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Heterogeneity among patients with subacromial pain – variabilities within clinical presentation and its impact on daily life
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8612-583X
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Orthopaedics in Linköping.
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Orthopaedics in Linköping. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology.
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2021 (English)In: Physiotherapy, ISSN 0031-9406, E-ISSN 1873-1465, Vol. 112, p. 113-120Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objective: The primary aim was to describe the variability within clinical presentation of patients with subacromial pain in primary care, secondly to investigate associations between clinical presentation and self-reported pain intensity, shoulder function, level of anxiety and depression, and health-related quality of life. Design and setting A cross-sectional study based on data from two clinical studies in primary care, one randomized controlled trial and one implementation study. Three components: active range of motion (AROM), rotator cuff function and scapular kinematics were analyzed to describe variability within clinical presentation and patient-reported measurements were used to investigate the impact on daily life. Participants Patients aged 30-67 years, describing pain for more than two weeks, and positive signs for a minimum of three out of the following five clinical tests: impingement sign according to Neer, impingement test according to Hawkins-Kennedy, Pattes maneuver, Jobe’s test, and painful arc. Results Among the 164 patients included, 24% displayed dysfunction in one, 50% two and 24% in all three components. Limited AROM was seen in 46%, rotator cuff dysfunction in 91% and scapular dyskinesia in 57% of the patients. Conclusions These results reveal a heterogeneity among primary care patients with subacromial pain confirming a large variability regarding the components AROM, rotator cuff function and scapular kinematics. All three components appear unique (not significantly correlated) where a rotator cuff dysfunction is very frequent while limited AROM and scapular dyskinesia are more inconsistent. There are significant, but rather weak, associations between clinical presentation and impact on daily life.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ELSEVIER SCI LTD , 2021. Vol. 112, p. 113-120
Keywords [en]
Shoulder Impingement Syndrome, Clinical Presentation, Range of Motion Articular, Rotator Cuff, Scapular Dyskinesia, Primary Health Care
National Category
Physiotherapy
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-172380DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2020.10.001ISI: 000687805600014PubMedID: 34058616OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-172380DiVA, id: diva2:1515141
Funder
Region ÖstergötlandLinköpings universitet
Note

Funding: Linkoping University, Sweden; County council of ostergotland

Available from: 2021-01-08 Created: 2021-01-08 Last updated: 2023-12-28Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Patients with subacromial pain in primary care: Assessment and efficacy of physiotherapy-guided exercise treatment
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Patients with subacromial pain in primary care: Assessment and efficacy of physiotherapy-guided exercise treatment
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: Shoulder pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder and 40-74% of the patients attending primary healthcare with a shoulder disorder are diagnosed with subacromial pain. Subacromial pain is characterized by restricted and painful movement of the arm that leads to difficulties in performing arm-related activities and often affects the quality of life profoundly, with respect to everyday function, work capacity, sleep quality and mental health. It is crucial that the measurements used to evaluate shoulder function and treatment response have acceptable psychometric properties and also that they are patients-specific and time-efficient to administer. For patients with subacromial pain, exercises are recommended as first-line treatment but consensus about which exercises and dosage to recommend has not been reached. The lack of evidence for one specific exercise model may be partly due to heterogeneity among this group of patients. 

The overall aim of this thesis were to evaluate the efficacy of a previously tested exercise strategy for patients with subacromial pain in a primary care setting, to describe the heterogeneity with possible subcategories among patients with subacromial pain, and finally to validate and adjust the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire for more diagnosis-specific clinical assessment. 

Methods: The four papers in this thesis are based on two clinical studies, one randomized controlled trial (RCT) and one clinical cohort. The participants in both studies were patients with subacromial pain attending physiotherapist (PT) in a primary care setting. Two of the papers are based on psychometric analyses, with evaluation of construct validity and responsiveness for the DASH when used to evaluate shoulder function in patients with subacromial pain, and also calculation of minimal important change (MIC) for a diagnosis-specific short version of DASH (DASH 7). A third paper describe clinical presentation in patients with subacromial pain, based on the components active range of motion (AROM), rotator cuff function and scapular kinematics and the fourth paper evaluated the efficacy of a 3-month specific exercise strategy in comparison to an active control strategy. 

Results: Seven items from the original DASH were identified as being the most important in evaluating patients with subacromial pain (resulting in the DASH 7 questionnaire). The DASH 7 shows good responsiveness, can discriminate between patients who perceive themselves as improved and those who do not, and maintain a high level of internal consistency for the assessment of shoulder function in patients with subacromial pain, using only a quarter of the items of the original DASH. Based on clinical presentation, patients with subacromial pain in the primary care setting comprise a heterogeneous group. Rotator cuff dysfunction, defined as pain during resisted isometric muscle-testing, is very frequently present while limitation in active range of motion and scapular dyskinesia are less common. After three months of exercise, both groups in the RCT had significantly improved with no between group difference as measured with the primary CM-score. However, as measured with the DASH and the DASH 7, the patients in the specific exercise group was significantly more improved compared to those in the active control group. 

Conclusions: The DASH 7 questionnaire is a short patient-reported outcome measurement (PROM) with good responsiveness, specific for patients with subacromial pain. Heterogeneity was confirmed with identified variability in AROM, rotator cuff function and scapular kinematics in clinical presentation which confirms that these components are important in the clinical examination of patients with subacromial pain. Shoulder function evaluated with the CM score did not improve to a significantly different degree between the two groups studied. The specific exercises might not be necessary for all patients in the primary care setting to achieve a clinically relevant improvement. However, the specific exercise strategy was significantly better when improvement was assessed by DASH and DASH 7, and this leads us to recommend this strategy, with its progressive loading of the rotator cuff muscles and scapula stabilizers, as first choice, provided that it is tolerated by the patient. 

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Axelsmärta är ett vanligt problem i befolkningen och bland de som söker hjälp för sin axelsmärta inom primärvården är subacromial smärta den vanligaste diagnosen. Subacromial smärta karaktäriseras av smärta vid armaktivitet, främst vid aktivitet i och över axelhöjd samt bakom ryggen. Det är vanligt att denna smärta ger störd sömn och svårighet att utföra fritidsaktiviteter och dagligt arbete vilket kan bidra till försämrad psykisk hälsa och livskvalitet. Det är viktigt att kunna mäta och utvärdera skulderfunktion samt effekt av behandling på ett tillförlitligt sätt och att de instrument som används känns relevanta för patienten samt är tids-effektiva att administrera. Träning är den behandling som i första hand rekommenderas för patienter med subacromial smärta men det saknas fortfarande tydliga riktlinjer gällande vilka övningar och vilken dosering som är den bästa. En diskuterad anledning till att det är svårt att påvisa sådana riktlinjer kan vara att patientgruppen är heterogen. 

Det övergripande syftet med den här avhandlingen var att utvärdera effekten av en specifik träningsstrategi för patienter med subacromial smärta i primärvård, att identifiera och beskriva variationen i klinisk presentation hos patienter med subacromial smärta samt att validera och justera självskattningsformuläret DASH för dignosspecifik bedömning. 

Metoder: De fyra delarbeten som ingår i den här avhandlingen baseras på två kliniska studier. Samtliga studiedeltagare var patienter med subacromial smärta som sökte vård hos fysioterapeut inom primärvården i Östergötland. I två delarbeten analyseras mätegenskaper för självskattningsformulär, gällande validitet och responsiveness (förmåga att mäta förändring över tid) hos DASH för patienter med subacromial smärta samt gällande kliniskt relevant förändring hos den diagnosspecifika kortversionen, DASH 7. Ett tredje delarbete beskriver klinisk presentation hos patienterna utifrån komponenterna aktiv rörlighet, muskelfunktion i rotatorkuff samt skulderbladets rörelsemönster och det fjärde delarbetet utvärderar effekten av en specifik träningsstrategi jämfört med en aktiv kontrollstrategi för patienter med subacromial smärta i primärvård. 

Resultat: Sju av de ursprungliga 30 frågorna i DASH identifierades som de viktigaste för att utvärdera skulderfunktion hos patienter med subacromial smärta (vilket resulterade i ett nytt självskattningsformulär, DASH 7). DASH 7 uppvisar god responsiveness och kan skilja mellan de patienter som upplever sig förbättrade och de som inte gör det, samt bibehåller hög intern konsistens för bedömning av skulderfunktion hos patienter med subacromial smärta, med endast en fjärdedel av frågorna från DASH. Baserat på klinisk presentation, konstateras att patienter med subacromial smärta i primärvård är en heterogen grupp. Störd funktion i rotatorcuffens muskulatur, definierat som smärta vid isometriska muskeltester, är vanligt förekommande medan inskränkt aktiv rörlighet och stört rörelsemönster i skulderbladet förekommer mer sällan. Efter tre månaders träning uppvisar patienterna i båda träningsgrupperna en signifikant förbättring i skulderfunktion. Gällande funktion mätt med utvärderingsinstrumentet CM ses ingen skillnad i effekt mellan träningsgrupperna. Däremot, när skulderfunktion utvärderas med DASH och DASH 7, ses att patienterna i den specifika träningsgruppen förbättrats signifikant mer jämfört med patienterna i den aktiva kontrollgruppen. 

Konklusioner: DASH 7 är ett kort självskattningsformulär med god förmåga att mäta förändring över tid, specifikt utformat för patienter med subacromial smärta. Heterogenitet konstateras baserat på variationen i klinisk presentation gällande de tre komponenterna: aktiv rörlighet, muskelfunktion i rotatorkuff samt skulderbladets rörelsemönster, vilket visar på att dessa komponenter är viktiga i bedömningen av patienter med subacromial smärta. Förändrad skulderfunktion, utvärderat med CM, visar ingen skillnad i effekt mellan de två träningsgrupperna som testats. Den specifika träningen verkar därmed inte behövas för alla patienter med subacromial smärta i primärvård för att uppnå en kliniskt relevant förbättring. Utvärdering av skulderfunktion med DASH och DASH 7 däremot visar att patienterna i den specifika träningsgruppen blivit signifikant bättre jämfört med de i den aktiva kontrollgruppen. Baserat på dessa resultat rekommenderar vi den specifika träningsstrategin som förstahandsval vid behandling av subacromial smärta, förutsatt att patienten tolererar den belastade träningen för rotatorkuff- och skulderbladsmuskulatur.  

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2021. p. 83
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1751
National Category
Physiotherapy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-172382 (URN)10.3384/diss.diva-172382 (DOI)9789179297992 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-02-05, Berzeliussalen, Building 463, Campus US, Linköping, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2021-01-08 Created: 2021-01-08 Last updated: 2023-12-28Bibliographically approved

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Nordqvist, JennyÖberg, BirgittaAdolfsson, LarsHolmgren, TheresaJohansson, Kajsa

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