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Is refugee experience in childhood a risk for poorer health in adulthood?—A Swedish national survey study
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Barnafrid. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience. Save the Children, Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0796-3921
Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Life Course and Population Studies, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Psykiatricentrum, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Linköping. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Barnafrid.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1837-5930
Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Nursing, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Health Sciences, Swedish Red Cross University, Huddinge, Sweden.
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2023 (English)In: PLOS Global Public Health, E-ISSN 2767-3375, Vol. 3, no 11, article id e0002433Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Studies on experiences of migration in childhood and subsequent health in adulthood report conflicting results. While there is limited research on the long-term health outcomes of refugee children as they transition into adulthood, it is often observed that refugee children experience adverse health conditions upon their arrival in the host country. We examined whether adults with a childhood refugee experience were more likely to have poorer mental health, general health, and risk-behaviours compared to non-refugee migrants and Swedish-born peers We included a nationally representative sample of 18-64-year-olds who answered the Swedish National Public Health survey in 2018 or 2020. Using official register data, we categorized individuals as: 1) refugees in childhood (<age 18 years); 2) migrants in childhood; or 3) Swedish-born. Associations between childhood status (refugee, migrant, or Swedish-born) and all outcomes in adulthood were analyzed using logistic regression. The final model was adjusted for age, sexual- and gender-minority (SGM) identity, and stratified by sex. We also analysed the above and all outcomes stratified by age (18–25, 26–64), adjusted for sex and SGM-identity. We found that a childhood refugee experience was not associated with worse self-rated general or mental health, or more risk behaviours in adulthood, compared to non-refugee migrants or Swedish-born individuals. Additionally, adults with a childhood refugee experience had lower odds of at-risk alcohol use and substance use than Swedish-born peers. In general, a childhood refugee experience was not associated with worse self-rated health or risk behaviours in adulthood when considering age and sexual- and gender-minority status.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2023. Vol. 3, no 11, article id e0002433
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-199835DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002433PubMedID: 37939078Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85195439832OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-199835DiVA, id: diva2:1822541
Available from: 2023-12-23 Created: 2023-12-23 Last updated: 2024-10-14Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Resilience, mental health, and exposure to violence among individuals with former or current experiences of being a refugee in Sweden: quantitative and qualitative studies
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Resilience, mental health, and exposure to violence among individuals with former or current experiences of being a refugee in Sweden: quantitative and qualitative studies
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Studies indicate that individuals with current or former experiences of being a refugee are more likely to have experienced adverse events, like violence, and face mental health challenges in their host countries. After arrival in host countries, people with refugee experiences often confront various post-migration adversities like discrimination. However, research in this area has been hampered by limitations and a lack of child perspective. This thesis aims to examine both pre-, peri- and post-migration factors that impact the health, well-being, and experiences of children and adults who have migrated to Sweden as refugees.

Article I is a systematic review of Nordic studies on resilience, risk and protective factors for health in refugee children. We found that adversity was consistently identified as a risk factor for poorer health, but otherwise, findings were inconsistent. No study explicitly examined resilience. Article II examined the relationship between refugee experiences in childhood and health in adulthood in a nationally representative sample. The study found no clear link between childhood refugee experiences and worse health in adulthood. Article III investigated differences in health and health-related behaviours between sexual and gender minority refugees, migrants, and Swedish/Western-born individuals and their heterosexual peers. We found higher rates of mental and general ill-health and worse health-related behaviours in sexualand gender-minority individuals regardless of whether they were refugees, migrants, or Swedish and Western-born. Surprisingly, our study revealed no indications of inferior health outcomes among refugee or migrant sexual and gender minorities in comparison to Swedish/Western-born individuals. Article IV investigated mental health and functioning of refugee children and young adults in Sweden. We found lower rates of mental ill-health than previously reported in other studies on refugee children and young adults. Unaccompanied refugee children had worse outcomes than those accompanied. Article V explored the experiences of refugee children and their agency in constructing their own lives during migration. We found that child refugees express a longing for a good life and demonstrate active agency despite facing diverse challenges.

Overall, the prevalence rates for mental ill-health were lower than in many previously published studies even though the prevalence rates are higher than in many studies published on the general population of children in Sweden. Further, the results suggest that these effects are transient. The studies highlight the need to focus on the heterogeneity of the population, for example, by addressing factors that pose a risk to health and rights in refugee children and adults. Moreover, the research emphasizes the importance of adopting a perspective that simultaneously acknowledges both the strengths and vulnerabilities of refugee children. Additionally, this perspective should recognize individual differences, rights, and goals.

Abstract [sv]

Tidigare forskning har visat att personer med nuvarande eller tidigare erfarenheter av flykt löper större risk att erfara negativa händelser och att drabbas av psykisk ohälsa. Efter flykten kan även motgångarna fortsätta i det nya landet exempelvis i form av diskriminering. Forskningen inom detta område har dock begränsats av metodologiska brister och en avsaknad av barnperspektiv. Denna avhandling syftar till att belysa både pre- , peri- och postmigratoriska faktorer som påverkar hälsa, välbefinnande och upplevelser hos barn och vuxna som har flytt till Sverige.

Artikel I är en systematisk översikt av studier om resiliens och riskoch skyddsfaktorer för fysisk och psykisk hälsa hos barn på flykt i de nordiska länderna. Vi fann att olika typer av negativa livshändelser genomgående identifierades som en riskfaktor för försämrad hälsa, medan resultaten för andra faktorer var inkonsekventa. Ingen studie undersökte uttryckligen resiliens. I artikel II undersöktes sambandet mellan att ha flytt i barndomen och senare hälsoutfall som vuxen i ett nationellt representativt urval. Studien fann ingen tydlig koppling mellan erfarenhet av flykt i barndomen och negativa hälsoutfall i vuxen ålder när man kontrollerade för störvariabler. Artikel III undersökte hälsa och hälsorelaterade beteenden hos flyktingar och migranter i jämförelse med de som är födda i Sverige eller annat land i väst som identifierar sig som homosexuella, bisexuella, transpersoner, personer med queera uttryck och identiteter. Vi fann högre nivåer av ohälsa och hälsorelaterade beteenden för sexuella och könsminoriteter oavsett om man var flykting, migrant eller född i Sverige eller annat land i väst. Vi fann dock inga bevis för sämre hälsa hos flyktingar- eller migranter jämfört med de födda i Sverige eller annat land i väst. Artikel IV undersökte förekomst av psykisk ohälsa och funktionsförmåga hos barn på flykt och unga vuxna på flykt i Sverige. Vi fann lägre förekomst av psykisk ohälsa än vad som tidigare rapporterats i andra studier av barn och unga vuxna på flykt. Ensamkommande barn hade sämre hälsa än barn som anlänt i familj. Artikel V utforskade barns upplevelse och deras förmåga att forma sina egna liv under flykten. Vi fann att barn som befinner sig på flykt, trots att de står inför olika utmaningar, uttrycker en längtan efter ett gott liv och visar aktiv handlingskraft.

Sammantaget var prevalensen av psykisk ohälsa lägre än vad som observerats i många tidigare publicerade studier, även om den fortfarande var högre än många studier om barn födda i Sverige. Vidare tyder resultaten på att dessa effekter kanske inte är permanenta. Studierna belyser behovet av att uppmärksamma gruppens heterogenitet avseende psykisk ohälsa, exempelvis genom att hantera faktorer som utgör risker för ohälsa och rättigheter hos både barn och vuxna på flykt. Slutligen betonar forskningen vikten av ett nyanserat perspektiv som erkänner både sårbarhet och motståndskraft, och som också respekterar dessa barns rättigheter, kompetenser, mål och styrkor.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2024. p. 77
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1893
Keywords
Refugee, Migrant, Mental health, Adversity, Resilience
National Category
Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-201262 (URN)10.3384/9789180755078 (DOI)9789180755061 (ISBN)9789180755078 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-04-12, Belladonna, Building 511, Campus US, Linköping, 13:00
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Supervisors
Available from: 2024-03-01 Created: 2024-03-01 Last updated: 2024-03-01Bibliographically approved

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Mattelin, EricaKorhonen, LauraFröberg, Frida

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