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Landfill mining in Europe: Assessing the economic potential of value creation from generated combustibles and fines residue
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Environmental Technology and Management. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Univ Antwerp, Belgium.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6414-8096
Univ Kassel, Germany.
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Environmental Technology and Management. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Environmental Technology and Management. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
2021 (English)In: Waste Management, ISSN 0956-053X, E-ISSN 1879-2456, Vol. 126, p. 221-230Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Previous studies showed that resources recovery through landfill mining (LFM) is generally challenging from an economic perspective and that a large share of project costs is related to the external treatment and disposal of bulk process wastes such as combustibles and fines residue. Building on these analyses, this study aims to explore the potential for improving the economy of LFM in Europe by creating value from these bulk process wastes. Specifically, the combustibles are treated through internal incineration with subsequent energy recovery, while fines residue is utilized as construction aggregates. These explored possibilities are investigated considering other varying factors at the site, project, and system levels that cover possible LFM project settings in Europe. A set-based modelling approach is adapted generate multiple LFM scenarios (531,441) and investigate the underlying critical factors that drive the economy of LFM through global sensitivity analysis. Results show that an additional 16% of LFM sce-narios become net profitable, mainly driven by fines residue utilization. Avoided costs for re-landfilling are higher than the revenues from construction aggregates. By contrast, internal incineration is driven by the revenues from recovered energy rather than the avoided gate fee, which is substituted by the costs for building and operating own plants. Overall, the policy conditions remain critical to further improve the economy of LFM in Europe. Recommendations include an inclusive quality standard that relies on pollutant leachability rather than total concentration for higher-value application of fines residue and incentive rather than taxation for producing renewable energy from the combustibles. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD , 2021. Vol. 126, p. 221-230
Keywords [en]
Landfill management; Resources recovery; Scenario analysis; Economic analysis; Global sensitivity analysis
National Category
Other Environmental Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176869DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.03.013ISI: 000655586100022PubMedID: 33774582OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-176869DiVA, id: diva2:1571740
Note

Funding Agencies|European Cooperation for Science and Technology-Mining the European Anthroposphere (COST-Action MINEA, Action) [CA15115]; European Training Network for Resource Recovery Through Enhanced Landfill Mining (NEW-MINE) [721185]

Available from: 2021-06-23 Created: 2021-06-23 Last updated: 2024-07-31
In thesis
1. Developing strategies for improved economic performance and reduced climate impact of landfill mining in Europe
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Developing strategies for improved economic performance and reduced climate impact of landfill mining in Europe
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Landfill mining refers to the re-circulation of resources from the previously deposited wastes. It is an alternative approach for managing landfills that integrates resource recovery with site remediation. Several resources that can be recovered in landfills include scrap metals for recycling, combustibles for energy recovery, and inert materials for construction applications. In addition, land can be recovered for alternative uses, or landfill void space can be liberated for the deposition of future wastes. At present, landfill mining is still an emerging concept with few project implementations. Consequently, the assessments of its economic and climate implications are case study-specific, limiting the understanding of its potential in a wider geographical scope.  

This thesis aims to assess the economic performance and climate impact of landfill mining in Europe towards the development of sound strategies for implementation. Different project setups are assessed in relation to varying factors at the site level such as waste composition and landfill settings, and at the system level such as policy and market conditions and background material and energy. In doing so, a factor-based method is developed and applied to generate multiple scenarios (531, 441 scenarios per project setup) and determine the underlying important factors and their interrelations that drive the results. Such understanding is used to develop and discuss strategies for improvement by addressing relevant questions for specific stakeholders, including project investors (i.e., which landfill sites to prioritize?), landfill mining practitioners (i.e., how to set up such projects?), and policymakers (i.e., which policy instruments can effectively support such projects?).  

Results show that landfill mining is preferable in terms of climate than economy. In general, about 50% of the scenarios are climate beneficial, while only about 20% of the scenarios are profitable. Possible economic and climate improvements are shown by employing internal thermal treatment of combustibles and extending fines residue utilization as construction aggregates. However, these require overarching conditions such that the choice of project setup must be in line with the selection of landfills for mining. Preferable site and system-level conditions are identified in general but it is also discussed that the plausibility of finding such conditions may be difficult at present. This steers the development of more tailored strategies on what can be done now by the landfill practitioners in terms of setting up projects under current policy and market conditions in specific regions, or what can be done by the policymakers in terms of implementing various policy instruments that can drive such changes at the system level. In this regard, the future of landfill mining research can be guided towards addressing key challenges and potential solutions for improvement elicited through a generic and learning-oriented assessment. Furthermore, this thesis highlights the role of assessment as a tool for learning and guiding the development of emerging concepts such as landfill mining.  

Abstract [sv]

Landfill mining är en strategi som kombinerar sanering och resursutvinning av avfallsdeponier. Detta för att minimera de negativa miljö- och hälsoeffekter som dessa platser orsakar och samtidigt återvinna de värdefulla material och energiresurser som tidigare deponerats. Sådana projekt kan även genomföras för att frigöra mark för mer hållbara användningsområden eller för att skapa nytt utrymme för att deponera framtida avfallsflöden. Även om tidigare forskning har visat att landfill mining kan utgöra en viktig råmaterial- och miljöstrategi saknas fortfarande kunskap och erfarenhet om hur sådana projekt kan genomföras på ett lönsamt och miljömässigt motiverat sätt.  

Den här avhandlingens mål är att analysera den ekonomiska prestandan och miljöpåverkan av landfill mining i ett europeiskt perspektiv och hur utfallet av sådana projekt i sin tur beror på olika plats-, projekt- och systemvillkor. Baserat på dessa studier utvecklas sedan strategier för implementering genom att tillämpa kunskapen om hur valet av deponi och projektupplägg påverkar prestandan av sådana projekt under olika policy- och marknadsvillkor.  

Forskningen innefattar tillämpning av en miljösystemanalytisk metod som utvecklats speciellt för att analysera vilka plats-, projekt- och systemvillkor som tillsammans avgör den ekonomiska och miljömässiga prestandan av landfill mining i olika situationer och sammanhang. För att besvara målet med avhandlingen har ett stort antal scenarier analyserats, vilka täcker in den variation som kan förväntas vad gäller olika plats-, projekt- och systemvillkor för landfill mining i Europa.

Resultaten visar på en övergripande nivå att landfill mining presterar bättre med avseende på miljöprestanda än lönsamhet. Ca 50% av de analyserade scenarierna genererar klimatvinster medan endast 20% är fördelaktiga ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv. Det finns emellertid en stor potential att förbättra både den ekonomiska och miljömässiga prestandan genom att mer noggrant välja och koordinera valet av deponi och projektupplägg. En central slutsats från dessa analyser är att de omkringliggande, och till stor del regionalt betingade, systemvillkoren har en stor inverkan på utfallet av sådana projekt. I många fall inverkar dessa rådande policy och marknadsvillkor och bakgrundsystem för material och energiproduktion också negativt på den miljömässiga och ekonomiska prestandan. För att skapa bättre förutsättningar för landfill mining är det därför ofta nödvändigt att förändra och anpassa dessa systemvillkor. I avhandlingen analyseras potentialen av flera potentiella styrmedel för att stimulera och förbättra de ekonomiska villkoren för projekt som genererar tydliga klimatvinster. Sammantaget visar denna avhandling på hur miljösystemanalys av nya koncept som landfill mining kan användas som ett lärandeverktyg för att vägleda fortsatt kunskaps- och teknikutveckling inom området och ta fram strategier för implementering.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2021. p. 99
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2180
Keywords
waste management, landfill management, resource recovery, sustainability assessment, emerging concept
National Category
Environmental Management
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-180986 (URN)10.3384/9789179290559 (DOI)9789179290566 (ISBN)9789179290559 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-12-08, C3, C-building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

ISBN (PDF) was missing in the printed version and has been added in the digital version.

Funding agencies: This study has received funding from the European TrainingNetwork for Resource Recovery through Enhanced Landfill Mining(NEW-MINE, Grant Agreement No 721185) under the EuropeanUnion's EU Framework Programme for Research and InnovationHorizon 2020.

Available from: 2021-11-12 Created: 2021-11-12 Last updated: 2024-07-31Bibliographically approved

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