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Ischemic Preconditioning Prior to Intermittent Pringles Maneuver in Liver Resections
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Surgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Surgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Surgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
Höglandssjukhuset, Eksjö.
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2012 (English)In: Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences, ISSN 1868-6982, Vol. 19, no 2, p. 159-170Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Continuous inflow vascular occlusion during liver resections causes less severe ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) if it is preceded by ischemic preconditioning (IP) or if intermittent inflow occlusion is used during the resection. No previous clinical trial has studied the effects of adding IP to intermittent inflow occlusion.

Methods: Consecutive patients (n=32) with suspicion of malignant liver disease had liver resections (minimum 2 segments) performed with inflow occlusion 15/5. Half of the patients were randomized to receive IP (10/10). The patients were stratified according to volume of resection and none had chronic liver disease. The patients were followed for 5 days with microdialysis (μD).

Results: All patients completed the study and there were no deaths. No differences were seen between the groups regarding demographics or perioperative parameters (bleeding, duration of ischemia, resection volume, complications and serum lab tests). There were no differences in ALT, AST, Bilirubin or PT-INR levels, but μD revealed lower levels of lactate, pyruvate and glucose in the IP group having major liver resections (ANOVA). Nitrite and nitrate levels in μD decreased postoperatively but no differences were seen between the groups. In one patient an elevated μDglycerol curve was seen before the diagnosis of a stroke was made.

Conclusions: IP before intermittent vascular occlusion does not reduce the serum parameters used to assess IRI. IP seems to improve aerobic glucose metabolism as the levels of glucose, pyruvate and lactate locally in the liver were reduced compared to controls in patients having resected >3 segments. μD may be used to monitor metabolism locally.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer , 2012. Vol. 19, no 2, p. 159-170
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-68650DOI: 10.1007/s00534-011-0402-9ISI: 000302092500011OAI: oai:DiVA.org:liu-68650DiVA, id: diva2:419263
Available from: 2011-05-26 Created: 2011-05-26 Last updated: 2014-09-08Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Microdialysis in Liver Ischemia and Reperfusion injury
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Microdialysis in Liver Ischemia and Reperfusion injury
2011 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Introduction: New chemotherapy regimens and improvements in surgical technique have increased the number of patients with liver tumours eligible for curative liver resection. There is a significant risk of bleeding during liver surgery, but this risk can be reduced if the portal inflow is temporarily closed; i.e. the Pringles maneuver (PM). If the PM is used, the liver will suffer from ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI). If the liver remnant is too small or if the patient has chronic liver disease, the IRI may inhibit the regeneration of the liver remnant. The patient may then die from postoperative liver failure. Several strategies have been tried to protect the liver from IRI. For instance can the PM be applied in short intervals or reactive oxygen species can be scavenged by antioxidants. There are no sensitive methods available for studying IRI in patients and little is known how IRI affects the metabolism in the liver. Microdialysis is a technique that allows for continuous sampling of interstitial fluid in the organ of interest

Aim: To investigate the effects of ischemia and reperfusion on glucose metabolism in the liver using the microdialysis technique.

Method: A porcine model of segmental ischemia and reperfusion was developed. The hepatic perfusion and glucose metabolism was followed for 6-8 hours by placing microdialysis catheters in the liver parenchyma (studies I-III). In study IV, 16 patients were randomized to have 10 minutes of ischemic preconditioning prior to the liver resection, which was performed with 15 minutes of ischemia and 5 minutes of reperfusion repetitively until the tumour(s) were resected.

Results: During ischemia the glucose metabolism was anaerobic in the ischemic segment, while the perfused segment had normal glucose metabolism. Urea was added in the perfusate of the microdialysis catheters and was found to be a reliable marker of liver perfusion. The antioxidant NAcetylcystein (NAC) improved the hepatic aerobic glucose metabolism in the pig during the reperfusion, shown as reduced levels of lactate and improved glycogenesis in the hepatocytes. This can be explained by the scavenging of nitric oxide by NAC as nitric oxide otherwise would inhibit mitochondrial respiration. Also IP improved aerobic glucose metabolism resulting in lower hepatic lactate levels in patients having major liver resections.

Conclusion: Microdialysis can monitor the glucose metabolism both in animal experimental models and in patients during and after hepatectomy. Both NAC and IP improves aerobic glucose metabolism, which can be of value in patients with compromised liver function postoperatively.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2011. p. 86
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1238
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-68651 (URN)978-91-7393-190-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2011-06-10, Nils Holger, Hälsouniversitetet, Campus US. Linköpings universitet, Linköping, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2011-05-26 Created: 2011-05-26 Last updated: 2020-02-03Bibliographically approved
2. Methods to Reduce Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Methods to Reduce Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
2014 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Introduction: During the last two decades, liver surgery has expanded enormously, partly due to improved surgical equipment and techniques as well as new and more powerful chemotherapy agents. As the liver is a very well-vascularized organ, there is an inherent risk of bleeding during liver resection. One of the most popular methods employed to reduce this risk is to close the vascular inflow to the liver using the Pringle’s maneuver (PM). However, this procedure has been recognized to cause ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) to the future liver remnant (FLR). In cases of extensive resection where the FLR is small and in cases when the liver suffers from chronic diseases, such as cirrhosis, IRI can greatly increase the risk of post-operative liver failure (POLF). Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and, more recently, remote ischemic preconditioning (R-IPC) are methods that have been employed to reduce IRI.

Aim: 1) To compare the effects of IPC and R-IPC in a rat model; 2) to investigate the clinical effect of IPC during modern liver surgery; 3) to investigate the role of the nitric oxide (NO) system in IRI, IPC and R-IPC; and 4) to explore the possible protective effects of nitrite administration before IRI.

Methods: A rat model of segmental ischemia followed by 4 hours of reperfusion including microdialysis (μD) was developed from earlier models. The effects of IPC and R-IPC were compared using transaminases and histology as well as continuous μD sampling for glucose, pyruvate, lactate and glycerol. The role of the NO system was examined by serum and μD measurements of NOx as well as tissue measurements of iNOS mRNA and IL-1R mRNA. In study II, patients were randomized to IPC or no IPC prior to liver resection, where intermittent PM was used to decrease bleeding.

Results: IPC was more effective in protecting the liver against IRI than R-IPC, as indicated by the levels of transaminases. Lower lactate levels were detected in patients treated with IPC before major liver resections than in controls. IPC reduced iNOS mRNA transcription during reperfusion; this result may be related to the early but not sustained increases in IL-1R transcription observed in the IPC group. Nitrite administered before ischemia reduced AST and ALT levels in the level after 4 hours of reperfusion; in addition, necrosis and glycerol release from the ischemic liver were reduced as well.

Conclusion: IPC is more effective than R-IPC in animal models; however, this effect is unlikely to be of clinical importance. NOx decreases in the ischemic liver and the administration of nitrite before ischemia reduces IRI in rats. This may have clinical implications in the future.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2014. p. 136
Series
Linköping University Medical Dissertations, ISSN 0345-0082 ; 1418
National Category
Clinical Medicine Basic Medicine
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-110318 (URN)10.3384/diss.diva-110318 (DOI)978-91-7519-245-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2014-10-17, Aulan, Campus US, Linköpings universitet, Linköping, 09:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2014-09-08 Created: 2014-09-08 Last updated: 2019-11-18Bibliographically approved

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Winbladh, AndersBjörnsson, BergthorTrulsson, LenaSandström, Per

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