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Studies on the Performance Bounds and Design of Current-Steering DACs
Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Integrated Circuits and Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Digital-to-analog converters (DACs) are key building blocks in various applications including radar and wireless communications. With the exponential growth of data throughput in modern communication standards, e.g., fifthgeneration (5G), DACs has been pushed to achieve direct frequency synthesis in the GHz-range with channel bandwidths preferably beyond 1 GHz. Yet, higher frequency synthesis results in augmented power consumption, which can significantly impact the wireless network if multiple DACs are utilized, e.g., in massive multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems with digital beamforming as well as in end-user’s handheld devices subject to a less prolonged battery life. Moreover, advances in digital signal processing and integrated-circuit fabrication, leading to reduced power consumption and cost as well as more flexibility in software-defined radio transmitters have motivated the displacement of analog/RF circuits to the digital domain. At the same time, driving the DACs to cover the millimeter- Wave (mm-Wave) spectrum, ranging between 30-300 GHz. In this work, high-speed DACs operating in the GHz-range with maintained low power consumption is addressed. The Nyquist-rate DAC is chosen due to its simple conversion approach to facilitate the generation of channel bandwidths in the GHz-range.

A 10-bit current-steering (CS) Nyquist DAC realized in 65-nm CMOS is presented. The design is intended for low-complexity and power consumption while targeting high-speed operation with over 1 GHz channel bandwidth and maintained linearity. The binary-weighted architecture is considered to achieve straightforward digital-to-analog conversion. Next, a theoretical analysis to obtain the energy consumption bounds in CS DACs is presented. The analysis considers the digital, mixed-signal and analog power domains as well as the design corners of noise, speed and linearity. This is validated from reported measurement results in published CS DACs implemented in CMOS technology. Furthermore, design considerations with enhancement techniques are addressed. A digital switching scheme to avoid complementary switching transitions and counteract for timing errors is presented. The proposed scheme improves also the yield in linearity due to stochastic amplitude errors with reduced switching activity. Then, a comparative analysis of latch-drivers commonly implemented in CS DACs is realized. The comparison includes single- and dual-clocked latch-drivers and an alternative solution is proposed to reduce the switching-delay and power consumption.

Abstract [sv]

Digital-till-analogomvandlare (D/A) är viktiga byggstenar i tillämpningar som radar och trådlös kommunikation. Exponentiellt ökande datahastigheter i nya kommunikationsstandarder, som femte generationens mobildatasystem (5G), ställer krav på att kunna skapa direkt frekvenssyntes i GHzområdet med kanalbandbredder företrädesvis över 1 GHz. Användandet av bredbandig frekvenssyntes resulterar i ökad strömförbrukning, vilket avsevärt kan påverka den totala effekförbrukningen i så kallade massiva antennsystem med flera in- och utgångar (MIMO), såväl i basstationen som i den handhållna enheten. Samtidigt leder framstegen inom digital signalbehandling och kretstillverkning till lägre strömförbrukning, minskade kostnader och mer flexibilitet i fråga om mjukvarudefinierade sändtagare vilket motiverar konstruktion av analog/RF-kretsar närmre den digitala domänen. I detta arbete behandlas höghastighetsdataomvandlare som arbetar i GHzområdet med bibehållen låg strömförbrukning. Nyquist-rate D/A väljs på grund av dess enkla omvandlingsmetod vilket underlättar och möjliggör kanalbandbredder i GHz-området.

En tiobitars strömstyrd Nyquist-rate D/A realiserad i 65-nm CMOS presenteras. En binärviktad arkitektur föredras på grund av dess enkla konverteringsmetod. Konstruktion är avsedd för låg komplexitet och strömförbrukning samtidigt som den arbetar i höga frekvenser med över 1 GHz kanalbandbredd och bibehållen linjäritet. Därefter utförs en teoretisk analys för att fastställa de energigränser som definierar möjliga uppnåeliga prestanda. Fundamentala begräsningar vad gäller brus, hastighet och linjäritet tas med i beräkningarna. Både blandade digitala/analoga såväl som de analoga effektdomänerna tas i beaktning. Analysen och dess resultat valideras med hjälp av rapporterade mätresultat från publicerade implementationer i CMOS teknik. Vidare behandlas andra övervägande vad gäller konstruktion och möjliga tekniker för att förbättra prestanda. Varianter av kretsar i gränssnittet mellan analog och digitalt presenteras. Bland annat föreslås lösningar som minimerar komplementära omslag och därmed minimerar onoggrannhet i tidsomslag. Kretsen, tillsammans de analoga delarna, undersöks och det påvisas att olinjära amplitudfel pga av slumpmässiga tillverkningsfel kan undertryckas. Slutligen genomförs en jämförande analys av vippor och drivkretsar av de typer som vanligtvis används i strömstyrda dataomvandlare. Jämförelsen inkluderar enkel- och dubbelklockade vippor och en alternativ lösning som minskar omslagsfördröjning och strömförbrukning föreslås.  

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2022. , p. 101
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2238
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-188672ISBN: 978-91-7929-373-4 (print)ISBN: 978-91-7929-374-1 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-188672DiVA, id: diva2:1697422
Public defence
2022-10-12, Planck, F-building, Campus Valla, Linköping, 10:00
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

The doctoral studies presented in this thesis is a collaboration between LiU and Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore. The thesis is therefore also published at https://doi.org/10.32657/10356/162533 or https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/handle/10356/162533

Available from: 2022-09-20 Created: 2022-09-20 Last updated: 2022-11-07Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. A 10-bit 3.75-GS/s Binary-Weighted DAC with 58.6-pJ Energy Consumption in 65-nm CMOS
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A 10-bit 3.75-GS/s Binary-Weighted DAC with 58.6-pJ Energy Consumption in 65-nm CMOS
2020 (English)In: 2020 IEEE NORDIC CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS CONFERENCE (NORCAS), IEEE, 2020Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Exploring the simplicity and scalability of binary-weighted architectures, this paper presents a 10-bit high-speed current-steering digital-to-analog converter (DAC) designed in 65-mn CMOS technology. Post-layout simulations show that the DAC achieves 3.75-GHz sampling frequency while consuming 220 mW for 58.6-pJ energy consumption per sample.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2020
Keywords
5G; Current-Steering; Digital-to-Analog Converter; High Speed; CMOS; Radio Frequency; Low power
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-181638 (URN)10.1109/NorCAS51424.2020.9265003 (DOI)000722249100013 ()9781728192260 (ISBN)
Conference
IEEE Nordic Circuits and Systems Conference (NORCAS), ELECTR NETWORK, oct 27-28, 2020
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedens innovation agency (VINNOVA)Vinnova [2017-04891]; Swedish government (ELLIIT)

Available from: 2021-12-06 Created: 2021-12-06 Last updated: 2022-09-20
2. Analysis of energy consumption bounds in CMOS current-steering digital-to-analog cosnverters
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Analysis of energy consumption bounds in CMOS current-steering digital-to-analog cosnverters
Show others...
2022 (English)In: Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, ISSN 0925-1030, E-ISSN 1573-1979, Vol. 111, p. 339-351Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this paper, an attempt to estimate energy consumption bounds versus signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) in CMOS current-steering digital-to-analog converters is presented. A theoretical analysis is derived, including the design corners for noise, speed and linearity for the mixed-signal domain. The study is validated by comparing the theoretical results with published measured data. As result it serves as a design reference to aim for minimum energy consumption. It is found that for an equivalent number of bits (ENOBs), the noise-bound grows at a rate of 2(2ENOB), whereas the speed-bound increases by 2(ENOB-2) and is dependent on device dimensions. Therefore, as the technology scales down, the noise bound will dominate, which is observed for an estimated SNR of about 40 dB in 65 nm CMOS process. The linearity bound is derived from an analysis based on the assumption of limited output impedance, where it is found to be dependent on the device dimensions and increase at a rate of 2(ENOB-1). The observations show that it is possible to achieve less energy consumption in all the design corners for different SNR and SFDR specifications within the Nyquist frequency, f(s)/2.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2022
Keywords
Digital-to-analog converter; CMOS; Current-steering; High-speed; Energy; Power consumption bounds
National Category
Signal Processing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-184533 (URN)10.1007/s10470-022-02013-2 (DOI)000778220000001 ()
Note

Funding Agencies|Linko ping University

Available from: 2022-04-29 Created: 2022-04-29 Last updated: 2023-03-14Bibliographically approved
3. A digital switching scheme to reduce DAC glitches using code-dependent randomization
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A digital switching scheme to reduce DAC glitches using code-dependent randomization
2021 (English)In: 2021 IEEE Nordic Circuits and Systems Conference (NorCAS), IEEE, 2021, p. 1-5Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

A digital switching scheme to reduce glitches and induce code-dependent randomization in digital-to-analog converters (DACs) is presented. The switching scheme is capable of generating a thermometer-like decoded bit sequence from a butterfly network. Due to the reduced switching activity, it mitigates the impact of timing issues, making it suitable for highspeed operation. From behavioral model simulations with a 10-bit current-steering DAC, a linearity improvement in spurious-free dynamic range of about 4 dBc is obtained for 10% amplitude mismatch in the current sources, demonstrating the improvement in linearity without the use of pseudo-random control signals.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2021
Keywords
Digital-to-Analog Converter, Randomization, Butterfly Network
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-188674 (URN)10.1109/NorCAS53631.2021.9599651 (DOI)978-1-6654-0712-0 (ISBN)
Conference
2021 IEEE Nordic Circuits and Systems Conference (NorCAS), Oslo, Norway, 26-27 October 2021
Available from: 2022-09-20 Created: 2022-09-20 Last updated: 2022-11-18Bibliographically approved
4. Comparative Analysis of CMOS Latch-Driver Circuits for Current-Steering Digital-to-Analog Converters
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Comparative Analysis of CMOS Latch-Driver Circuits for Current-Steering Digital-to-Analog Converters
2022 (English)In: 2022 29th International Conference on Mixed Design of Integrated Circuits and System (MIXDES), IEEE, 2022, p. 93-98Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In this paper a comparative analysis of single- and dual-phase-clocked latch-driver circuits aimed at current-steering (CS) digital-to-analog converters (DACs) is presented. The design metrics of power consumption, propagation and switching delay as well as their product are considered. Moreover, an alternative latch-driver is proposed to sustain low-power consumption with short switching-delay. A 65 nm CMOS process is used and the results are obtained from post-layout simulations. In the analysis, dual-phase-clocked circuits consume about 2.4 x more power consumption and report 5.9 x shorter switching-delay with respect to the single-phase-clocked circuits. The proposed latch-driver consumes about 1.6 x more power with maintained switching-delay as the dual-phase-clocked solutions that leads to a reduction in the power-delay product of 25% and the lowest power-switching-delay product in the supply range 0.8-1.2 V.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2022
Keywords
Current-steering DAC, high-speed, power consumption, latch-driver circuits, CMOS
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-188677 (URN)10.23919/MIXDES55591.2022.9837990 (DOI)000853346000016 ()9788363578220 (ISBN)
Conference
29th International Conference on Mixed Design of Integrated Circuits and System (MIXDES), Wroclaw, POLAND, jun 23-24, 2022
Note

Funding: Swedish innovation agency (VINNOVA) [2017-04891]; Swedish government (ELLIIT); Swedish foundation for international cooperation in research and higher education (STINT)

Available from: 2022-09-20 Created: 2022-09-20 Last updated: 2022-11-18

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Morales Chacón, Oscar

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