This chapter is an introduction to the theoretical concept of science capital. It also serves as an introduction to the next three chapters of this book. These ensuing chapters all connect mathematical modelling education to science capital. In short, science capital is a set of resources that offer people advantages within scientific contexts. For example, a friend who works in research can be a resource to better understand the gist of science. Not all people have such friends, and the underlying sociological theory of Bourdieu explains how inequities are caused by some people having better access to science capital than others. In this chapter, we explain how the concept of science capital can be used in research on mathematical modelling education. This analytic use of science capital will be enacted in the studies described in the ensuing three chapters.