, liksom i viss mån till missförhållanden under uppväxten. Slutligen såg vi att högre grad av upplevd fatigue hos IBS-patienterna ledde till minskad samtida aktivitet (konnektivitet) i de undersökta hjärnområdena som representerade de motivationsrelaterade och kognitiva aspekterna av trötthetsupplevelsen. Någon liknande koppling mellan TNF-α och förändringar i hjärnaktiviteten sågs ej.

Sammanfattningsvis pekar våra resultat gällande samsjuklighet, självskattad hälsa, psykosociala faktorer samt fatigue på att IBS-patienterna är en sårbar patientgrupp som bör uppmärksammas.

Våra resultat från delstudie I pekar vidare mot att stressaxeln kan vara uttröttad hos vissa IBS-patienter.

Enligt resultaten i delstudie II är känsla av sammanhang jämte buksmärta faktorer, som bör tas i beaktande för att om möjligt uppnå bättre självskattad hälsa både hos IBS- och andra primärvårdspatienter. Vidare synes IBS-patienternas förhållandevis stora vårdkonsumtion vara särskilt avhängig av samtidig sömnstörning, vilket också det torde vara av betydelse i klinisk praxis och av intresse för framtida forskning.

Delstudie III, visar ett samband mellan fatigue, som bisymtom vid IBS, och så väl barndomstrauman som möjlig immunaktivering. Vi fann även att IBS patienter som upplevde stor påverkan av fatigue på sina dagliga liv, också hade en minskad konnektivitet mellan hjärnstrukturer av betydelse för kognition och motivation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2020. , p. 97
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1736
National Category
General Practice Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-170320DOI: 10.3384/diss.diva-170320ISBN: 9789179298654 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-170320DiVA, id: diva2:1474750
Public defence
2020-11-09, Belladonna, Building 511, Campus US, Linköping, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2020-10-09 Created: 2020-10-09 Last updated: 2024-01-10Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Cortisol levels in hair are altered in irritable bowel syndrome - A case control study in primary care.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cortisol levels in hair are altered in irritable bowel syndrome - A case control study in primary care.
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2017 (English)In: Journal of Psychosomatic Research, ISSN 0022-3999, E-ISSN 1879-1360, Vol. 93, p. 69-75, article id S0022-3999(16)30613-4Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

OBJECTIVE: Stress is an important component in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Long term Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal (HPA)-axis activity can be studied by measuring hair cortisol concentrations (HCC). Some previous studies have indicated a dysregulated HPA-axis in IBS patients, but cortisol levels in hair have not yet been studied. We investigated whether HCC and self-reported stress differentiate IBS patients from controls.

METHODS: In a cross-sectional study within 10 Swedish Primary Health Care Centers we compared patients in working age with active IBS to patients without GI complaints. The participants donated hair samples and completed questionnaires including a scale of self-reported perceived stress (PSS). 169 Rome III-fulfilling IBS patients and 316 non-IBS patients were available for final analyses.

RESULTS: IBS patients had significantly lower HCC, median=16.3pg/mg, IQR=26.9pg/mg, compared to non-IBS patients, median=22.8pg/mg, IQR=29.1pg/mg. There was also a difference in the distribution of HCC quintiles between the two groups, with 30.2% IBS patients and 14.2% of non-IBS patients in the lowest quintile of HCC. PSS was higher among IBS patients with a mean (SD) total score of 25.3 (8.0) compared to controls 21.4, (7.5). Quintiles of HCC and PSS stayed significantly but very weakly related to IBS (B=-0.332, Std error=0.146, p<0.005) in multivariable analyses.

CONCLUSION: This study suggests a possible suppression of the HPA-axis activity in a considerable portion of IBS patients.

Keywords
Cortisol in hair, HPA-axis, Irritable bowel syndrome, Primary care, Stress
National Category
General Practice
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-134923 (URN)10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.12.009 (DOI)000393270900011 ()28107896 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding agencies: research council of Southeast Sweden (FORSS)

Available from: 2017-03-02 Created: 2017-03-02 Last updated: 2024-01-10
2. Primary healthcare utilisation and self-rated health among patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: What are the impacts of comorbidities, gastrointestinal symptom burden, sense of coherence and stress?
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Primary healthcare utilisation and self-rated health among patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: What are the impacts of comorbidities, gastrointestinal symptom burden, sense of coherence and stress?
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2019 (English)In: Journal of Psychosomatic Research, ISSN 0022-3999, E-ISSN 1879-1360, Vol. 119Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objectives: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a chronic gastrointestinal disease associated with impaired quality of life and an increased use of healthcare services. Self-ratings of health have proven a powerful predictor of health outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the unique impacts of comorbidities, gastrointestinal symptoms, perceived stress and sense of coherence on the number of healthcare contacts and self-rated health of IBS patients in Swedish primary care. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 186 primary-care IBS patients and 360 non-IBS patients (as a reference group) were administrated a test battery of validated questionnaires. Data on comorbidities and healthcare-seeking frequency were obtained from a registry. Results: In the reduced multivariable logistic regression model, average days of abdominal pain/week (OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.72-0.96), age (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.92-0.97) and sense of coherence (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.03-1.11) remained independent, statistically significant predictors of IBS (and non-IBS) patients reporting good health. Only the number of comorbidities in general (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.14-1.32) and sleep disorders in particular (OR = 5.40, 95% CI = 1.85-15.76) independently predicted high levels of primary healthcare utilisation among IBS patients. Conclusion: Lack of gastrointestinal symptoms, a high sense of coherence and younger age were associated with better self-rated health in both IBS and non-IBS patients. The number of comorbidities in general and sleep disorders in particular were associated with frequent PHC contacts in IBS patients. The association between frequent primary-care contacts and sleep disorders was not seen in the control group, indicating a unique association with IBS patients.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2019
National Category
Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-156566 (URN)10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.01.015 (DOI)000463691700001 ()30947811 (PubMedID)
Note

Funding Agencies|Research Council of Southeast Sweden (FORSS); European Society for Primary Care Gastroenterology (ESPCG)

Available from: 2019-05-15 Created: 2019-05-15 Last updated: 2024-01-10
3. Fatigue in irritable bowel syndrome is associated with plasma levels of TNF-α and mesocorticolimbic connectivity
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Fatigue in irritable bowel syndrome is associated with plasma levels of TNF-α and mesocorticolimbic connectivity
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2021 (English)In: Brain, behavior, and immunity, ISSN 0889-1591, E-ISSN 1090-2139, Vol. 92, p. 211-220Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a symptom-based disorder of gut-brain interactions generating abdominal pain. It is also associated with a vulnerability to develop extraintestinal symptoms, with fatigue often reported as one of the most disturbing. Fatigue is related to brain function and inflammation in several disorders, however, the mechanisms of such relations in IBS remain elusive. This study aimed to elucidate fatigue and its association with a resting state network of mesocorticolimbic regions of known importance in fatigue, and to explore the possible role of circulating TNF-α levels in IBS and healthy controls (HC). Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was conducted in 88 IBS patients and 47 HC of similar age and gender to investigate functional connectivity between mesocorticolimbic regions. Further, fatigue impact on daily life and plasma levels of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), of known relevance to immune activation in IBS, were also measured. The selected mesocorticolimbic regions indeed formed a functionally connected network in all participants. The nucleus accumbens (NAc), in particular, exhibited functional connectivity to all other regions of interest. In IBS, fatigue impact on daily life was negatively correlated with the connectivity between NAc and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex bilaterally (left p = 0.019; right p = 0.038, corrected for multiple comparisons), while in HC, fatigue impact on daily life was positively correlated to the connectivity between the right NAc and anterior middle insula in both hemispheres (left p = 0.009; right p = 0.011). We found significantly higher levels of TNF-α in IBS patients compared to HC (p = 0.001) as well as a positive correlation between TNF-α and fatigue impact on daily life in IBS patients (rho = 0.25, p = 0.02) but not in HC (rho = −0.13, p = 0.37). There was no association between functional connectivity in the mesocorticolimbic network and plasma levels of TNF-α in either group In summary, this novel multimodal study provides the first evidence that the vulnerability to fatigue in IBS is associated with connectivity within a mesocorticolimbic network as well as immune activation. These findings warrant further investigation, both peripherally and potentially with measurements of central immune activation as well.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 2021
Keywords
Irritable bowel syndrome, Vulnerability, Fatigue impact, TNF-α, Immune activation, Resting state fMRI, Mesocorticolimbic network, Gut-brain interactions, Inflammation
National Category
Neurology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-172690 (URN)10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.035 (DOI)000620650400007 ()33249172 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85097658352 (Scopus ID)
Funder
AFA Insurance, SW; AFA140417Östergötland County Council, SW; SLS-693541, SLS-503411Region Östergötland, SW; LIO-700871, LIO-606201, LIO-536281, LIO-514271German Research Foundation (DFG), AI; DFG IC 81/1-1
Note

Additional funding agencies: Lions forskningsfond mot folksjukdomar (AKN; LIU-2019-01190). 

Available from: 2021-01-19 Created: 2021-01-19 Last updated: 2024-01-10Bibliographically approved

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Norlin, Anna-Karin

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