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Determination of testosterone in serum and saliva by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: An accurate and sensitive method applied on clinical and forensic samples
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. National Board of Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, Linköping, Sweden.
Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology.
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Pharmacology.
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2021 (English)In: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, ISSN 0731-7085, E-ISSN 1873-264X, Vol. 195, article id 113823Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A highly sensitive and accurate electrospray liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (ESI-LC–MS/MS) method for determination of testosterone in human serum and saliva was developed and validated. Accurate quantification of testosterone in human matrices is essential in diagnosis and management of androgen status in men, women and children, and in forensic investigations of suspected abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids. Chromatography was performed on an HSS-T3 C18 column with a total run-time of 5.5 min. The tandem mass spectrometry was operated in positive electrospray ionization mode with multiple reaction monitoring. Serum and saliva samples of 200 μL, were prepared by solid-phase extraction using a 96-well plate following precipitation with 200 μL methanol. 13C labeled testosterone was used as internal standard for quantification. The standard curve was linear within the range of 4−1000 pg/mL and the limit of quantification of both serum and salivary testosterone was 4 pg/mL. Accuracy were 99–101 % and 93–95 % with between-run imprecision in serum and saliva, respectively, and inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation were less than 9.2 %. The method proved to be applicable for determination of testosterone over a wide range of concentrations in serum and saliva samples from clinical patients with various androgen disorders, healthy male and female adults as well as from forensic cases.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2021. Vol. 195, article id 113823
Keywords [en]
Testosterone, Serum, Saliva, LC–MS/MS
National Category
Analytical Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-173145DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113823ISI: 000610841900007Local ID: 113823OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-173145DiVA, id: diva2:1525694
Note

Funding:Strategic Area in Forensic Science; Forskningsradet i Sydostra Sverige (FORSS) [713391]

Available from: 2021-02-04 Created: 2021-02-04 Last updated: 2022-05-23Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Testosterone Use and Abuse: Methodological Aspects in Forensic Toxicology and Clinical Diagnostics
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Testosterone Use and Abuse: Methodological Aspects in Forensic Toxicology and Clinical Diagnostics
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is widespread in society and is today a major public health problem, associated with mental and somatic adverse effects and risk behavior, such as use of other illicit drugs and criminality. Testosterone, the most important endogenous male androgen, is therapeutically used in replacement therapy but is also extensively used as a doping agent. Traditionally, testosterone abuse is detected in urine in forensic cases and in serum in clinical diagnosis and monitoring, and free bioavailable serum testosterone is calculated by formulas. Salivary testosterone is however an attractive biomarker, as testosterone in saliva is supposed to reflect free testosterone in serum. 

The aim of this thesis was to investigate the abuse of AAS from a forensic perspective, particularly focusing on testosterone and methodological problems and potential alternative matrices for measurements of testosterone in forensic and clinical assessments. 

In the first study the toxicological findings in individuals suspected of doping offences, registered in the Swedish national forensic toxicology database were investigated (paper I). In paper II, testosterone levels in serum, saliva, and urine in clinical patients during replacement therapy with testosterone undecanoate (Nebido®) were studied. Further, the sensitivity of the current procedure for detection of testosterone abuse was investigated by method comparison using isotope ratio measurement (paper III) and a quantitative LC-MS/MS method for testosterone in serum and saliva was developed and presented (paper IV). 

It was found that testosterone was most frequently detected in the forensic cases and co-abuse of narcotics was common among AAS abusers. Methodological problems in detection of testosterone abuse using the present procedures was identified, indicating a need for new analytical strategies. A sensitive and highly specific LC-MS/MS method was developed for determination of testosterone in serum and saliva, which was shown suitable for analysis of forensic and clinical samples. Salivary testosterone was shown to correlate well with free serum testosterone in both male and female, and a sensitive marker in testosterone therapy, especially in females. In conclusion, it was found that saliva might have a potential as an alternative matrix for detection of illicit administration of testosterone and for diagnosis and monitoring of androgenic status. 

Abstract [sv]

Missbruket av anabola androgena steroider (AAS) är idag utbrett i samhället och är ett betydande folkhälsoproblem, associerat med fysisk och psykisk ohälsa och riskbeteende, såsom bruk av andra illegala droger och kriminalitet. Testosteron, det viktigaste manliga könshormonet används medicinskt vid klinisk substitutionsbehandling, men missbrukas även omfattande som dopningsmedel. Traditionellt detekteras missbruk av testosteron i urin i forensiska fall och i serum i klinisk diagnostik och monitorering och fritt biotillgängligt testosteron beräknas utifrån olika formler. Salivtestosteron är emellertid en attraktiv biomarkör, då testosteron i saliv anses spegla den fria fraktionen testosteron i serum. 

Denna avhandling syftade till att studera missbruket av anabola androgena steroider utifrån ett forensiskt perspektiv, speciellt med fokus på testosteron och metodologiska problem och möjligheten att använda alternativa biomarkörer för detektion och mätning av testosteron i forensiska och kliniska frågeställningar. 

I det första delarbetet studerades de toxikologiska fynden hos individer misstänkta för brott mot den svenska dopinglagen, registrerade i Sveriges nationella databas för forensisk toxikologi. I delarbete II studerades nivåerna av testosteron i serum, saliv och urin hos patienter vid substitutionsbehandling med testosteronundekanoat (Nebido®). Vidare studerades känsligheten för detektion av missbruk av testosteron med befintlig metod genom jämförelser med analyser med isotop ratio (delarbete III) och en kvantitativ LC-MS/MS metod för testosteron i serum och saliv utvecklades och presenterades (delarbete IV). 

Testosteron detekterades frekvent i de forensiska fallen, och ett blandmissbruk av AAS och narkotiska preparat var vanligt förekommande. Metodologiska problem identifierades med den nuvarande proceduren för detektion av testosteronmissbruk, vilket indikerar ett behov av nya analytiska strategier. En känslig och högst specifik LC-MS/MS metod för bestämning av testosteron i serum och saliv utvecklades, vilken visade sig lämplig för analys av forensiska och kliniska prover. Salivtestosteron korrelerade med fritt testosteron i serum hos både män och kvinnor, och visade sig vara en känslig markör vid testosteronbehandling, speciellt hos kvinnor. Slutsatsen är att saliv kan ha potential som en alternativ matris för detektion av missbruk av testosteron och för diagnosticering och monitorering av androgent status.  

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2021. p. 76
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1762
National Category
Forensic Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-173146 (URN)10.3384/diss.diva-173146 (DOI)9789179297510 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-03-05, Belladonna, Building 511, Campus US, Linköping, 09:00 (Swedish)
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Note

Funding agencies: The National Board of Forensic Medicine,Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital, Linköping, Medical ResearchCouncil of Southeast Sweden and Strategic Research Area in Forensic Science,Linköping University.

Available from: 2021-02-04 Created: 2021-02-04 Last updated: 2021-12-28Bibliographically approved

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Lood, YvonneAardal, ElisabethAhlner, JohanCarlsson, BjörnEkman, BertilWahlberg, JeanetteJosefsson, Martin

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Division of Clinical Chemistry and PharmacologyFaculty of Medicine and Health SciencesDepartment of Clinical ChemistryDepartment of Clinical PharmacologyDivision of Diagnostics and Specialist MedicineDepartment of EndocrinologyChemistryFaculty of Science & Engineering
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