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Learning in Nowhere: Individualism in Correspondence Education in 1938 and 1950
Linköping University, The Tema Institute, Technology and Social Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7206-2046
2009 (English)In: History of education review, ISSN 0819-8691, Vol. 38, no 1, p. 29-39Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This article seeks to investigate the individualistic ideas, practices, and student identities that developed in correspondence education in the mid twentieth century. In doing so a number of questions about the individualistic pedagogy and identities in correspondence education are posed. How was individualism to be achieved? What pedagogic practices were used? Who could students learn from? What was the desired identity of the students? How were the student’s material circumstances understood? In attempting to answer these questions the article aims to increase understanding of the individual pedagogy and the construction of the ‘independent learner’ at work in correspondence education during its golden age.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2009. Vol. 38, no 1, p. 29-39
National Category
History Technology and Environmental History Social Sciences Peace and Conflict Studies Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified Educational Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-42270DOI: 10.1108/08198691200900003Local ID: 62254OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-42270DiVA, id: diva2:263126
Available from: 2009-10-10 Created: 2009-10-10 Last updated: 2025-02-20
In thesis
1. Letters & Bytes: Sociotechnical Studies of Distance Education
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Letters & Bytes: Sociotechnical Studies of Distance Education
2009 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Brev och bytes : Sociotekniska studier av distansundervisning
Abstract [en]

This dissertation studies the social aspects of technology in distance education trough the lens of history – in the form of correspondence education – and a possible future – in the form of a project of technical standardization, Learning Objects. The studied cases form a reflexive tool that allows the present of distance education to be seen in perspective.

In the case of correspondence education, the dissertation shows how the mundane technologies of correspondence letters, grading-forms, answer-templates and self-tests create a specific mode of organizing distance education that bridges the rift between the two major trends in educational modernity: massification and individualization. This attempt brought with it specific consequences for the organization of correspondence education: educators tried to devise methods for individual instruction, but at the same time they tried to industrialize the production through the mass-production of instructional letters. Hence, particular identities and modes of organizing education and arose. The correspondence education cases are studied through conference proceedings and archive material.

The contemporary cases study the heterogeneous construction of technical standards for the exchange of distance education material between computer systems, so-called Learning Objects. Through these cases, the dissertation shows that Learning Objects are closely tied to a dream of economies of scale and a market for distance education material with particular epistemic and technical consequences. Furthermore, the cases show how the attempt to create economies of scale results in an object oriented and modular way of reusing educational material; and how this modularization leads to an objectified mode of handling knowledge with emphasis on atomization of knowledge, as well as the protection of intellectual property rights through DRM-Technology.  The contemporary cases are studied through technical standards and text-analysis.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling är en sociologisk studie av distansutbildningsteknik. Denna studeras genom ett historiskt fall i form av korrespondensutbildning - och en möjlig framtid i form av lärobjekt, vilket är ett tekniskt standardiseringsprojekt. Båda fallen utgör ett reflexivt verktyg som gör det möjligt att se dagens distansutbildningi perspektiv.

När det gäller korrespondensundervisning, visar avhandlingen hur vardagliga tekniker i form av korrespondensbrev, berygsblanketter, svarsmallar och självtester skapade ett särskilt sätt att organisera undervisningen som sökte överbrygga klyftan mellan två stora trender i utbildningsmoderniteten: massifiering och individualisering. Detta försök förde med sig specifika konsekvenser för organiseringen av korrespondensundervisningen där skolorna försökte ta fram metoder för individuell undervisning, samtidigt som de försökte industrialisera undervisningen genom massproduktion av korrespondensbrev, därmed uppstod också särskilda identiteter och sätt att organisera utbildningen. Korrespondensundervisningen studeras genom konferensmaterial och arkivmaterial.

De samtida fallen studerar den heterogena konstruktionen av tekniska standarder för utbyte av distansutbildningsmaterial, så kallade lärobjekt, mellan datorsystem. Genom att studera lärobjekt visar avhandlingen att de är starkt kopplade till en dröm om stordriftsfördelar och en marknad för distansundervisningsmaterial med särskilda epistemiska och tekniska konsekvenser. Försöket att skapa stordriftsfördelar resulterar i ett objektorienterat och modulärt sätt att återanvända undervisningsmaterial. Denna modulering leder till ett objektifierat sätt att hantera kunskap med tonvikt på atomisering av kunskap och skydd av immateriella rättigheter genom digital rättighetsskyddsteknik Det samtida fallet studeras genom tekniska standarder och textanalys.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköpings universitet, 2009. p. 186
Series
Linköping Studies in Arts and Science, ISSN 0282-9800 ; 498
Keywords
sociology of technology, distance education, education, history of education, correspondence education, Learning Objects, standardization, actor-network theory, associations, translation, dispositif, tekniksociologi, distansutbildning, utbildning, korrespondensundervisning, lärobjekt, standardisering, aktörsnätverks teori, översättning, associering, dispositif
National Category
Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified Sociology Technology and Environmental History Pedagogy Information Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-53620 (URN)978-91-7393-518-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2009-12-18, Vallfarten, Linköpings universitet, Linköping, 10:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2010-02-03 Created: 2010-01-26 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved

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