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Toward Stable p-Type Thiophene-Based Organic Electrochemical Transistors
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. (Wallenberg Wood Science Center)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7386-9423
Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
Tampere Univ, Finland.
Northwestern Univ, IL 60208 USA.
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2023 (English)In: Advanced Functional Materials, ISSN 1616-301X, E-ISSN 1616-3028, Vol. 33, no 40, article id 2302249Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Operational stability is essential for the success of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) in bioelectronics. The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a common electrochemical side reaction that can compromise the stability of OECTs, but the relationship between ORR and materials degradation is poorly understood. In this study, the impact of ORR on the stability and degradation mechanisms of thiophene-based OECTs is investigated. The findings show that an increase in pH during ORR leads to the degradation of the polymer backbone. By using a protective polymer glue layer between the semiconductor channel and the aqueous electrolyte, ORR is effectively suppressed and the stability of the OECTs is significantly improved, resulting in current retention of nearly 90% for & AP;2 h cycling in the saturation regime.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH , 2023. Vol. 33, no 40, article id 2302249
Keywords [en]
degradation; organic electrochemical transistors; p-type OECTs; stability
National Category
Polymer Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-196825DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202302249ISI: 001016854500001OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-196825DiVA, id: diva2:1791052
Note

Funding Agencies|Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (WWSC2.0); Swedish Research Council [2020-03243]; Olle Engkvists Stiftelse [204-0256]; European Commission through the FET-OPEN project MITICS [GA-964677]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoeping University (Faculty Grant SFO-Mat-LiU) [2009-00971]; Academy of Finland (Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials LIBER) [340103, 346107]; Flagship Programme on Photonics Research and Innovation PREIN [320165]; European Union [101022777]; US National Science Foundation [NSF DMR-1751308]

Available from: 2023-08-24 Created: 2023-08-24 Last updated: 2024-01-11
In thesis
1. Organic Electrochemical Transistors: Materials and Challenges
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Organic Electrochemical Transistors: Materials and Challenges
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The use of organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) has demonstrated the potential to transform the field of bioelectronics, spanning from medical diagnostics to neuromorphic computing hardware. To keep up with the fast-paced demands, it is crucial to develop customizable device fabrication, design new materials, improve operation stability, and explore the ion-electron interactions within OMIECs. This thesis explores the application of OMIECs in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), a crucial component of a range of organic bioelectronic devices.   

To meet applications requiring rapid design iterations and leveraging digitally enabled direct-write techniques, we developed a novel approach for fabricating fully 3D-printed OECTs using a direct-write additive process. This method involves utilizing 3D printable inks with conductive, semiconductive, insulating, and electrolyte properties. The resulting fully 3D-printed OECTs operate in the depletion mode and can be produced on flexible substrates, ensuring excellent mechanical durability and resilience in various environmental conditions. These 3D-printed OECTs exhibit impressive dopamine biosensing capabilities, detecting concentrations as low as 6 µM without the need for metal gate electrodes. Furthermore, they demonstrate long-term memory response lasting up to approximately 1 hour, highlighting their potential for diverse applications such as sensors and neuromorphic hardware.   

We have addressed the issue of sluggish response times in printed OECTs by utilizing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and the π-conjugated redox polymer called poly(benzimidazobenzo-phenanthroline) (BBL) to create high-performing n-type OECTs. By incorporating MWCNTs, we were able to improve the electron mobility of the transistors by more than 10 times, resulting in a rapid response time of just 15 ms and a high μC* value (which is the product of electron mobility and volumetric capacitance) of approximately 1 F cm–1 V−1 s−1. These breakthroughs have allowed us to develop complementary inverters that have a voltage gain of over 16, a significant worst-case noise margin at a supply voltage lower than 0.6 V and consume less than 1 µW of power.  

However, the operational stability of complementary inverters is hindered by the degradation of p-type OMIECs. The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a common electrochemical side reaction that poses challenges to the stability of OECTs, but the underlying connection between ORR and material degradation remains poorly understood. In our investigation, we examined the influence of ORR on the stability and degradation mechanisms of thiophene-based OECTs. Our findings reveal that the polymer backbone experiences degradation as a result of the pH increase during ORR. To address this issue, we introduced a protective polymer glue layer between the semiconductor channel and the aqueous electrolyte, effectively suppressing the occurrence of ORR and significantly enhancing the stability of the OECTs. This improvement is evident in the nearly 90% retention of current during ≈2 hours of cycling in the saturation regime.  

Finally, we investigated the ionic-electronic transport properties in BBL-based OECTs using various electrolytes. We found that the peak drain current is achieved at a doping level of 1 electron per repeating unit, decreasing thereafter. The interaction between ions and the polymer reduces the voltage needed for this level of doping but also lowers the peak drain current. Unlike thiophene-based OECTs, larger cation sizes don't improve BBL-based OECT performance. Additionally, Lewis acids adversely affect BBL's electrical properties due to their impact on the polymer microstructure.  

We hope these studies will inspire our peers in the field of materials synthesis, device processing, and scalable digital techniques, paving the way for next-generation, reliable, and safe bioelectronics. 

Abstract [sv]

Användningen av organiska blandade jon-elektroniska ledare (OMIECs) har visat potentialen att omvandla området för bioelektronik, vilket sträcker sig från medicinsk diagnostik till neuromorfiska datorkomponenter. För att hålla jämna steg med de snabbt föränderliga kraven är det av avgörande betydelse att utveckla an-passad apparattillverkning, designa nya material, förbättra driftstabiliteten och utforska jon-elektroninteraktioner inom OMIECs. Denna avhandling utforskar tillämpningen av OMIECs i organiska elektrokemiska transistorer (OECTs), en avgörande komponent i en rad organiska bioelektroniska enheter.  

För att möta behoven för applikationer som kräver snabba designiterationer och utnyttjar digitalt aktiverade direktutskriftstekniker har vi utvecklat en ny metod för att tillverka fullt 3D-utskrivna OECTs med hjälp av en direktutskriftsprocess. Denna metod innebär användning av 3D-utskrivbara bläck med ledande, halvledande, isolerande och elektrolytiska egenskaper. De resulterande fullt 3D-utskrivna OECTs fungerar i utarmningsläge och kan produceras på flexibla substrat, vilket säkerställer utmärkt mekanisk hållbarhet och tålighet i olika miljöförhållanden. Dessa 3D-ut-skrivna OECTs visar imponerande biosensorförmåga för dopamin och kan detektera koncentrationer så låga som 6 µM utan behov av metallgateelektroder. Dessutom uppvisar de långsiktig minnes-respons som varar upp till cirka 1 timme, vilket belyser deras potential för olika tillämpningar såsom sensorer och neuromorfisk hårdvara.  

Vi har tacklat problemet med tröga svarstider i utskrivna OECTs genom att använda flerväggiga kolnanorör (MWCNTs) och det π-konjugerade redoxpolymeret kallat poly(benzimidazobenzo-fenantrolin) (BBL) för att skapa högpresterande n-typ OECTs. Genom att inkludera MWCNTs lyckades vi förbättra transistorns elektronrörlighet med över 10 gånger, vilket resulterade i en snabb svarstid på endast 15 ms och ett högt μC*-värde (som är produkten av elektronrörlighet och volymetrisk kapacitans) på cirka 1 F cm–1 V–1 s–1. Dessa genombrott har möjliggjort utvecklingen av komplementära inverters som har en spänningsförstärkning på över 16, en betydande säkerhetsmarginal vid en matningsspänning lägre än 0,6 V och förbrukar mindre än 1 µW av effekt.  

Emellertid påverkas den operationella stabiliteten hos komplementära inverters av nedbrytningen av p-typ OMIECs. Syrereduktions-reaktionen (ORR) är en vanlig elektrokemisk sidoreaktion som utgör utmaningar för stabiliteten hos OECTs, men den underliggande kopplingen mellan ORR och materialnedbrytning förblir dåligt förstådd. I vår undersökning studerade vi inflytandet av ORR på stabiliteten och nedbrytningsmekanismerna hos thiophenbaserade OECTs. Våra resultat visar att polymerens ryggrad upplever nedbrytning som ett resultat av pH-ökningen under ORR. För att åtgärda detta problem införde vi ett skyddande polymerlimskikt mellan halvledarchipet och den vattenbaserade elektrolyten, vilket effektivt undertryckte förekomsten av ORR och avsevärt förbättrade stabiliteten hos OECTs. Denna förbättring återspeglas i nästan 90% bibehållen ström under ≈2 timmars cykling i mättnadsområdet.

Slutligen undersökte vi de jon-elektroniska transportegenskaperna i BBL-baserade OECTs med olika elektrolyter. Vi fann att den maximala dränströmmen uppnås vid en dopningsnivå av 1 elektron per upprepande enhet och minskar därefter. Interaktionen mellan joner och polymeren minskar spänningen som behövs för denna dopningsnivå men sänker också den maximala dränströmmen. Till skillnad från thiophenbaserade OECTs förbättrar inte större katjonstorlekar BBL-baserade OECTs prestanda. Dessutom påverkar Lewis-syror negativt BBL:s elektriska egenskaper på grund av deras inverkan på polymerens mikrostruktur.  

Vi hoppas att dessa studier kommer att inspirera våra kollegor inom materialframställning, apparatbearbetning och skalbara digitala tekniker och bana vägen för nästa generations pålitliga och säkra bioelektronik.  

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. p. 83
Series
Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 ; 2341
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-198604 (URN)10.3384/9789180753289 (DOI)9789180753272 (ISBN)9789180753289 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-11-17, K1, Kåkenhus, Campus Norrköping, Norrköping, 10:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-10-20 Created: 2023-10-20 Last updated: 2023-10-20Bibliographically approved

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