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Are illness perceptions and patient self-care enablement mediators of treatment effect in best practice physiotherapy low back pain care? Secondary mediation analyses in the BetterBack trial
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Activity and Health.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0141-5553
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8612-583X
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3707-5869
Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Activity and Health.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5673-9133
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2024 (English)In: Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, ISSN 0959-3985, E-ISSN 1532-5040, Vol. 40, no 8, p. 1753-1766Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Introduction: A best practice physiotherapy model of care (BetterBack MoC) for low back pain (LBP) aimed to improve patients illness perceptions and self-care enablement, according to the Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation (CSM). Objective: To confirm if illness perceptions and patient self-care enablement, in line with the CSM, are mediators of treatment effects on disability and pain of the BetterBack MoC for patients with LBP compared to routine primary care. A secondary aim was to explore if illness perceptions and patient self-care enablement are mediators of guideline adherent care. Methods: Pre-planned single mediation analyses tested whether hypothesized mediators at 3 months mediated the treatment effect of the MoC (n = 264) compared to routine care (n = 203) on disability and pain at 6 months. Secondary mediation analyses compared guideline adherent care with non-adherent care. Results: No indirect effects were identified. The BetterBack intervention did not have superior effects over routine care on the hypothesized mediators. Illness perceptions and self-care enablement were significantly associated with disability and pain at 6 months. Secondary analyses showed significant indirect effects of guideline adherent care through tested mediators. Conclusion: Despite no indirect effects, patients illness perceptions and self-care enablement were associated with disability and back pain intensity outcomes and are potentially relevant treatment targets.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC , 2024. Vol. 40, no 8, p. 1753-1766
Keywords [en]
Physiotherapy; illness perception; self-management; mediation analysis; low back pain
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-195781DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2023.2210676ISI: 000992675300001PubMedID: 37204261OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-195781DiVA, id: diva2:1775727
Note

Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council [2017?x?01444]; Research Council in Southeast Sweden [FORSSx?660371, FORSS?x?757721, FORSS?x?931966]; Region of Ostergotland [RO-938179, RO-921021]

Available from: 2023-06-27 Created: 2023-06-27 Last updated: 2024-08-16
In thesis
1. Best Practice Physiotherapy for Patients with Low Back Pain in Primary Care: Clinical Outcomes and Explanatory Factors
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Best Practice Physiotherapy for Patients with Low Back Pain in Primary Care: Clinical Outcomes and Explanatory Factors
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: Clinical practice guidelines provide general recommendations informing best practice physiotherapy for low back pain (LBP). Despite increased research on LBP, the recommendations have barely changed over the last few decades and the burden of LBP remains. New research strategies have been suggested to further understand the complexity of factors influencing recovery of LBP. Several mechanisms are expected to underpin the benefits of physiotherapy care. How different factors influence and explain treatment outcome in patients in different phases of primary care pathway needs to be better understood for the development of better targeted LBP interventions.

The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate if and how best practice physiotherapy primary care for patients with LBP can improve clinical outcome.

Methods: The four papers in the thesis are based on two randomised controlled trials (RCT) evaluating best practice physiotherapy for patients with LBP in different phases of the primary care pathway reflecting the variation of patients’ needs. Two papers investigated pre-surgery physiotherapy compared to being on a waiting-list in patients with degenerative lumbar spine disorders who are surgical candidates (n = 197). Effects on walking ability and quadriceps femoris strength were evaluated. Associations between the pre-surgery physical factors with 1-year post-surgery physical activity (PA) level were analysed using multiple linear regression. The dose-response relationship was investigated comparing the effects of attending ≤11 treatment sessions with ≥12 treatment sessions. Multiple mediation analyses and conditional process analyses were used to explore physical and psychosocial factors as mediators and patients’ treatment expectations as a moderator of the treatment’s effects on disability, back pain intensity, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and self-rated health.

Two papers were based on a stepped cluster RCT, where a physiotherapy primary healthcare model for LBP (the BetterBack MoC) was regionally implemented. Patients seeking care for LBP were allocated to either the BetterBack MoC (after implementation) or to routine care (before implementation) (n = 467). In a prospective cohort study within the RCT, the associations between patients’ initial illness perceptions and outcomes in disability, back pain intensity, HRQoL, and self-care enablement (i.e., perceived ability to understand and cope with LBP) after 3 and 12 months were explored using stepwise linear regression. Single mediation analyses were used to test whether a priori hypothesised patients’ illness perceptions and self-care enablement at 3 months mediated effects in disability and pain at 6 months of care according to the BetterBack MoC compared to routine care. Exploratory mediation analyses were also used to compare guideline-adherent care with non-adherent care. Guideline-adherent care was defined as care that included education and exercise interventions and did not include non-evidence-based interventions, referral to specialist care, or imaging.

Results: Small positive effects from pre-surgery physiotherapy were seen in walking ability and quadriceps femoris strength. No clear dose-response relationship could be demonstrated when comparing the effects of ≤11 treatment sessions with ≥12. Pre-surgery physical outcome measures together explained 27.5% of the variation in PA level 1-year post-surgery, mainly explained by the pre-surgery PA level. The effect of the pre-surgery physiotherapy on patients’ PA level partly explained the treatment’s effect on self-rated health. Furthermore, among biopsychosocial factors, self-efficacy related to activities of daily living (ADL) partly explained the effect on all outcomes. PA related fear avoidance beliefs partly explained the effects on pain and self-rated health. Patients’ treatment expectations moderated the effect in all outcomes. High expectations had a positive moderating effect, while expectation of full recovery had a suppressive effect. In patients seeking physiotherapy for LBP, negative initial prognosis and treatment expectations were associated with worse scores in several outcomes at 3- and 12-month follow-ups. Patients’ illness perceptions and self-care enablement did not explain the effects of care after implementing the BetterBack MoC. This was mainly due to the BetterBack MoC not having superior effects over routine care on the hypothesised mediators. Illness perceptions and self-care enablement at 3 months were associated with disability and pain at 6 months. Further, these factors partly explained the effects of guideline-adherent care in disability and pain.

Conclusions: Patients’ illness perceptions, self-care enablement, ADL self-efficacy, and PA related fear-avoidance beliefs were supported to be potential factors explaining the effect on clinical outcomes of best practice physiotherapy for LBP in primary care. Patients’ initial expectations regarding the prognosis and treatment may influence prospective outcomes including patients’ self-care enablement. More specifically, pain and disability outcomes of best practice physiotherapy for patients seeking care for LBP may improve by targeting patients’ illness perceptions and self-care enablement. Patients who are surgical candidates can increase their physical capacity and walking related performance through best practice physiotherapy. In this pre-surgery phase, the treatment should include targeting patients’ ADL self-efficacy, PA related fear-avoidance beliefs, and PA level for improved disability, pain, and HRQoL.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Evidensbaserade kliniska riktlinjer ger generella rekommendationer för fysioterapi enligt bästa praxis vid ländryggsbesvär (LB). Trots ökad forskning på LB har rekommendationerna i stort varit oförändrade de senaste årtiondena och bördan av LB kvarstår. Nya forskningsstrategier har föreslagits för att förstå komplexiteten av faktorer som påverkar återhämtning av LB. Flera faktorer förväntas kunna förklara effekterna av fysioterapi. Mer kunskap behövs om vilka faktorer som påverkar och förklarar effekter av fysioterapi hos patienter med LB i olika faser av primärvårdsförloppet för att kunna utveckla bättre riktade behandlingar.

Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling var att undersöka om och hur fysioterapi enligt bästa praxis för patienter med LB i primärvård kan förbättra kliniska utfall.

Metoder: Avhandlingen är baserad på två randomiserade kontrollerade studier som utvärderar fysioterapi enligt bästa praxis för patienter med LB i olika faser av primärvårdsförloppet och med olika vårdbehov. I två delarbeten undersöktes preoperativ fysioterapi jämfört med att vara på väntelista inför ryggkirurgi hos patienter med degenerativ ländryggsåkomma (n = 197). Effekter på gångförmåga och styrka i quadriceps femoris utvärderades. Associationer mellan de preoperativa fysiska faktorerna och fysisk aktivitetsnivå ett år efter operation analyserades med multipel linjär regression. Dos-responsförhållande undersöktes genom att jämföra effekter av ≤11 med ≥12 behandlingstillfällen. Explorativa mediatoranalyser och modererade mediatoranalyser användes för att undersöka fysiska och psykosociala faktorer som medierande faktorer, och patienternas förväntan på behandlingen som modererande faktor, av behandlingens effekt på funktion, smärtintensitet, hälsorelaterad livskvalitet och självskattad hälsa.

Två delarbeten baserades på en stegvis klusterrandomiserad kontrollerad studie där ett fysioterapeutiskt vårdprogram för LB (BättreRygg) implementerades regionalt. Patienter som sökte vård för LB allokerades till sedvanlig fysioterapeutisk vård (före implementeringen) eller till BättreRygg (efter implementeringen) (n = 467). I en prospektiv kohortstudie, inom den randomiserade kontrollerade studien, undersöktes associationer mellan patienternas initiala sjukdomsuppfattningar och funktion, smärtintensitet, hälsorelaterad livskvalitet och egenvårdsförmåga efter 3 och 12 månader med stegvis multipel regression. Mediatoranalyser användes för att bekräfta om patienternas sjukdomsuppfattningar och egenvårdsförmåga vid 3 månader medierade effekten i funktion och smärta vid 6 månader av vård enligt BättreRygg jämfört med sedvanlig vård. Explorativa mediatoranalyser jämförde dessutom riktlinjebaserad vård med vård som inte följde riktlinjer. Riktlinjebaserad vård definierades som vård som innehöll utbildnings- och träningsinterventioner och inte innefattade icke-evidensbaserade interventioner, remittering till specialistvård eller röntgen.

Resultat: Preoperativ fysioterapi visade små positiva effekter på gångförmåga och quadriceps femorisstyrka. Inget tydligt dos-responsförhållande kunde påvisas vid jämförelse mellan ≤11 och ≥12 behandlingstillfällen. Preoperativa fysiska faktorer förklarade tillsammans 27.5% av variationen i fysisk aktivitetsnivå ett år efter operation, där preoperativ fysisk aktivitetsnivå var den främsta förklarande faktorn. Den preoperativa fysioterapins effekt på patienternas fysiska aktivitetsnivå förklarade delvis behandlingens effekt på självskattad hälsa. Bland fysiska och psykosociala faktorer, sågs även patientens tilltro till sin förmåga att utföra dagliga aktiviteter (ADL self-efficacy) delvis förklara effekten i samtliga utfallsmått. Rädsla-undvikande-inställning till fysisk aktivitet sågs delvis förklara effekten i smärta och självskattad hälsa. Patienternas förväntan på behandlingen modererade behandlingens effekt på samtliga utfallsmått. Hög förväntan på behandlingen hade en positiv ökande effekt, medan förväntan om att bli helt återställd hade en supprimerande effekt. Hos patienter som sökte fysioterapeut för LB, var negativ förväntan på prognos och behandling associerat med sämre skattningar i flera utfallsmått vid 3- och 12-månaders uppföljning. Patienternas sjukdomsuppfattningar och egenvårdsförmåga förklarade inte effekter av behandling efter implementeringen av BättreRygg. Detta berodde främst på att BättreRygg inte hade större effekt på de hypotiserade mediatorerna jämfört med sedvanlig vård. Patienternas sjukdomsuppfattningar och egenvårdsförmåga vid 3 månader var associerade med funktion och smärta vid 6 månader. Vidare förklarade faktorerna delvis effekter av riktlinjebaserad vård på funktion och smärta.

Konklusioner: Patienters sjukdomsuppfattningar, egenvårdsförmåga, ADL self-efficacy samt rädsla-undvikande-inställning till fysisk aktivitet var potentiella faktorer som förklarade effekter i kliniska utfall av fysioterapi enligt bästa praxis för LB i primärvård. Patienternas initiala förväntningar på prognos och behandling kan påverka prospektiva utfall, inklusive patienternas egenvårdsförmåga. Mer specifikt, att rikta fysioterapi enligt bästa praxis mot patienternas sjukdomsuppfattningar och egenvårdsförmåga kan förbättra smärta och funktion hos patienter som söker primärvård för LB. Patienter som är aktuella för ryggkirurgi kan öka sin fysiska kapacitet och gångrelaterad funktion av fysioterapi enligt bästa praxis. Behandling i den preoperativa fasen bör inkludera inriktning mot patientens ADL self-efficacy, rädsla-undvikande-inställning till fysisk aktivitet, och fysisk aktivitetsnivå i syfte att förbättra funktion, smärta, och hälsorelaterad livskvalitet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. p. 128
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1857
National Category
Physiotherapy
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-196987 (URN)10.3384/9789180752077 (DOI)9789180752060 (ISBN)9789180752077 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-09-29, Berzeliussalen, Building 463, Campus US, Linköping, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Funding agencies: The Swedish Research Council, the Research Council in Southeast Sweden, and the Region of Östergötland

Available from: 2023-08-16 Created: 2023-08-16 Last updated: 2023-08-16Bibliographically approved

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