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  • 1.
    Abadias, Gregory
    et al.
    University of Poitiers, France.
    Sarakinos, Kostas
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Plasma and Coating Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Fenker, Martin
    FEM, Germany.
    Kassavetis, Spiros
    Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
    Editorial Material: Preface in SURFACE and COATINGS TECHNOLOGY, vol 255, issue , pp2014In: Surface & Coatings Technology, ISSN 0257-8972, E-ISSN 1879-3347, Vol. 255Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    n/a

  • 2.
    Abadias, Gregory
    et al.
    Univ Poitiers, France.
    Sarakinos, Kostas
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Nanoscale engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Patsalas, Panos
    Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Greece.
    Preface2020In: Surface & Coatings Technology, ISSN 0257-8972, E-ISSN 1879-3347, Vol. 404, article id 126450Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    n/a

  • 3. Order onlineBuy this publication >>
    Abdalla, Hassan
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Complex Materials and Devices. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Charge and Energy Transport in Disordered Organic Semiconductors2018Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Improvement of the performance of organic disordered semiconductors (OSC) is driven by the understanding   of the underlying charge transport mechanisms and systematic exploitation thereof. There exists a multitude of materials and material systems based on polymers and small molecules with promising performance for use in organic light emitting diodes, photovoltaics, organic field-effect transistors and thermoelectrics. However, universal understanding of many classes of these materials has eluded researchers, due to their broad   spectrum of morphologies, molecular structures and electrical properties. Building on the large body of existing models, this thesis deals with charge transport phenomena from the perspective of transport energetics, by studying the interplay between a few but important concepts commonly accepted to play a crucial role in all  OSC materials; energetic disorder, charge carrier hopping and Coulomb interactions. The influence of these concepts on the energetic landscape through which charge carriers move and how this translates to experimentally observed transport phenomena are studied by a combination of experimental work, kinetic Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and empirical and analytical models.

    The universal scaling and collapse of the temperature and electric field dependence of the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS to a single curve is shown to be functionally equivalent to the scaling of the effective temperature, which describes the effect of field heating as a broadening of the charge carrier distribution. From numerical investigation of the energy relaxation, an empirical model is developed that relates the physical meaning   behind both concepts to the heat balance between Joule heating of the carrier distribution via the effective temperature and energy loss to the lattice. For this universal description to be applicable a strongly energy- dependent density of states (DOS) as well as Coulomb interactions and large carrier concentrations are needed.

    Chemical doping is a common way of improving charge transport in OSC and is also beneficial for energy transport, which combined leads to an increased thermoelectric power factor. The ensuing thermoelectric investigations not only showed the potential of these materials for use in thermoelectric generators, but are  also helpful in unraveling charge transport mechanism as they give direct insight into the energetics of a material. Interestingly, doped OSC exhibit the same universal power-law relationship between thermopower and conductivity, independent of material system or doping method, pointing towards a common energy and charge transport mechanism. In this thesis an analytical model is presented, which reproduces said universal power-law behavior and is able to attribute it to Variable Range Hopping (VRH) or a transition between Nearest Neighbour Hopping (NNH) and VRH at higher concentrations. This model builds on an existing three- dimensional hopping formalism that includes the effect of the attractive Coulomb potential of ionized dopants that leads to a broadening of the DOS. Here, this model is extended by including the energy offset between   host and dopant material and is positively tested against MC simulations and a set of thermoelectric measurements covering different material groups and doping mechanisms.

    Organic field effect transistors (OFETs) have become increasingly comparable in electrical mobility to their inorganic (silicon) counterparts. The spatial extent of charge transport in OFETs has been subject to debate since their inception with many experimental, numerical and analytical studies having been undertaken. Here it is shown that the common way of analyzing the dimensionality of charge transport in OFETs may be prone to misinterpretations. Instead, the results in this thesis suggest that charge transport in OFETs is, in fact, quasi- two-dimensional (2D) due to the confinement of the gate field in addition to a morphology-induced preferred in-plane direction of the transport. The inherently large charge carrier concentrations in OFETs in addition to   the quasi-2D confinement leads to increased Coulomb interaction between charge carriers as compared to bulk material, leading to a thermoelectric behavior that deviates from doped organic systems. At very large concentrations interesting charge transport phenomena are observed, including an unexpected simultaneous increase of the concentration dependence and the magnitude of the mobility, the appearance of a negative transconductance, indicating a transition to an insulating Mott-Hubbard phase. The experimental and   numerical results in this thesis relate these phenomena the intricacies of the interplay between Coulomb interactions, energetic disorder and charge carrier hopping.

    List of papers
    1. Effective Temperature and Universal Conductivity Scaling in Organic Semiconductors
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effective Temperature and Universal Conductivity Scaling in Organic Semiconductors
    2015 (English)In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 5, article id 16870Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate the scalability of the temperature-and electric field-dependence of the conductivity of disordered organic semiconductors to universal curves by two different but commonly employed methods; by so-called universal scaling and by using the effective temperature concept. Experimentally both scaling methods were found to be equally applicable to the out-of-plane charge transport in PEDOT: PSS thin films of various compositions. Both methods are shown to be equivalent in terms of functional dependence and to have identical limiting behavior. The experimentally observed scaling behavior can be reproduced by a numerical nearest-neighbor hopping model, accounting for the Coulomb interaction, the high charge carrier concentration and the energetic disorder. The underlying physics can be captured in a simple empirical model, describing the effective temperature of the charge carrier distribution as the outcome of a heat balance between Joule heating and (effective) temperature-dependent energy loss to the lattice.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Nature Publishing Group, 2015
    National Category
    Physical Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-123329 (URN)10.1038/srep16870 (DOI)000364933800002 ()26581975 (PubMedID)
    Available from: 2015-12-14 Created: 2015-12-11 Last updated: 2022-09-15
    2. Impact of doping on the density of states and the mobility in organic semiconductors
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Impact of doping on the density of states and the mobility in organic semiconductors
    2016 (English)In: PHYSICAL REVIEW B, ISSN 2469-9950, Vol. 93, no 23, p. 235203-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    We experimentally investigated conductivity and mobility of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) doped with tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane (F(4)TCNQ) for various relative doping concentrations ranging from ultralow (10(-5)) to high (10(-1)) and various active layer thicknesses. Although the measured conductivity monotonously increases with increasing doping concentration, the mobilities decrease, in agreement with previously published work. Additionally, we developed a simple yet quantitative model to rationalize the results on basis of a modification of the density of states (DOS) by the Coulomb potentials of ionized dopants. The DOS was integrated in a three-dimensional (3D) hopping formalism in which parameters such as energetic disorder, intersite distance, energy level difference, and temperature were varied. We compared predictions of our model as well as those of a previously developed model to kinetic Monte Carlo (MC) modeling and found that only the former model accurately reproduces the mobility of MC modeling in a large part of the parameter space. Importantly, both our model and MC simulations are in good agreement with experiments; the crucial ingredient to both is the formation of a deep trap tail in the Gaussian DOS with increasing doping concentration.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    AMER PHYSICAL SOC, 2016
    National Category
    Other Physics Topics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-130276 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.93.235203 (DOI)000378813800009 ()
    Note

    Funding Agencies|Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC)

    Available from: 2016-08-01 Created: 2016-07-28 Last updated: 2018-08-29
    3. Range and energetics of charge hopping in organic semiconductors
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Range and energetics of charge hopping in organic semiconductors
    2017 (English)In: Physical Review B, ISSN 2469-9950, E-ISSN 2469-9969, Vol. 96, no 24, article id 241202Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    The recent upswing in attention for the thermoelectric properties of organic semiconductors (OSCs) adds urgency to the need for a quantitative description of the range and energetics of hopping transport in organic semiconductors under relevant circumstances, i.e., around room temperature (RT). In particular, the degree to which hops beyond the nearest neighbor must be accounted for at RT is still largely unknown. Here, measurements of charge and energy transport in doped OSCs are combined with analytical modeling to reach the univocal conclusion that variable-range hopping is the proper description in a large class of disordered OSC at RT. To obtain quantitative agreement with experiment, one needs to account for the modification of the density of states by ionized dopants. These Coulomb interactions give rise to a deep tail of trap states that is independent of the materials initial energetic disorder. Insertion of this effect into a classical Mott-type variable-range hopping model allows one to give a quantitative description of temperature-dependent conductivity and thermopower measurements on a wide range of disordered OSCs. In particular, the model explains the commonly observed quasiuniversal power-law relation between the Seebeck coefficient and the conductivity.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    AMER PHYSICAL SOC, 2017
    National Category
    Condensed Matter Physics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-144143 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.96.241202 (DOI)000418616700001 ()
    Note

    Funding Agencies|Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC); Knut och Alice Wallenberg stiftelse

    Available from: 2018-01-10 Created: 2018-01-10 Last updated: 2018-08-29
    4. Investigation of the dimensionality of charge transport in organic field effect transistors
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Investigation of the dimensionality of charge transport in organic field effect transistors
    2017 (English)In: Physical Review B, ISSN 2469-9950, E-ISSN 2469-9969, Vol. 95, no 8, article id 85301Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Ever since the first experimental investigations of organic field effect transistors (OFETs) the dimensionality of charge transport has alternately been described as two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D). More recently, researchers have turned to an analytical analysis of the temperature-dependent transfer characteristics to classify the dimensionality as either 2D or 3D as well as to determine the disorder of the system, thereby greatly simplifying dimensionality investigations. We applied said analytical analysis to the experimental results of our OFETs comprising molecularly well-defined polymeric layers as the active material as well as to results obtained from kinetic Monte Carlo simulations and found that it was not able to correctly distinguish between 2D and 3D transports or give meaningful values for the disorder and should only be used for quasiquantitative and comparative analysis. We conclude to show that the dimensionality of charge transport in OFETs is a function of the interplay between transistor physics and morphology of the organic material.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    AMER PHYSICAL SOC, 2017
    National Category
    Condensed Matter Physics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-138929 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.95.085301 (DOI)000402194500006 ()
    Note

    Funding Agencies|Knut och Alice Wallenbergs stiftelse; Advanced Functional Materials Center at Linkoping University [2009-00971]; VINNOVA [2015-04859]

    Available from: 2017-06-27 Created: 2017-06-27 Last updated: 2018-03-14
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    Charge and Energy Transport in Disordered Organic Semiconductors
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  • 4.
    Abdalla, Hassan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Complex Materials and Devices. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Fabiano, Simone
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Kemerink, Martijn
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Complex Materials and Devices. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Investigation of the dimensionality of charge transport in organic field effect transistors2017In: Physical Review B, ISSN 2469-9950, E-ISSN 2469-9969, Vol. 95, no 8, article id 85301Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ever since the first experimental investigations of organic field effect transistors (OFETs) the dimensionality of charge transport has alternately been described as two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D). More recently, researchers have turned to an analytical analysis of the temperature-dependent transfer characteristics to classify the dimensionality as either 2D or 3D as well as to determine the disorder of the system, thereby greatly simplifying dimensionality investigations. We applied said analytical analysis to the experimental results of our OFETs comprising molecularly well-defined polymeric layers as the active material as well as to results obtained from kinetic Monte Carlo simulations and found that it was not able to correctly distinguish between 2D and 3D transports or give meaningful values for the disorder and should only be used for quasiquantitative and comparative analysis. We conclude to show that the dimensionality of charge transport in OFETs is a function of the interplay between transistor physics and morphology of the organic material.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 5.
    Abdalla, Hassan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Complex Materials and Devices. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    van de Ruit, Kevin
    Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands.
    Kemerink, Martijn
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Complex Materials and Devices. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands.
    Effective Temperature and Universal Conductivity Scaling in Organic Semiconductors2015In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 5, article id 16870Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate the scalability of the temperature-and electric field-dependence of the conductivity of disordered organic semiconductors to universal curves by two different but commonly employed methods; by so-called universal scaling and by using the effective temperature concept. Experimentally both scaling methods were found to be equally applicable to the out-of-plane charge transport in PEDOT: PSS thin films of various compositions. Both methods are shown to be equivalent in terms of functional dependence and to have identical limiting behavior. The experimentally observed scaling behavior can be reproduced by a numerical nearest-neighbor hopping model, accounting for the Coulomb interaction, the high charge carrier concentration and the energetic disorder. The underlying physics can be captured in a simple empirical model, describing the effective temperature of the charge carrier distribution as the outcome of a heat balance between Joule heating and (effective) temperature-dependent energy loss to the lattice.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 6.
    Abdalla, Hassan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Complex Materials and Devices. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Zuo, Guangzheng
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Complex Materials and Devices. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Kemerink, Martijn
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Complex Materials and Devices. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Range and energetics of charge hopping in organic semiconductors2017In: Physical Review B, ISSN 2469-9950, E-ISSN 2469-9969, Vol. 96, no 24, article id 241202Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The recent upswing in attention for the thermoelectric properties of organic semiconductors (OSCs) adds urgency to the need for a quantitative description of the range and energetics of hopping transport in organic semiconductors under relevant circumstances, i.e., around room temperature (RT). In particular, the degree to which hops beyond the nearest neighbor must be accounted for at RT is still largely unknown. Here, measurements of charge and energy transport in doped OSCs are combined with analytical modeling to reach the univocal conclusion that variable-range hopping is the proper description in a large class of disordered OSC at RT. To obtain quantitative agreement with experiment, one needs to account for the modification of the density of states by ionized dopants. These Coulomb interactions give rise to a deep tail of trap states that is independent of the materials initial energetic disorder. Insertion of this effect into a classical Mott-type variable-range hopping model allows one to give a quantitative description of temperature-dependent conductivity and thermopower measurements on a wide range of disordered OSCs. In particular, the model explains the commonly observed quasiuniversal power-law relation between the Seebeck coefficient and the conductivity.

  • 7.
    Abdollahi Sani, Negar
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Robertsson, Mats
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Cooper, Philip
    De La Rue Plc, Overton, Hampshire, UK .
    Wang, Xin
    Acreo AB, Norrköping, Sweden.
    Svensson, Magnus
    Acreo AB, Norrköping, Sweden.
    Andersson Ersman, Peter
    Acreo AB, Norrköping, Sweden.
    Norberg, Petronella
    Acreo AB, Norrköping, Sweden.
    Nilsson, Marie
    Acreo AB, Norrköping, Sweden.
    Nilsson, David
    Acreo AB, Norrköping, Sweden.
    Liu, Xianjie
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Surface Physics and Chemistry. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Hesselbom, Hjalmar
    Hesselbom Innovation and Development HB, Huddinge, Sweden .
    Akesso, Laurent
    De La Rue Plc, Overton, Hampshire, UK .
    Fahlman, Mats
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Surface Physics and Chemistry. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Crispin, Xavier
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Engquist, Isak
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Berggren, Magnus
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Acreo AB, Norrköping, Sweden.
    Gustafsson, Goran
    Acreo AB, Norrköping, Sweden.
    All-printed diode operating at 1.6 GHz2014In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, ISSN 0027-8424, E-ISSN 1091-6490, Vol. 111, no 33, p. 11943-11948Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Printed electronics are considered for wireless electronic tags and sensors within the future Internet-of-things (IoT) concept. As a consequence of the low charge carrier mobility of present printable organic and inorganic semiconductors, the operational frequency of printed rectifiers is not high enough to enable direct communication and powering between mobile phones and printed e-tags. Here, we report an all-printed diode operating up to 1.6 GHz. The device, based on two stacked layers of Si and NbSi2 particles, is manufactured on a flexible substrate at low temperature and in ambient atmosphere. The high charge carrier mobility of the Si microparticles allows device operation to occur in the charge injection-limited regime. The asymmetry of the oxide layers in the resulting device stack leads to rectification of tunneling current. Printed diodes were combined with antennas and electrochromic displays to form an all-printed e-tag. The harvested signal from a Global System for Mobile Communications mobile phone was used to update the display. Our findings demonstrate a new communication pathway for printed electronics within IoT applications.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 8.
    Abe, K.
    et al.
    University of Tokyo, Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, Kamioka Observatory, Kamioka, Japan.
    Aihara, H.
    University of Tokyo, Department of Physics, Tokyo, Japan.
    Ajmi, A.
    Kyoto University, Department of Physics, Kyoto, Japan.
    Alt, C.
    ETH Zurich, Institute for Particle Physics, Zurich, Switzerland.
    Andreopoulos, C.
    STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, and Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington, United Kingdom.
    Antonova, M.
    Aoki, S.
    Asada, Y.
    Ashida, Y.
    Atherton, A.
    Atkin, E.
    Ban, S.
    Barbato, F. C. T.
    Barbi, M.
    Barker, G. J.
    Barr, G.
    Batkiewicz, M.
    Beloshapkin, A.
    Berardi, V.
    Berns, L.
    Bhadra, S.
    Bian, J.
    Bienstock, S.
    Blondel, A.
    Bolognesi, S.
    Borg, J.
    Bourguille, B.
    Boyd, S. B.
    Brailsford, D.
    Bravar, A.
    Bron, S.
    Bronner, C.
    Avanzini, M. Buizza
    Calabria, N. F.
    Calcutt, J.
    Calland, R. G.
    Calvet, D.
    Campbell, T.
    Cao, S.
    Cartwright, S. L.
    Catanesi, M. G.
    Cervera, A.
    Chappell, A.
    Cherdack, D.
    Chikuma, N.
    Christodoulou, G.
    Cicerchia, M.
    Clifton, A.
    Cogo, G.
    Coleman, J.
    Collazuol, G.
    Coplowe, D.
    Cudd, A.
    Dabrowska, A.
    Delbart, A.
    Roeck, A. De
    Rosa, G. De
    Dealtry, T.
    Dell’acqua, A.
    Denner, P. F.
    Dennis, S. R.
    Densham, C.
    Dewhurst, D.
    Lodovico, F. Di
    Dolan, S.
    Dokania, N.
    Doqua, D.
    Drapier, O.
    Duffy, K. E.
    Dumarchez, J.
    Dunne, P. J.
    Dziewiecki, M.
    Eklund, L.
    Emery-Schrenk, S.
    Fedotov, S.
    Fernandez, P.
    Feusels, T.
    Finch, A. J.
    Fiorentini, G. A.
    Fiorillo, G.
    Fitton, M.
    Friend, M.
    Fujii, Y.
    Fujita, R.
    Fukuda, D.
    Fukuda, R.
    Fukuda, Y.
    Fusshoeller, K.
    Gendotti, A.
    Giganti, C.
    Gizzarelli, F.
    Gonin, M.
    Gorin, A.
    Gramegna, F.
    Guigue, M.
    Hadley, D. R.
    Haigh, J. T.
    Hallsjö, Sven-Patrik
    University of Glasgow, School of Physics and Astronomy, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
    Hamacher-Baumann, P.
    Hansen, D.
    Harada, J.
    Hartz, M.
    Hasegawa, T.
    Hastings, N. C.
    Hayato, Y.
    Hiramoto, A.
    Hogan, M.
    Holeczek, J.
    Iacob, F.
    Ichikawa, A. K.
    Ikeda, M.
    Imber, J.
    Ishida, T.
    Ishii, T.
    Ishitsuka, M.
    Iwai, E.
    Iwamoto, K.
    Izmaylov, A.
    Jamieson, B.
    Jiang, M.
    Johnson, S.
    Jonsson, P.
    Jung, C. K.
    Kabirnezhad, M.
    Kaboth, A. C.
    Kajita, T.
    Kakuno, H.
    Kameda, J.
    Kasetti, S.
    Kataoka, Y.
    Katori, T.
    Kearns, E.
    Khabibullin, M.
    Khotjantsev, A.
    Kikawa, T.
    Kim, H.
    King, S.
    Kisiel, J.
    Knight, A.
    Knox, A.
    Kobayashi, T.
    Koch, L.
    Konaka, A.
    Kormos, L. L.
    Korzenev, A.
    Koshio, Y.
    Kowalik, K.
    Kropp, W.
    Kudenko, Y.
    Kuribayashi, S.
    Kurjata, R.
    Kutter, T.
    Kuze, M.
    Labarga, L.
    Lagoda, J.
    Lamont, I.
    Lamoureux, M.
    Last, D.
    Laveder, M.
    Lawe, M.
    Lindner, T.
    Liptak, Z. J.
    Litchfield, R. P.
    Liu, S.
    Long, K. R.
    Longhin, A.
    Lopez, J. P.
    Ludovici, L.
    Lu, X.
    Lux, T.
    Magaletti, L.
    Magro, L.
    Mahn, K.
    Malek, M.
    Manly, S.
    Marchi, T.
    Maret, L.
    Marino, A. D.
    Martin, J. F.
    Martynenko, S.
    Maruyama, T.
    Matsubara, T.
    Matsushita, K.
    Matveev, V.
    Mauger, C.
    Mavrokoridis, K.
    Mazzucato, E.
    McCarthy, M.
    McCauley, N.
    McFarland, K. S.
    McGrew, C.
    Mefodiev, A.
    Metelko, C.
    Mezzetto, M.
    Mijakowski, P.
    Mijakowski, J.
    Minamino, A.
    Mineev, O.
    Mine, S.
    Missert, A.
    Miura, M.
    Bueno, L. Molina
    Moriyama, S.
    Morrison, J.
    Mueller, Th. A.
    Murphy, S.
    Nagai, Y.
    Nakadaira, T.
    Nakahata, M.
    Nakajima, Y.
    Nakamura, A.
    Nakamura, K. G.
    Nakamura, K.
    Nakayama, S.
    Nakaya, T.
    Nakayoshi, K.
    Nantais, C.
    Ngoc, T. V.
    Nishikawa, K.
    Nishimura, Y.
    Nonnenmacher, T.
    Nova, F.
    Novella, P.
    Nowak, J.
    Nugent, J. C.
    O’Keeffe, H. M.
    Odagawa, T.
    Ohta, R.
    Okamoto, K.
    Okumura, K.
    Okusawa, T.
    Ovsyannikova, T.
    Owen, R. A.
    Oyama, Y.
    Palladino, V.
    Paolone, V.
    Pari, M.
    Parker, W.
    Parsa, S.
    Pasternak, J.
    Pastore, C.
    Pavin, M.
    Payne, D.
    Perkin, J. D.
    Pickard, L.
    Pickering, L.
    Guerra, E. S. Pinzon
    Popov, B.
    Posiadala-Zezula, M.
    Poutissou, J. -M
    Poutissou, R.
    Pozimski, J.
    Przewlocki, P.
    Przybilsk, H.
    Quilain, B.
    Radermacher, T.
    Radicioni, E.
    Radics, B.
    Ratoff, P. N.
    Reinherz-Aronis, E.
    Riccio, C.
    Rojas, P.
    Rondio, E.
    Rossi, B.
    Roth, S.
    Rubbia, A.
    Ruggeri, A. C.
    Ruggles, C. A.
    Rychter, A.
    Sakashita, K.
    Sánchez, F.
    Schloesser, C. M.
    Scholberg, K.
    Schwehr, J.
    Scott, M.
    Seiya, Y.
    Sekiguchi, T.
    Sekiya, H.
    Sgalaberna, D.
    Shaikina, A.
    Shah, R.
    Shaikhiev, A.
    Shaker, F.
    Shaw, D.
    Shiozawa, M.
    Shirahige, T.
    Shorrock, W.
    Smirnov, A.
    Smy, M.
    Sobczyk, J. T.
    Sobel, H.
    Soler, F. J. P.
    Southwell, L.
    Spina, R.
    Steinmann, J.
    Stewart, T.
    Stowell, P.
    Suvorov, S.
    Suzuki, A.
    Suzuki, S. Y.
    Suzuki, Y.
    Swierblewski, J.
    Szeptycka, M.
    Szoldos, S.
    Sztuc, A.
    Tacik, R.
    Tada, M.
    Tajima, M.
    Takeda, A.
    Takeuchi, Y.
    Tanaka, H. K.
    Tanaka, H. A.
    Thompson, L. F.
    Toki, W.
    Tomura, T.
    Touramanis, C.
    Tsui, K.
    Tsukamoto, T.
    Tzanov, M.
    Uchida, M. A.
    Uchida, Y.
    Vagins, M.
    Van, N. H.
    Vasseur, G.
    Viant, T.
    Vilela, C.
    Wachala, T.
    Walter, C. W.
    Wang, Y.
    Wark, D.
    Wascko, M. O.
    Weber, A.
    Wendell, R.
    Wilkes, R. J.
    Wilking, M. J.
    Wilson, J. R.
    Wilson, R. J.
    Wood, K.
    Wret, C.
    Yamada, Y.
    Yamamoto, K.
    Yanagisawa, C.
    Yang, G.
    Yano, T.
    Yasutome, K.
    Yen, S.
    Yershov, N.
    Yokoyama, M.
    Yoshida, T.
    Yuan, T.
    Yu, M.
    Zalewska, A.
    Zalipska, J.
    Zambelli, L.
    Zaremba, K.
    Ziembicki, M.
    Zimmerman, E. D.
    Zito, M.
    Hamada, E.
    Higashi, N.
    Hirose, E.
    Igarashi, Y.
    Iida, M.
    Iio, M.
    Ikeno, M.
    Kimura, N.
    Kurosawa, N.
    Makida, Y.
    Nakamoto, T.
    Ogitsu, T.
    Ohhata, H.
    Okada, R.
    Okamura, T.
    Onaka, M.
    Sasaki, K.
    Shimazaki, S.
    Shoji, M.
    Sugano, M.
    Tanaka, K.
    Tanaka, M.
    Terashima, A.
    Tomaru, T.
    Uchida, T.
    Yoshida, M.
    J-PARC Neutrino Beamline Upgrade Technical Design Report2019Report (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this document, technical details of the upgrade plan of the J-PARC neutrino beamline for the extension of the T2K experiment are described. T2K has proposed to accumulate data corresponding to 2×1022 protons-on-target in the next decade, aiming at an initial observation of CP violation with 3σ or higher significance in the case of maximal CP violation. Methods to increase the neutrino beam intensity, which are necessary to achieve the proposed data increase, are described.

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    J-PARC Neutrino Beamline Upgrade Technical Design Report
  • 9.
    Abidin, Aysajan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Pacher, Christoph
    Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria.
    Lorünser, Thomas
    Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria.
    Larsson, Jan-Åke
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Peev, Momtchil
    Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria.
    Quantum cryptography and authentication with low key-consumption2011In: Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2011, p. 818916-Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Quantum Key Distribution (QKD - also referred to as Quantum Cryptography) is a technique for secret key agreement. It has been shown that QKD rigged with Information-Theoretic Secure (ITS) authentication (using secret key) of the classical messages transmitted during the key distribution protocol is also ITS. Note, QKD without any authentication can trivially be broken by man-in-the-middle attacks. Here, we study an authentication method that was originally proposed because of its low key consumption; a two-step authentication that uses a publicly known hash function, followed by a secret strongly universal2 hash function, which is exchanged each round. This two-step authentication is not information-theoretically secure but it was argued that nevertheless it does not compromise the security of QKD. In the current contribution we study intrinsic weaknesses of this approach under the common assumption that the QKD adversary has access to unlimited resources including quantum memories. We consider one implementation of Quantum Cryptographic protocols that use such authentication and demonstrate an attack that fully extract the secret key. Even including the final key from the protocol in the authentication does not rule out the possibility of these attacks. To rectify the situation, we propose a countermeasure that, while not informationtheoretically secure, restores the need for very large computing power for the attack to work. Finally, we specify conditions that must be satisfied by the two-step authentication in order to restore informationtheoretic security.

  • 10.
    Abrikosov, Igor A.
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Alling, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Steneteg, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Media and Information Technology. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Hultberg, Lasse
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Hellman, Olle
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Yu Mosyagin, Igor
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Department of Theoretical Physics and Quantum Technologies, National Research, Technological University MISiS, Moscow, Russia.
    Lugovskoy, Andrey V.
    Department of Theoretical Physics and Quantum Technologies, National Research, Technological University MISiS, Russia.
    Barannikova, Svetlana A.
    Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia; Department of Physics and Engineering, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.
    Finite Temperature, Magnetic, and Many-Body Effects in Ab Initio Simulations of Alloy Thermodynamics2013In: TMS2013 Supplemental Proceedings, John Wiley & Sons, 2013, p. 617-626Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ab initio electronic structure theory is known as a useful tool for prediction of materials properties. However, majority of simulations still deal with calculations in the framework of density functional theory with local or semi-local functionals carried out at zero temperature. We present new methodological solution.s, which go beyond this approach and explicitly take finite temperature, magnetic, and many-body effects into account. Considering Ti-based alloys, we discuss !imitations of the quasiharmonic approximation for the treatment of lattice vibrations, and present an accurate and easily extendable method to calculate free ,energies of strongly anharmonic solids. We underline the necessity to going beyond the state-of-the-art techniques for the determination of effective cluster interactions in systems exhibiting mctal-to-insulator transition, and describe a unified cluster expansion approach developed for this class of materials. Finally, we outline a first-principles method, disordered local moments molecular dynamics, for calculations of thermodynamic properties of magnetic alloys, like Cr1-x,.AlxN, in their high-temperature paramagnetic state. Our results unambiguously demonstrate importance of finite temperature effects in theoretical calculations ofthermodynamic properties ofmaterials.

  • 11.
    Abrikosov, Igor
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Kissavos, Andreas E.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Liot, Francois
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Alling, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Simak, Sergey
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Peil, O.
    Applied Materials Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Ruban, A. V.
    Applied Materials Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Competition between Magnetic Structures in the Fe-Rich FCC FeNi Alloys2007In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 76, no 1, p. 014434-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We report on the results of a systematic ab initio study of the magnetic structure of Fe rich fcc FeNi binary alloys for Ni concentrations up to 50 at. %. Calculations are carried out within density-functional theory using two complementary techniques, one based on the exact muffin-tin orbital theory within the coherent potential approximation and another one based on the projector augmented-wave method. We observe that the evolution of the magnetic structure of the alloy with increasing Ni concentration is determined by a competition between a large number of magnetic states, collinear as well as noncollinear, all close in energy. We emphasize a series of transitions between these magnetic structures, in particular we have investigated a competition between disordered local moment configurations, spin spiral states, the double layer antiferromagnetic state, and the ferromagnetic phase, as well as the ferrimagnetic phase with a single spin flipped with respect to all others. We show that the latter should be particularly important for the understanding of the magnetic structure of the Invar alloys.

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  • 12.
    Abrikosov, Igor
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. NUST MISIS, Russia.
    Ponomareva, A. V.
    NUST MISIS, Russia.
    Nikonov, A. Yu.
    National Research Tomsk State University, Russia; SB RAS, Russia.
    Zharmukhambetova, A. M.
    National Research Tomsk State University, Russia.
    Mosyagin, Igor
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. NUST MISIS, Russia.
    Lugovskoy, A. V.
    NUST MISIS, Russia.
    Hellman, Olle
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Lind, Hans
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Dmitriev, A. I.
    National Research Tomsk State University, Russia; SB RAS, Russia.
    Barannikova, S. A.
    National Research Tomsk State University, Russia; SB RAS, Russia.
    Theoretical description of pressure-induced phase transitions: a case study of Ti-V alloys2015In: High Pressure Research, ISSN 0895-7959, E-ISSN 1477-2299, Vol. 35, no 1, p. 42-48Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We discuss theoretical description of pressure-induced phase transitions by means of first-principles calculations in the framework of density functional theory. We illustrate applications of theoretical tools that allow one to take into account configurational and vibrational disorders, considering Ti-V alloys as a model system. The universality of the first-principles theory allows us to apply it in studies of different phenomena that occur in the Ti-V system upon compression. Besides the transitions between different crystal structures, we discuss isostructural transitions in bcc Ti-V alloys. Moreover, we present arguments for possible electronic transitions in this system, which may explain peculiar behaviour of elastic properties of V upon compression.

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  • 13.
    Abrikosov, Igor
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Russia.
    Ponomareva, A. V.
    National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Russia.
    Steneteg, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Media and Information Technology. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Barannikova, S. A.
    National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Russia; National Research Tomsk State University, Russia; SB RAS, Russia.
    Alling, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Recent progress in simulations of the paramagnetic state of magnetic materials2016In: Current opinion in solid state & materials science, ISSN 1359-0286, E-ISSN 1879-0348, Vol. 20, no 2, p. 85-106Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We review recent developments in the field of first-principles simulations of magnetic materials above the magnetic order disorder transition temperature, focusing mainly on 3d-transition metals, their alloys and compounds. We review theoretical tools, which allow for a description of a system with local moments, which survive, but become disordered in the paramagnetic state, focusing on their advantages and limitations. We discuss applications of these theories for calculations of thermodynamic and mechanical properties of paramagnetic materials. The presented examples include, among others, simulations of phase stability of Fe, Fe-Cr and Fe-Mn alloys, formation energies of vacancies, substitutional and interstitial impurities, as well as their interactions in Fe, calculations of equations of state and elastic moduli for 3d-transition metal alloys and compounds, like CrN and steels. The examples underline the need for a proper treatment of magnetic disorder in these systems. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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  • 14.
    Adam, Rania Elhadi
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics, Electronics and Mathematics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Chalangar, Ebrahim
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics, Electronics and Mathematics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. School of Information Technology, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden.
    Pirhashemi, Mahsa
    Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
    Pozina, Galia
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Liu, Xianjie
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Surface Physics and Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Palisaitis, Justinas
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Pettersson, Håkan
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics, Electronics and Mathematics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. School of Information Technology, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden; Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Willander, Magnus
    Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics, Electronics and Mathematics.
    Nur, Omer
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics, Electronics and Mathematics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Graphene-based plasmonic nanocomposites for highly enhanced solar-driven photocatalytic activities2019In: RSC Advances, E-ISSN 2046-2069, Vol. 9, no 52, p. 30585-30598Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    High-efficiency photocatalysts are crucial for the removal of organic pollutants and environmental sustainability. In the present work, we report on a new low-temperature hydrothermal chemical method, assisted by ultrasonication, to synthesize disruptive plasmonic ZnO/graphene/Ag/AgI nanocomposites for solar-driven photocatalysis. The plasmonic nanocomposites were investigated by a wide range of characterization techniques, confirming successful formation of photocatalysts with excellent degradation efficiency. Using Congo red as a model dye molecule, our experimental results demonstrated a photocatalytic reactivity exceeding 90% efficiency after one hour simulated solar irradiation. The significantly enhanced degradation efficiency is attributed to improved electronic properties of the nanocomposites by hybridization of the graphene and to the addition of Ag/AgI which generates a strong surface plasmon resonance effect in the metallic silver further improving the photocatalytic activity and stability under solar irradiation. Scavenger experiments suggest that superoxide and hydroxyl radicals are responsible for the photodegradation of Congo red. Our findings are important for the fundamental understanding of the photocatalytic mechanism of ZnO/graphene/Ag/AgI nanocomposites and can lead to further development of novel efficient photocatalyst materials.

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  • 15. Order onlineBuy this publication >>
    Adamovic, Dragan
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Molecular Dynamics Studies of Low-Energy Atom Impact Phenomena on Metal Surfaces during Crystal Growth2006Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    It is a well-known fact in the materials science community that the use of low-energy atom impacts during thin film deposition is an effective tool for altering the growth behavior and for increasing the crystallinity of the films. However, the manner in which the incident atoms affect the growth kinetics and surface morphology is quite complicated and still not fully understood. This provides a strong incentive for further investigations of the interaction among incident atoms and surface atoms on the atomic scale. These impact-induced energetic events are non-equilibrium, transient processes which complete in picoseconds. The only accessible technique today which permits direct observation of these events is molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.

    This thesis deals with MD simulations of low-energy atom impact phenomena on metal surfaces during crystal growth. Platinum is chosen as a model system given that it has seen extended use as a model surface over the past few decades, both in experiments and simulations. In MD, the classical equations of motion are solved numerically for a set of interacting atoms. The atomic interactions are calculated using the embedded atom method (EAM). The EAM is a semi-empirical, pair-functional interatomic potential based on density functional theory. This potential provides a physical picture that includes many-atom effects while retaining computational efficiency needed for larger systems.

    Single adatoms residing on a surface constitute the smallest possible clusters and are the fundamental components controlling nucleation kinetics. Small two-dimensional clusters on a surface are the result of nucleation and are present during the early stages of growth. These surface structures are chosen as targets in the simulations (papers I and II) to provide further knowledge of the atomistic processes which occur during deposition, to investigate at which impact energies the different kinetic pathways open up, and how they may affect growth behavior. Some of the events observed are adatom scattering, dimer formation, cluster disruption, formation of three-dimensional clusters, and residual vacancy formation. Given the knowledge obtained, papers III and IV deal with growth of several layers with the aim to study the underlying mechanisms responsible for altering growth behavior and how the overall intra- and interlayer atomic migration can be controlled by low-energy atom impacts.

    List of papers
    1. Low-energy ion irradiation during film growth: Kinetic pathways leading to enhanced adatom migration rates
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Low-energy ion irradiation during film growth: Kinetic pathways leading to enhanced adatom migration rates
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    2005 (English)In: Applied Physics Letters, ISSN 0003-6951, E-ISSN 1077-3118, Vol. 86, p. 211915-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Embedded-atom molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate the effects of low-energy self-ion irradiation of Pt adatoms on Pt(111). Here, we concentrate on self-bombardment dynamics, i.e., isolating and monitoring the atomic processes, induced by normally incident Pt atoms with energies E ranging from 5 to 50 eV, that can affect intra- and interlayer mass transport.. We find that adatom scattering, surface channeling, and dimer formation occur at all energies. Atomic intermixing events involving incident and terrace atoms are observed at energies 15  eV, while the collateral formation of residual surface vacancies is observed only with E>40  eV. The overall effect of low-energy self-ion irradiation is to enhance lateral adatom and terrace atom migration. ©2005 American Institute of Physics

    Keywords
    platinum, adsorbed layers, ion beam effects, molecular dynamics method, channelling, vacancies (crystal), diffusion, metallic thin films, surface structure
    National Category
    Natural Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-13934 (URN)10.1063/1.1940122 (DOI)
    Available from: 2006-08-29 Created: 2006-08-29 Last updated: 2017-12-13
    2. Enhanced intra- and interlayer mass transport on Pt(111) via 5 - 50 eV Pt atom impacts on two-dimensional Pt clusters
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Enhanced intra- and interlayer mass transport on Pt(111) via 5 - 50 eV Pt atom impacts on two-dimensional Pt clusters
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    2006 (English)In: Thin Solid Films, ISSN 0040-6090, E-ISSN 1879-2731, Vol. 515, no 4, p. 2235-2243Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Embedded-atom molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the effects of low-energy (5–50 eV) normally-incident self-ion irradiation of two-dimensional compact Pt3, Pt7, Pt19, and Pt37 clusters on Pt(111). We follow atomistic pathways leading to bombardment-induced intra- and interlayer mass transport. The results can be described in terms of three impact energy regimes. With E ≤ 20 eV, we observe an increase in 2D island dimensions and negligible residual point defect formation. As the impact energy is raised above 20 eV, we observe an increase in irradiation-induced lateral mass transport, a decrease in island size, and the activation of interlayer processes. For E ≥ 35 eV, this trend continues, but point defects, in the form of surface vacancies, are also formed. The results illustrate the richness of the dynamical interaction mechanisms occurring among incident energetic species, target clusters, and substrate atoms, leading to island preservation, reconfiguration, disruption and/or residual point defects formation. We discuss the significance of these results in terms of thin film growth.

    Keywords
    Ion bombardment; Platinum; Clusters; Atomistic dynamics
    National Category
    Natural Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-13935 (URN)10.1016/j.tsf.2006.05.028 (DOI)
    Available from: 2006-08-29 Created: 2006-08-29 Last updated: 2017-12-13
    3. Kinetic pathways leading to layer-by-layer growth from hyperthermal atoms: A Multibillion time step molecular dynamics study
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Kinetic pathways leading to layer-by-layer growth from hyperthermal atoms: A Multibillion time step molecular dynamics study
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    2007 (English)In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 76, p. 115418-115425Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    We employ multibillion time step embedded-atom molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the homoepitaxial growth of Pt(111) from hyperthermal Pt atoms (EPt=0.2–50eV) using deposition fluxes approaching experimental conditions. Calculated antiphase diffraction intensity oscillations, based on adatom coverages as a function of time, reveal a transition from a three-dimensional multilayer growth mode with EPt<20eV to a layer-by-layer growth with EPt≥20eV. We isolate the effects of irradiation-induced processes and thermally activated mass transport during deposition in order to identify the mechanisms responsible for promoting layer-by-layer growth. Direct evidence is provided to show that the observed transition in growth modes is primarily due to irradiation-induced processes which occur during the 10ps following the arrival of each hyperthermal atom. The kinetic pathways leading to the transition involve both enhanced intralayer and interlayer adatom transport, direct incorporation of energetic atoms into clusters, and cluster disruption leading to increased terrace supersaturation.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    American Physical Society, 2007
    National Category
    Natural Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-38795 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.76.115418 (DOI)45667 (Local ID)45667 (Archive number)45667 (OAI)
    Note

    The previous status of this article was Manuscript.

    Available from: 2009-10-10 Created: 2009-10-10 Last updated: 2017-12-13Bibliographically approved
    4. Controlled intra- and interlayer mass transport during low-energy Pt(111) homoepitaxy
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Controlled intra- and interlayer mass transport during low-energy Pt(111) homoepitaxy
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    (English)Manuscript (Other academic)
    National Category
    Engineering and Technology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-13937 (URN)
    Available from: 2006-08-29 Created: 2006-08-29 Last updated: 2014-04-14
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  • 16.
    Afzal, Adeel
    et al.
    University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; King Fahd University of Petr and Minerals, Saudi Arabia; University of Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia.
    Andersson, Mike
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Applied Sensor Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Di Franco, Cinzia
    CNR IFN UOS Bari, Italy.
    Ditaranto, Nicoletta
    University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy.
    Cioffi, Nicola
    University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy.
    Scamarcio, Gaetano
    CNR IFN UOS Bari, Italy; University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy.
    Lloyd Spetz, Anita
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Applied Sensor Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. University of Oulu, Finland.
    Torsi, Luisa
    University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy; University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy.
    Electrochemical deposition of gold on indium zirconate (InZrOx with In/Zr atomic ratio 1.0) for high temperature automobile exhaust gas sensors2015In: Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, ISSN 1432-8488, E-ISSN 1433-0768, Vol. 19, no 9, p. 2859-2868Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Automobile exhaust gas emissions are causing serious damage to urban air quality in and around major cities of the world, which demands continuous monitoring of exhaust emissions. The chief components of automobile exhaust include carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and hydrocarbons. Indium zirconate (InZrOx) and gold/indium zirconate (Au/InZrOx) composite nanopowders are believed to be interesting materials to detect these substances. To this end, characterization and gas sensing properties of InZrOx and Au/InZrOx composite nanopowders are discussed. InZrOx nanoparticles with In/Zr atomic ratio of 1.00 (+/- 0.05) are synthesized via pH-controlled co-precipitation of In and Zr salts in aqueous ammonia. Gold (Au) nanoparticles are subsequently deposited on InZrOx using an in situ sacrificial Au electrolysis procedure. The products are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The gas sensing performance of Au/InZrOx composite nanopowder is studied by depositing a thick powder film on interdigitated electrode structures patterned on SiC substrate to facilitate high temperature operation. The resistivity of the Au/InZrOx layer is the sensor signal, and the sensors could be operated at 500-600 A degrees C, which is a suitable temperature range for engine exhaust measurements. The control sensing measurements reveal that Au/InZrOx composite nanopowder exhibits higher response towards 2-20 % O-2 gas as compared to pristine InZrOx nanoparticles. Further studies show that when applied to exhaust gases such as CO and nitric oxide (NO), the response of Au/InZrOx sensors is significantly higher towards NO in this temperature range. Thus, sensor performance characteristics of Au/InZrOx composite nanopowder are promising in terms of their applications in automobile exhaust emission control.

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  • 17.
    Aguilar, Edgar A.
    et al.
    Univ Gdansk, Poland.
    Farkas, Mate
    Univ Gdansk, Poland.
    Martinez, Daniel
    Univ Concepcion, Chile.
    Alvarado, Matias
    Univ Concepcion, Chile.
    Carine, Jaime
    Univ Concepcion, Chile.
    Xavier, Guilherme B
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Univ Concepcion, Chile.
    Barra, Johanna F.
    Univ Concepcion, Chile.
    Canas, Gustavo
    Univ Bio Bio, Chile.
    Pawlowski, Marcin
    Univ Gdansk, Poland.
    Lima, Gustavo
    Univ Concepcion, Chile.
    Certifying an Irreducible 1024-Dimensional Photonic State Using Refined Dimension Witnesses2018In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 120, no 23, article id 230503Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We report on a new class of dimension witnesses, based on quantum random access codes, which are a function of the recorded statistics and that have different bounds for all possible decompositions of a high-dimensional physical system. Thus, it certifies the dimension of the system and has the new distinct feature of identifying whether the high-dimensional system is decomposable in terms of lower dimensional subsystems. To demonstrate the practicability of this technique, we used it to experimentally certify the generation of an irreducible 1024-dimensional photonic quantum state. Therefore, certifying that the state is not multipartite or encoded using noncoupled different degrees of freedom of a single photon. Our protocol should find applications in a broad class of modern quantum information experiments addressing the generation of high-dimensional quantum systems, where quantum tomography may become intractable.

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  • 18.
    Ahlberg, Jörgen
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Vision. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Åstrom, Anders
    Swedish Natl Forens Ctr NFC, Linkoping, Sweden.
    Forchheimer, Robert
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Simultaneous sensing, readout, and classification on an intensity-ranking image sensor2018In: International journal of circuit theory and applications, ISSN 0098-9886, E-ISSN 1097-007X, Vol. 46, no 9, p. 1606-1619Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We combine the near-sensor image processing concept with address-event representation leading to an intensity-ranking image sensor (IRIS) and show the benefits of using this type of sensor for image classification. The functionality of IRIS is to output pixel coordinates (X and Y values) continuously as each pixel has collected a certain number of photons. Thus, the pixel outputs will be automatically intensity ranked. By keeping track of the timing of these events, it is possible to record the full dynamic range of the image. However, in many cases, this is not necessary-the intensity ranking in itself gives the needed information for the task at hand. This paper describes techniques for classification and proposes a particular variant (groves) that fits the IRIS architecture well as it can work on the intensity rankings only. Simulation results using the CIFAR-10 dataset compare the results of the proposed method with the more conventional ferns technique. It is concluded that the simultaneous sensing and classification obtainable with the IRIS sensor yields both fast (shorter than full exposure time) and processing-efficient classification.

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  • 19.
    Ahmad, Mohammed Metwally Gomaa
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. National Research Centre, Egypt.
    Yazdi, Gholamreza
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Schmidt, Susann
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Boshta, M.
    National Research Centre, Egypt.
    Khranovskyy, Volodymyr
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Eriksson, Fredrik
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Farag, B. S.
    National Research Centre, Egypt.
    Osman, M. B. S.
    Ain Shams University, Egypt.
    Yakimova, Rositsa
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Effect of precursor solutions on the structural and optical properties of sprayed NiO thin films2017In: Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, ISSN 1369-8001, E-ISSN 1873-4081, Vol. 64, p. 32-38Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Nickel oxide thin films were deposited by a simple and low-cost spray pyrolysis technique using three different precursors: nickel nitrate, nickel chloride, and nickel acetate on corning glass substrates. X-ray diffraction show that the NiO films are polycrystalline and have a cubic crystal structure, although predominantly with a preferred 111-orientation in the growth direction and a random in-plane orientation. The deconvolution of the Ni 2p and O 1s core level X-ray photoelectron-spectra of nickel oxides produced by using different precursors indicates a shift of the binding energies. The sprayed NiO deposited from nickel nitrate has an optical transmittance in the range of 60-65% in the visible region. The optical band gap energies of the sprayed NiO films deposited from nickel nitrate, nickel chloride and nickel acetate are 3.5, 3.2 and 3.43 eV respectively. Also, the extinction coefficient and refractive index of NiO films have been calculated from transmittance and reflectance measurements. The average value of refractive index for sprayed films by nickel nitrate, nickel chloride and nickel acetate are 2.1, 1.6 and 1.85 respectively. It is revealed that the band gap and refractive index of NiO films by using nickel nitrate corresponds to the commonly reported values. We attribute the observed behavior in the optical band gap and optical constants as due to the change of the Ni/O ratio.

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  • 20.
    Ahmed, Bilal
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    El Ghazaly, Ahmed
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Rosén, Johanna
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    i-MXenes for Energy Storage and Catalysis2020In: Advanced Functional Materials, ISSN 1616-301X, E-ISSN 1616-3028, Vol. 30, no 47, article id 2000894Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In 2017, a new family of in-plane, chemically-ordered quaternary MAX phases, coined i-MAX, has been reported since 2017. The first i-MAX phase, (Mo2/3Sc1/3)(2)AlC, garnered significant research attention due to the presence of chemically ordered Sc within the Mo-dominated M layer, and the facilitated removal of both Al and Sc upon etching, resulting in 2D i-MXene, Mo1.33C, with ordered divacancies. The i-MXene renders an exceptionally low resistivity of 33.2 mu omega m(-1) and a high volumetric capacitance of approximate to 1150 F cm(-3). This discovery has been followed by the synthesis of, to date, 32 i-MAX phases and 5 i-MXenes, where the latter have shown potential for applications including, but not limited to, energy storage and catalysis. Herein, fundamental investigations of i-MAX phases and i-MXenes, along with their applicability in supercapacitive and catalytic applications, are reviewed. Moreover, recent results on ion intercalation and post-etching treatment of Mo1.33C are presented. The charge storage performance can also be tuned by forming MXene hydrogel and through inert atmosphere annealing, where the latter renders a superior volumetric capacitance of approximate to 1635 F cm(-3). This report demonstrates the potential of the i-MXene family for catalytic and energy storage applications, and highlights novel research directions for further development and successful employment in practical applications.

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  • 21.
    Ahmed, Hamad
    et al.
    Queen's University Belfast, UK.
    Dieckmann, Mark Eric
    Queen's University Belfast, UK.
    Romagnani, Lorenzo
    Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France.
    Doria, Domenico
    Queen's University Belfast, UK.
    Sarri, Gianluca
    Queen's University Belfast.
    Cherchez, Mirelie
    University of Düsseldorf, Germany.
    Ianni, E.
    Universita di Pisa, Italy.
    Kourakis, Ioannis
    Queen's University Belfast, UK.
    Giesecke, Anna Lena
    University of Düsseldorf, Germany.
    Notley, Margaret
    Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxfordshire, UK.
    Prasad, R.
    Queen's University Belfast, UK.
    Quinn, Kevin
    Queen's University Belfast, UK.
    Willi, Oswald
    University of Düsseldorf, Germany.
    Borghesi, Marco
    Queen's University Belfast, UK.
    Time-Resolved Characterization of the Formation of a Collisionless Shock2013In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 110, no 20Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We report on the temporally and spatially resolved detection of the precursory stages that lead to the formation of an unmagnetized, supercritical collisionless shock in a laser-driven laboratory experiment. The measured evolution of the electrostatic potential associated with the shock unveils the transition from a current free double layer into a symmetric shock structure, stabilized by ion reflection at the shock front. Supported by a matching particle-in-cell simulation and theoretical considerations, we suggest that this process is analogous to ion reflection at supercritical collisionless shocks in supernova remnants.

  • 22.
    Ahmed, Hamad
    et al.
    Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.
    Doria, Domenico
    Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.
    Dieckmann, Mark Eric
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Media and Information Technology. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Sarri, Gianluca
    Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.
    Romagnani, Lorenzo
    LULI, École Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, Palaiseau, France.
    Bret, Antoine
    ETSI Industriales, Universidad Castilla La Mancha, E-13 071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
    Cerchez, M
    Institute for Laser and Plasma Physics, University of Düsseldorf, Germany.
    Giesecke, AL
    Institute for Laser and Plasma Physics, University of Düsseldorf, Germany.
    Ianni, E
    Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.
    Kar, Satya
    Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.
    Notley, Margaret
    Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK.
    Prasad, R
    Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.
    Quinn, Kevin
    Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.
    Willi, Oswald
    Institute for Laser and Plasma Physics, University of Düsseldorf, Germany.
    Borghesi, Marco
    Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.
    Experimental Observation of Thin-shell Instability in a Collisionless Plasma2017In: Astrophysical Journal Letters, ISSN 2041-8205, E-ISSN 2041-8213, Vol. 834, no 2, article id L21Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We report on the experimental observation of the instability of a plasma shell, which formed during the expansion of a laser-ablated plasma into a rarefied ambient medium. By means of a proton radiography technique, the evolution of the instability is temporally and spatially resolved on a timescale much shorter than the hydrodynamic one. The density of the thin shell exceeds that of the surrounding plasma, which lets electrons diffuse outward. An ambipolar electric field grows on both sides of the thin shell that is antiparallel to the density gradient. Ripples in the thin shell result in a spatially varying balance between the thermal pressure force mediated by this field and the ram pressure force that is exerted on it by the inflowing plasma. This mismatch amplifies the ripples by the same mechanism that drives the hydrodynamic nonlinear thin-shell instability (NTSI). Our results thus constitute the first experimental verification that the NTSI can develop in colliding flows.

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  • 23.
    Ahsan, Aisha
    et al.
    Univ Basel, Switzerland.
    Mousavi, S. Fatemeh
    Univ Basel, Switzerland.
    Nijs, Thomas
    Univ Basel, Switzerland.
    Nowakowska, Sylwia
    Univ Basel, Switzerland.
    Popova, Olha
    Univ Basel, Switzerland.
    Wackerlin, Aneliia
    Univ Basel, Switzerland.
    Björk, Jonas
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Gade, Lutz H.
    Heidelberg Univ, Germany.
    Jung, Thomas A.
    Paul Scherrer Inst, Switzerland.
    Phase Transitions in Confinements: Controlling Solid to Fluid Transitions of Xenon Atoms in an On-Surface Network2019In: Small, ISSN 1613-6810, E-ISSN 1613-6829, Vol. 15, no 3, article id 1803169Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study reports on "phase" transitions of Xe condensates in on-surface confinements induced by temperature changes and local probe excitation. The pores of a metal-organic network occupied with 1 up to 9 Xe atoms are investigated in their propensity to undergo "condensed solid" to "confined fluid" transitions. Different transition temperatures are identified, which depend on the number of Xe atoms in the condensate and relate to the stability of the Xe clustering in the condensed "phase." This work reveals the feature-rich behavior of transitions of confined planar condensates, which provide a showcase toward future "phase-transition" storage media patterned by self-assembly. This work is also of fundamental interest as it paves the way to real space investigations of reversible solid to fluid transitions of magic cluster condensates in an array of extremely well-defined quantum confinements.

  • 24.
    Aijaz, Asim
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology.
    Design and Characterisation of A SynchronousCo-Axuak Double Magnetron Sputtering System2009Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 30 credits / 45 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    High power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) is a novel pulsed power technique. In HiPIMS, high power pulses are applied to the target for short duration with a low duty factor. It provides a high degree of ionization of the sputtered material (in some cases up to 90%) and a high plasma density (1019 m-3) which results in densification of the grown films. Recently a large side-transport of the sputtered material has been discovered, meaning that the sputtered material is transported radially outwards, parallel to the cathode surface. In this research, we use this effect and study the side-ways deposition of thin films. We designed a new magnetron sputtering system, consisting of two opposing magnetrons with similar polarity. Ti films were grown on Si using the side-ways transport of the sputtered material. Scanning electron microscope was employed to investigate the microstructure of the grown films. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) measurements were made for investigating the ionized fraction of the sputtered material while Langmuir probe measurements were made for evaluating the plasma parameters such as electron density. The conclusion is that the system works well for side-ways deposition and it can be useful for coating the interior of cylindrically shaped objects. It is a promising technique that should be used in industry.

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    Design and Characterisation of A SynchronousCo-Axuak Double Magnetron Sputtering System
  • 25.
    Akerlind, C.
    et al.
    Swedish Def Res Agcy FOI, Div Electro Opt Systmes, SE-58111 Linkoping, Sweden.
    Hallberg, T.
    Swedish Def Res Agcy FOI, Div Electro Opt Systmes, SE-58111 Linkoping, Sweden.
    Järrendahl, Kenneth
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Optical Studies of White Organic Materials for Camouflage Applications in Arctic Environments2022In: TARGET AND BACKGROUND SIGNATURES VIII, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING , 2022, Vol. 12270, article id 122700DConference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Important properties for camouflage materials can be summarized in six criteria: (1) spectrally selective reflectance, (2) low gloss, (3) low degree of polarization, (4) low infrared emissivity, (5) non-destructive effect on radar properties and (6) color adaptivity. We have studied a collection of natural materials for potential use as camouflage surfaces for the arctic region. The four first camouflage criteria are analyzed using spectrometry, scatterometry and spectroscopic ellipsometry techniques. The materials involved in the study are diffuse white nature-inspired surfaces: Cuticles of the beetle Cyphochilus insulanus, and foams of freeze-casted cellulose nanofibrils. We present data that partly fulfills the addressed camouflage criteria. An adequate reflectance is achieved in the spectral range of 400 - 1600 nm for both samples. Scattering data show that near-Lambertian properties are achieved at 633 nm for both surfaces but at 1550 nm for only the beetle cuticle. The degree of polarization is low for unpolarized light incident near the surface normal for both surfaces.

  • 26.
    Alagia, M.
    et al.
    ISMN-CNR, Sez. Roma1, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy and TASC-CNR, Area Science Park, Basovizza, I-34012 Trieste, Italy.
    Lavollée, M.
    LIXAM-CNRS, F-91898 Orsay-Cedex, France.
    Richter, R.
    Sincrotrone Trieste, Area Science Park, I-34012 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy.
    Ekström, Ulf
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Computational Physics . Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Carravetta, V.
    Institute of Chemical Physical Processes (CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
    Stranges, D.
    Dipartimento di Chimica and INSTM, Universitá La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy and ISMN-CNR, Sez. Roma1, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy.
    Brunetti, B.
    ISMN-CNR, Sez. Roma1, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy.
    Stranges, S.
    Dipartimento di Chimica and INSTM, Universitá La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy; ISMN-CNR, Sez. Roma1, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Roma, Italy; and TASC-CNR, Area Science Park, Basovizza, I-34012 Trieste, Italy.
    Probing the potential energy surface by highresolution x-ray absorption spectroscopy: The umbrella motion of the coreexcited CH3 free radical2007In: Physical Review. A, ISSN 1050-2947, Vol. 76, no 2, p. 124305-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A detailed study of the umbrellalike vibration in inner-shell spectroscopy is presented. The high-resolution x-ray absorption spectrum for the lowest lying core excitation of the CH3 free radical was recorded. High quality potential energy surfaces (PES) for the initial and final states of the transition were calculated as a function of the symmetrical stretching and the umbrella deformation coordinates. The strong anharmonicity along the umbrella coordinate in the double-well region of the PES of the core excited state has a strong effect on the bending vibrational progressions. The excellent agreement between the experiment and theory allows an accurate spectroscopic characterization of the vibrational structure of the electronic transition, and the estimation of the umbrella inversion time of 149  fs.

  • 27.
    Alami, Jones
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Measurement Technology, Biology and Chemistry. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Plasma characterisation in high power pulsed magnetron sputtering2003Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In this thesis, plasma parameters including plasma and floating potentials, electron energy distribution function (EEDF) plasma density and electron temperature are studied in a high power pulsed magnetron (HPPM) discharge at different Argon (Ar) gas pressures and different magnetron powers. It is reported that the EEDF during and shortly after the pulse can be represented by a bi-Maxwellian distribution indicating two energy groups of electrons.

    Furthermore, we report on the variation of the plasma parameters and electron energy distribution function with gas pressure in the pressure range 0.5-20 mtorr. At a high pressure (> 10 mTorr) two density peaks are present, the second of which occurs hundreds of microseconds after the pulse is switched off. It shows that the second peaks occurrence depends on the target material used as well as the chamber pressure and the magnetron power. It is found that the electron density is very high (up to 1019 m-3, during the whole of the measured 2000 µs, indicating the importance of the second density peak in maintaining the high plasma density.

    Measurements on the electron temperature show that this does not exceed 3 eV while the pulse is on, and that it is no more than 0.5 after the pulse is off. A movie is constructed using Langmuir probe measurements data, showing the temporal evolution of the plasma at 20 mTorr argon pressure and 11 J pulse energy. Analysis shows the existence of a magnetic trap underneath the center of the target. Furthermore, the electron flux in the substrate vicinity 10 - 12 cm from the target is found to be homogeneous. Ti thin films are grown along the sidewalls of a hole, 1 cm2 in area and 2 cm in depth, using both de magnetron and HPPM sputtering. Secondary electron microscopy shows that the film grown by de magnetron sputtering shows clear columnar growth, while a dense and flat film was produced using the HPPM sputtering technique.

  • 28.
    Alami, Jones
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Plasma and Coating Physics . Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Eklund, Per
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Andersson, Jon M.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Plasma and Coating Physics . Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Lattemann, Martina
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wallin, Erik
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Plasma and Coating Physics . Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Böhlmark, Johan
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Plasma and Coating Physics . Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Persson, Per
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Helmersson, Ulf
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Plasma and Coating Physics . Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Phase tailoring of Ta thin films by highly ionized pulsed magnetron sputtering2007In: Thin Solid Films, ISSN 0040-6090, E-ISSN 1879-2731, Vol. 515, no 7-8, p. 3434-3438Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ta thin films were grown on Si substrates at different inclination angles with respect to the sputter source using high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS), an ionized physical vapor deposition technique. The ionization allowed for better control of the energy and directionality of the sputtered species, and consequently for improved properties of the deposited films. Depositions were made on Si substrates with the native oxide intact. The structure of the as deposited films was investigated using X-ray diffraction, while a four-point probe setup was used to measure the resistivity. A substrate bias process-window for growth of bcc-Ta was observed. However, the process-window position changed with changing inclination angles of the substrate. The formation of this low-resistivity bcc-phase could be understood in light of the high ion flux from the HIPIMS discharge.

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  • 29.
    Alami, Jones
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Plasma and Coating Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Eklund, Per
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Emmerlich, Jens
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wilhelmsson, O.
    Department of Materials Chemistry, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Jansson, U.
    Department of Materials Chemistry, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Högberg, Hans
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Hultman, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Helmersson, Ulf
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Plasma and Coating Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    High-power impulse magnetron sputtering of Ti-Si-C thin films from a Ti3SiC2 compound target2006In: Thin Solid Films, ISSN 0040-6090, E-ISSN 1879-2731, Vol. 515, no 4, p. 1731-1736Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We have deposited Ti-Si-C thin films using high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) from a Ti3SiC2 compound target. The as-deposited films were composite materials with TiC as the main crystalline constituent. X-ray diffraction and photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that they also contained amorphous SiC, and for films deposited on inclined substrates, crystalline Ti5Si3Cx. The film morphology was dense and flat, while films deposited with dc magnetron sputtering under comparable conditions were rough and porous. Due to the high degree of ionization of the sputtered species obtained in HIPIMS, it is possible to control the film composition, in particular the C content, by tuning the substrate inclination angle, the Ar process pressure, and the bias voltage.

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  • 30.
    Alarcon, Alvaro
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Argillander, Joakim
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Lima, G.
    Univ Concepcion, Chile; Univ Concepcion, Chile.
    Xavier, Guilherme B
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Few-Mode-Fiber Technology Fine-tunes Losses in Quantum Communication Systems2021In: Physical Review Applied, E-ISSN 2331-7019, Vol. 16, no 3, article id 034018Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A natural choice for quantum communication is to use the relative phase between two paths of a single photon for information encoding. This method was nevertheless quickly identified as impractical over long distances, and thus a modification based on single-photon time bins has become widely adopted. It, how-ever, introduces a fundamental loss, which increases with the dimension and limits its application over long distances. Here solve this long-standing hurdle by using a few-mode-fiber space-division-multiplexing platform working with orbital-angular-momentum modes. In our scheme, we maintain the practicability provided by the time-bin scheme, while the quantum states are transmitted through a few-mode fiber in a configuration that does not introduce postselection losses. We experimentally demonstrate our proposal by successfully transmitting phase-encoded single-photon states for quantum cryptography over 500 m of few-mode fiber, showing the feasibility of our scheme.

  • 31.
    Alarcon, Alvaro
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Argillander, Joakim
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Spegel-Lexne, Daniel
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Xavier, Guilherme B
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Dynamic generation of photonic spatial quantum states with an all-fiber platform2023In: Optics Express, E-ISSN 1094-4087, Vol. 31, no 6, p. 10673-10683Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Photonic spatial quantum states are a subject of great interest for applications in quantum communication. One important challenge has been how to dynamically generate these states using only fiber-optical components. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate an all-fiber system that can dynamically switch between any general transverse spatial qubit state based on linearly polarized modes. Our platform is based on a fast optical switch based on a Sagnac interferometer combined with a photonic lantern and few-mode optical fibers. We show switching times between spatial modes on the order of 5 ns and demonstrate the applicability of our scheme for quantum technologies by demonstrating a measurement-device-independent (MDI) quantum random number generator based on our platform. We run the generator continuously over 15 hours, acquiring over 13.46 Gbits of random numbers, of which we ensure that at least 60.52% are private, following the MDI protocol. Our results show the use of photonic lanterns to dynamically create spatial modes using only fiber components, which due to their robustness and integration capabilities, have important consequences for photonic classical and quantum information processing.(c) 2023 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement

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  • 32.
    Alarcon, Alvaro
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Argillander, Joakim
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Spegel-Lexne, Daniel
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Xavier, Guilherme B.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Quantum Random Number Generation Based on Spatial Modal Superposition over Few-Mode-Fibers2022In: Frontiers in Optics + Laser Science 2022 (FIO, LS), Optica Publishing Group , 2022Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A quantum random number generator based on few-mode fiber technology is presented. The randomness originates from measurements of spatial modal quantum superpositions of the LP11a and LP11b modes. The generated sequences have passed NIST tests.

  • 33.
    Alarcon, Alvaro
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Argillander, Joakim
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Xavier, Guilherme B.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Creating Spatial States of Light for Quantum Information with Photonic Lanterns2021In: Applied Industrial Optics 2021 / [ed] G. Miller, A. Smith, I. Capraro, and J. Majors, Optical Society of America, 2021, article id W2A.2Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We demonstrate an all-fiber platform for the generation and detection of spatial photonic states where combinations of LP01, LP11a and LP11b modes are used. This scheme can be employed for quantum communication applications.

  • 34.
    Alarcon, Alvaro
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Gomez, Santiago
    Univ Concepcion, Chile; Univ Bio Bio, Chile.
    Spegel-Lexne, Daniel
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Argillander, Joakim
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Carine, Jaime
    Univ Catolica Santisima Concepcion, Chile.
    Canas, Gustavo
    Univ Bio Bio, Chile.
    Lima, Gustavo
    Univ Concepcion, Chile; Univ Concepcion, Chile.
    Xavier, Guilherme B
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    All-in-Fiber Dynamically Reconfigurable Orbital Angular Momentum Mode Sorting2023In: ACS Photonics, E-ISSN 2330-4022, Vol. 10, no 10, p. 3700-3707Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The orbital angular momentum (OAM) spatial degree of freedom of light has been widely explored in many applications, including telecommunications, quantum information, and light-based micromanipulation. The ability to separate and distinguish between the different transverse spatial modes is called mode sorting or mode demultiplexing, and it is essential to recover the encoded information in such applications. An ideal d mode sorter should be able to faithfully distinguish between the different d spatial modes, with minimal losses, and have d outputs and fast response times. All previous mode sorters rely on bulk optical elements, such as spatial light modulators, which cannot be quickly tuned and have additional losses if they are to be integrated with optical fiber systems. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate, to the best of our knowledge, the first all-in-fiber method for OAM mode sorting with ultrafast dynamic reconfigurability. Our scheme first decomposes the OAM mode in-fiber-optical linearly polarized (LP) modes and then interferometrically recombines them to determine the topological charge, thus correctly sorting the OAM mode. In addition, our setup can also be used to perform ultrafast routing of the OAM modes. These results show a novel and fiber-integrated form of optical spatial mode sorting that can be readily used for many new applications in classical and quantum information processing.

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  • 35.
    Alarcon, Alvaro
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Univ Concepcion, Chile.
    Gonzalez, P.
    Univ Concepcion, Chile.
    Carine, J.
    Univ Concepcion, Chile; Univ Catolica Santisima, Chile.
    Lima, G.
    Univ Concepcion, Chile.
    Xavier, Guilherme B
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Polarization-independent single-photon switch based on a fiber-optical Sagnac interferometer for quantum communication networks2020In: Optics Express, E-ISSN 1094-4087, Vol. 28, no 22, p. 33731-33738Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An essential component of future quantum networks is an optical switch capable of dynamically routing single photons. Here we implement such a switch, based on a fiber-optical Sagnac interferometer design. The routing is implemented with a pair of fast electro-optical telecom phase modulators placed inside the Sagnac loop, such that each modulator acts on an orthogonal polarization component of the single photons, in order to yield polarization-independent capability that is crucial for several applications. We obtain an average extinction ratio of more than 19 dB between both outputs of the switch. Our experiment is built exclusively with commercial off-the-shelf components, thus allowing direct compatibility with current optical communication systems. (C) 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement

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  • 36.
    Alarcon, Alvaro
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Xavier, Guilherme B.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    A few-mode fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer for quantum communication applications2020In: Frontiers in Optics / Laser Science / [ed] B. Lee, C. Mazzali, K. Corwin, and R. Jason Jones, Optical Society of America, 2020, article id LM1F.6Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We show that telecom few-mode fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometers can be used for quantum communication protocols where the LP01 and LP11a modes are employed to encode spatial qubits.

  • 37.
    Alarcon, Emilio I.
    et al.
    University of Ottawa, Canada; University of Ottawa, Canada; University of Ottawa, Canada.
    Udekwu, Klas I.
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
    Noel, Christopher W.
    University of Ottawa, Canada; .
    Gagnon, Luke B. -P.
    University of Ottawa, Canada.
    Taylor, Patrick K.
    University of Ottawa, Canada.
    Vulesevic, Branka
    University of Ottawa, Canada.
    Simpson, Madeline J.
    University of Ottawa, Canada.
    Gkotzis, Spyridon
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
    Islam, Mohammed Mirazul
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
    Lee, Chyan-Jang
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Sensor Science and Molecular Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Richter-Dahlfors, Agneta
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
    Mah, Thien-Fah
    University of Ottawa, Canada.
    Suuronen, Erik J.
    University of Ottawa, Canada.
    Scaiano, Juan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. University of Ottawa, Canada.
    Griffith, May
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
    Safety and efficacy of composite collagen-silver nanoparticle hydrogels as tissue engineering scaffolds2015In: Nanoscale, ISSN 2040-3364, E-ISSN 2040-3372, Vol. 7, no 44, p. 18789-18798Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The increasing number of multidrug resistant bacteria has revitalized interest in seeking alternative sources for controlling bacterial infection. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), are amongst the most promising candidates due to their wide microbial spectrum of action. In this work, we report on the safety and efficacy of the incorporation of collagen coated AgNPs into collagen hydrogels for tissue engineering. The resulting hybrid materials at [AgNPs] less than0.4 mu M retained the mechanical properties and biocompatibility for primary human skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes of collagen hydrogels; they also displayed remarkable anti-infective properties against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa at considerably lower concentrations than silver nitrate. Further, subcutaneous implants of materials containing 0.2 mu M AgNPs in mice showed a reduction in the levels of IL-6 and other inflammation markers (CCL24, sTNFR-2, and TIMP1). Finally, an analysis of silver contents in implanted mice showed that silver accumulation primarily occurred within the tissue surrounding the implant.

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  • 38.
    Alemon, B.
    et al.
    University of Guadalajara, Mexico .
    Flores, M.
    University of Guadalajara, Mexico .
    Canto, C.
    Instituto de Física, UNAM, Coyoacán, Mexico.
    Andrade, E.
    Instituto de Física, UNAM, Coyoacán, Mexico.
    de Lucio, O.G.
    Instituto de Física, UNAM, Coyoacán, Mexico.
    Rocha, M.F.
    ESIME-Z, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico.
    Broitman, Esteban
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Ion beam analysis, corrosion resistance and nanomechanical properties of TiAlCN/CNx multilayer grown by reactive magnetron sputtering2014In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, ISSN 0168-583X, E-ISSN 1872-9584, Vol. 331, p. 134-139Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A novel TiAlCN/CNx, multilayer coating, consisting of nine TiAlCN/CNx periods with a top layer 0.5 mu m of CNx, was designed to enhance the corrosion resistance of CoCrMo biomedical alloy. The multilayers were deposited by dc and RF reactive magnetron sputtering from Ti0.5Al0.5 and C targets respectively in a N-2/Ar plasma. The corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of the multilayer coatings were analyzed and compared to CoCrMo bulk alloy. Ion beam analysis (IBA) and X-ray diffraction tests were used to measure the element composition profiles and crystalline structure of the films. Corrosion resistance was evaluated by means of potentiodynamic polarization measurements using simulated body fluid (SBF) at typical body temperature and the nanomechanical properties of the multilayer evaluated by nanoindentation tests were analyzed and compared to CoCrMo bulk alloy. It was found that the multilayer hardness and the elastic recovery are higher than the substrate of CoCrMo. Furthermore the coated substrate shows a better general corrosion resistance than that of the CoCrMo alloy alone with no observation of pitting corrosion.

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  • 39.
    Alemon, B.
    et al.
    University of Guadalajara, Mexico; Tecnol Monterrey, Mexico.
    Flores, M.
    University of Guadalajara, Mexico.
    Ramirez, W.
    University of Guadalajara, Mexico.
    Huegel, J. C.
    Tecnol Monterrey, Mexico.
    Broitman, Esteban
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Tribocorrosion behavior and ions release of CoCrMo alloy coated with a TiAlVCN/CNx multilayer in simulated body fluid plus bovine serum albumin2015In: Tribology International, ISSN 0301-679X, E-ISSN 1879-2464, Vol. 81, p. 159-168Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    While the CoCrMo biomaterial is currently employed in artificial joints, there are medical concerns regarding its metal ion release and material loss caused by tribocorrosion. In this work, a TiAlVCN/CNx multilayer coating has been employed to improve the tribocorrosion-resistance of the CoCrMo substrate. During the tribocorrosion test, with the sample immersed in a simulated body fluid containing bovine serum albumin, open-circuit potential measurements showed more noble potential as well as a reduction of both the friction coefficient and wear-rate during the sliding phase. Inductive coupled plasma results demonstrate that the multilayer coating effectively blocked the emigration of metallic ions.

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  • 40.
    Alexander-Webber, J. A.
    et al.
    University of Oxford, England; University of Cambridge, England.
    Huang, J.
    University of Oxford, England.
    Maude, D. K.
    CNRS UGA UPS INSA, France.
    Janssen, T. J. B. M.
    National Phys Lab, England.
    Tzalenchuk, A.
    National Phys Lab, England; Royal Holloway University of London, England.
    Antonov, V.
    Royal Holloway University of London, England.
    Yager, T.
    Chalmers, Sweden.
    Lara-Avila, S.
    Chalmers, Sweden.
    Kubatkin, S.
    Chalmers, Sweden.
    Yakimova, Rositsa
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nicholas, R. J.
    University of Oxford, England.
    Giant quantum Hall plateaus generated by charge transfer in epitaxial graphene2016In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 6, no 30296Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Epitaxial graphene has proven itself to be the best candidate for quantum electrical resistance standards due to its wide quantum Hall plateaus with exceptionally high breakdown currents. However one key underlying mechanism, a magnetic field dependent charge transfer process, is yet to be fully understood. Here we report measurements of the quantum Hall effect in epitaxial graphene showing the widest quantum Hall plateau observed to date extending over 50 T, attributed to an almost linear increase in carrier density with magnetic field. This behaviour is strong evidence for field dependent charge transfer from charge reservoirs with exceptionally high densities of states in close proximity to the graphene. Using a realistic framework of broadened Landau levels we model the densities of donor states and predict the field dependence of charge transfer in excellent agreement with experimental results, thus providing a guide towards engineering epitaxial graphene for applications such as quantum metrology.

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  • 41.
    Ali, M.
    et al.
    Helsinki University of Technology (TKK), Micronova, Department of Micro and Nanosciences, P.O. Box 3500, FIN-02015 TKK, Finland.
    Svensk, Olle
    Helsinki University of Technology (TKK), Micronova, Department of Micro and Nanosciences, P.O. Box 3500, FIN-02015 TKK, Finland.
    Zhen, Z.
    Helsinki University of Technology (TKK), Micronova, Department of Micro and Nanosciences, P.O. Box 3500, FIN-02015 TKK, Finland.
    Suihkonen, S.
    Helsinki University of Technology (TKK), Micronova, Department of Micro and Nanosciences, P.O. Box 3500, FIN-02015 TKK, Finland.
    Törmä, P.T.
    Helsinki University of Technology (TKK), Micronova, Department of Micro and Nanosciences, P.O. Box 3500, FIN-02015 TKK, Finland.
    Lipsanen, H.
    Helsinki University of Technology (TKK), Micronova, Department of Micro and Nanosciences, P.O. Box 3500, FIN-02015 TKK, Finland.
    Sopanen, M.
    Helsinki University of Technology (TKK), Micronova, Department of Micro and Nanosciences, P.O. Box 3500, FIN-02015 TKK, Finland.
    Hjort, Klas
    Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 534, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
    Jensen, Jens
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Reduced photoluminescence from InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well structures following 40 MeV iodine ion irradiation2009In: Physica. B, Condensed matter, ISSN 0921-4526, E-ISSN 1873-2135, ISSN 0921-4526, Vol. 404, no 23-24, p. 4925-4928Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The effects following ion irradiation of GaN-based devices are still limited. Here we present data on the photoluminescence (PL) emitted from InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) structures, which have been exposed to 40 MeV I ion irradiation. The PL is reduced as a function of applied ion fluence, with essentially no PL signal left above 1011 ions/cm2. It is observed that even the ion fluences in the 109 ions/cm2 range have a pronounced effect on the photoluminescence properties of the MQW structures. This may have consequences concerning application of InGaN/GaN MQW’s in radiation-rich environments, in addition to defect build-up during ion beam analysis.

  • 42. Order onlineBuy this publication >>
    Alijan Farzad Lahiji, Faezeh
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Epitaxy of oxide and nitride thin films grown by magnetron sputtering2023Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The need for electronic devices with new functionalities has caused research to move in a way to design and utilize materials with high-performance thermoelectricity, widely used in batteries, sensors, and electronic devices. Two-dimensional materials (2D) with unique structures and remarkable properties have been identified to fabricate oxide heteroepitaxy. The growth of heteroepitaxy has been focused on the growth of high-quality films on single crystalline substrates.  

    The preferred orientation and the crystallization of the materials with thin or two-dimensional structures require an understanding of epitaxy. In epitaxial growth, using a specific, well- defined substrate with lattice constants close to that film is decisive in controlling the film orientation with high epitaxial quality. The electrical, optical, magnetic, and structural properties of the film are strongly determined by the texture and its epitaxial alignment.  The majority of studies report epitaxial growth on Si and sapphire with different crystallographic orientations. The family of NaCl-structured materials covers a variety of nitrides and oxides broadly used in science and technology that have been epitaxially grown on monocrystalline Si and sapphire (Al2O3).  

    In this thesis, the structure and optical properties of NiO are investigated as functions of oxygen content on Si(100) and c-Al2O3 using pulsed dc reactive magnetron sputtering. It is found that NiO with cubic structure is a single phase with predominant orientation along (111) on both substrates. It is fiber textured on Si(100), while twin domain epitaxy is achieved on c-Al2O3.  The growth of two cases of metal oxide and nitride films (NiO and CrN) with rock-salt (NaCl) structure is also demonstrated on r-plane sapphire. It is revealed that the NaCl-structured materials NiO and CrN grow with a tilted orientation relative to the substrate. This characterization and analysis of the epitaxy, crystallography, and growth modes yield a single and identical epitaxial relationship of these two cubic materials on r-plane sapphire, in contrast to earlier studies on NaCl-structured materials on r-plane sapphire, indicating several different orientation relationships. The results advance the understanding of growth modes and unusual epitaxial relationships of two cases of metal oxide and nitride films with rock-salt (NaCl) structure broadly used in science and technology on r-plane sapphire. 

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  • 43.
    Alkarsifi, Riva
    et al.
    Aix Marseille Univ, France.
    Avalos-Quiroz, Yatzil Alejandra
    Aix Marseille Univ, France.
    Perkhun, Pavlo
    Aix Marseille Univ, France.
    Liu, Xianjie
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Fahlman, Mats
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Bharwal, Anil Kumar
    Aix Marseille Univ, France.
    Ruiz, Carmen M.
    Aix Marseille Univ, France.
    Duche, David
    Aix Marseille Univ, France.
    Simon, Jean-Jacques
    Aix Marseille Univ, France.
    Videlot-Ackermann, Christine
    Aix Marseille Univ, France.
    Margeat, Olivier
    Aix Marseille Univ, France.
    Ackermann, Joerg
    Aix Marseille Univ, France.
    Organic-inorganic doped nickel oxide nanocrystals for hole transport layers in inverted polymer solar cells with color tuning2021In: Materials Chemistry Frontiers, E-ISSN 2052-1537, Vol. 5, no 1, p. 418-429Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Polymer solar cells using non-fullerene acceptors are nowadays amongst the most promising approaches for next generation photovoltaic applications. However, there are still remaining challenges related to large-scale fully solution-processing of high efficiency solar cells as high efficiencies are obtained only for very small areas using hole transport layers based on evaporated molybdenum oxide. Solution-processable hole transport materials compatible with non-fullerene acceptor materials are still scarce and thus considered as one of the major challenges nowadays. In this work, we present copper-doped nickel oxide nanocrystals that form highly stable inks in alcohol-based solutions. This allows processing of efficient hole transport layers in both regular and inverted device structures of polymer solar cells. As the initial work function of these ionic doped materials is too low for efficient hole extraction, doping the nanocrystals with an organic electron acceptor, namely 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquino dimethane (F4-TCNQ), was additionally applied to make the work function more suitable for hole extraction. The resulting hybrid hole transport layers were first studied in polymer solar cells based on fullerene acceptors using regular device structures yielding 7.4% efficiency identical to that of reference cells based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). For inverted device structures, the hybrid hole transport layers were processed on top of blends based on the non-fullerene acceptor IT-4F and PBDB-T-2F donor. The corresponding solar cells showed promising efficiencies up to 7.9% while the reference devices using PEDOT:PSS showed inferior performances. We further show that the hybrid hole transport layer can be used to tune the color of the polymer solar cells using optical spacer effects.

  • 44. Order onlineBuy this publication >>
    Alling, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Configurational and Magnetic Interactions in Multicomponent Systems2010Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis is a theoretical study of configurational and magnetic interactions in multicomponent solids. These interactions are the projections onto the configurational and magnetic degrees of freedom of the underlying electronic quantum mechanical system, and can be used to model, explain and predict the properties of materials. For example, the interactions govern temperature induced configurational and magnetic order-disorder transitions in Heusler alloys and ternary nitrides.

    In particular three perspectives are studied. The first is how the interactions can be derived from first-principles calculations at relevant physical conditions. The second is their consequences, like the critical temperatures for disordering, obtained with e.g. Monte Carlo simulations. The third is their origin in terms of the underlying electronic structure of the materials.

    Intrinsic defects in the half-Heusler system NiMnSb are studied and it is found that low-energy defects do not destroy the important half-metallic property at low concentrations. Deliberate doping of NiMnSb with 3d-metals is considered and it is found that replacing some Ni with extra Mn or Cr creates new strong magnetic interactions which could be beneficial for applications at elevated temperature. A self-consistent scheme to include the effects of thermal expansion and one-electron excitations in the calculation of the magnetic critical temperature is introduced and applied to a study of Ni1−xCuxMnSb.

    A supercell implementation of the disordered local moments approach is suggested and benchmarked for the treatment of paramagnetic CrN as a disordered magnetic phase. It is found that the orthorhombic-to-cubic phase transition in this nitride can be understood as a first-order magnetic order-disorder transition. The ferromagnetism in Ti1−xCrxN solid solutions, an unusual property in nitrides, is explained in terms of a charge transfer induced change in the Cr-Cr magnetic interactions.

    Cubic Ti1−xAlxN solid solutions displays a complex and concentration dependent phase separation tendency. A unified cluster expansion method is presented that can be used to simulate the configurational thermodynamics of this system. It is shown that short range clustering do influence the free energy of mixing but only slightly change the isostructural phase diagram as compared to mean-field estimates.

    List of papers
    1. Role of stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric defects on the magnetic properties of the half-metallic ferromagnet NiMnSb
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Role of stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric defects on the magnetic properties of the half-metallic ferromagnet NiMnSb
    2006 (English)In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 73, no 6, p. 064418-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    The first material to be predicted from first-principles calculations as half-metallic was NiMnSb, and the research on this material has been intense due to its possible applications in spintronics devices. The failure of many experiments to measure spin polarization to more than a fraction of the predicted 100% has partly been blamed on structural defects. In this work a complete first-principles treatise of point defects, including nonstoichiometric antisites, interstitial and vacancy defects, as well as stoichiometric atomic swap defects in NiMnSb, is presented. We find that the formation energies of the defects span a large scale from 0.2 to 14.4 eV. The defects with low formation energies preserve the half-metallic character of the material. We also find that some of the defects increase the magnetic moment and thus can explain the experimentally observed increase of magnetic moments in some samples of NiMnSb. Most interesting in this respect are Mn interstitials which increase the magnetic moment, have a low formation energy, and keep the half-metallic character of the material.

    Keywords
    nickel alloys, manganese alloys, antimony alloys, ferromagnetic materials, ab initio calculations, interstitials, antisite defects, vacancies (crystal), defect states, magnetic moments
    National Category
    Natural Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-35025 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.73.064418 (DOI)24646 (Local ID)24646 (Archive number)24646 (OAI)
    Note
    Original Publication: Björn Alling, Sam Shallcross and Igor Abrikosov, Role of stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric defects on the magnetic properties of the half-metallic ferromagnet NiMnSb, 2006, Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, (73), 6, 064418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.73.064418 Copyright: American Physical Society http://www.aps.org/ Available from: 2009-10-10 Created: 2009-10-10 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    2.
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    3.
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    4. Competition between Magnetic Structures in the Fe-Rich FCC FeNi Alloys
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Competition between Magnetic Structures in the Fe-Rich FCC FeNi Alloys
    Show others...
    2007 (English)In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 76, no 1, p. 014434-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    We report on the results of a systematic ab initio study of the magnetic structure of Fe rich fcc FeNi binary alloys for Ni concentrations up to 50 at. %. Calculations are carried out within density-functional theory using two complementary techniques, one based on the exact muffin-tin orbital theory within the coherent potential approximation and another one based on the projector augmented-wave method. We observe that the evolution of the magnetic structure of the alloy with increasing Ni concentration is determined by a competition between a large number of magnetic states, collinear as well as noncollinear, all close in energy. We emphasize a series of transitions between these magnetic structures, in particular we have investigated a competition between disordered local moment configurations, spin spiral states, the double layer antiferromagnetic state, and the ferromagnetic phase, as well as the ferrimagnetic phase with a single spin flipped with respect to all others. We show that the latter should be particularly important for the understanding of the magnetic structure of the Invar alloys.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    American Physical Society, 2007
    Keywords
    Iron alloys, nickel alloys, ferromagnetic materials, magnetic structure, ab initio calculations, density functional theory, linear muffin-tin orbital method, local moments
    National Category
    Physical Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-14277 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.76.014434 (DOI)
    Note
    Original Publication: Igor A. Abrikosov, Andreas E. Kissavos, Francois Liot, Björn Alling, Sergey Simak, O. Peil and A. V. Ruban, Competition between Magnetic Structures in the Fe-Rich FCC FeNi Alloys, 2007, Physical Review B Condensed Matter, (76), 1, 014434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.76.014434 Copyright: American Physical Society http://www.aps.org/Available from: 2007-02-01 Created: 2007-02-01 Last updated: 2024-01-08Bibliographically approved
    5. Questionable collapse of the bulk modulus in CrN
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Questionable collapse of the bulk modulus in CrN
    2010 (English)In: Nature Materials, ISSN 1476-1122, E-ISSN 1476-4660, Vol. 9, no 4, p. 283-284Article in journal, Letter (Other academic) Published
    Abstract [en]

    In this comment we show that the main conclusion in a previous article, claiminga drastic increase in compressibility of CrN at the cubic to orthorhombic phasetransition, is unsupported by first-principles calculations. We show that if thecubic CrN phase is considered as a disordered magnetic material, as supported bydifferent experimental data, rather then non-magnetic, the bulk modulus is almostunaffected by the transition.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    London, UK: Nature Publishing Group, 2010
    Keywords
    CrN, phase-transition, magnetism, bulk modulus, first-principles
    National Category
    Condensed Matter Physics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-60438 (URN)10.1038/nmat2722 (DOI)000275901000002 ()
    Available from: 2010-10-13 Created: 2010-10-13 Last updated: 2024-01-08Bibliographically approved
    6. Effect of magnetic disorder and strong electron correlations on the thermodynamics of CrN
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effect of magnetic disorder and strong electron correlations on the thermodynamics of CrN
    2010 (English)In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 82, p. 184430-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Two different methods for the modeling of a magnetically disordered CrN stateusing a supercell approach are investigated. They are found to give equivalentresults of the total energy, being also similar to results obtained with an effectivemedium approach. Furthermore, CrN is shown to be better described using aLDA+U framework for the treatment of electron-electron correlations as comparedto GGA or LDA calculations. Modeling the cubic paramagnetic phase with ourmodels for magnetic disorder and considering the strong electron correlations, thetemperature and pressure induced phase transitions in CrN can be explained.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    American institute of physics, 2010
    Keywords
    CrN, magnetic disorder, nitrides, LDA+U, SQS, phase transition, chromium compounds
    National Category
    Natural Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-60439 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.82.184430 (DOI)000291462500005 ()
    Available from: 2010-10-13 Created: 2010-10-13 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    7. Theory of the ferromagnetism in Ti1-xCrxN solid solutions
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Theory of the ferromagnetism in Ti1-xCrxN solid solutions
    2010 (English)In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 82, no 5, p. 054408-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    First-principles calculations are used to investigate the magnetic properties of Ti1‑xCrxN solid solutions. We show that the magnetic interactions between Cr spins that favor antiferromagnetism in CrN is changed upon alloying with TiN leading to the appearance of ferromagnetism in the system at approximately x≤0.50 in agreement with experimental reports. Furthermore we suggest that this effect originates in an electron density redistribution from Ti to Cr that decreases the polarization of Crd states with t2g symmetry while it increases the polarization of Crd states with eg symmetry, both changes working in favor of ferromagnetism.

    Keywords
    TiN, CrN, TiCrN, solid solutions, first-principles, magnetic interactions, ferromagnetism, electronic structure
    National Category
    Condensed Matter Physics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-60441 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.82.054408 (DOI)
    Note
    Original Publication: Björn Alling, Theory of the ferromagnetism in Ti1-xCrxN solid solutions, 2010, Physical Review B Condensed Matter, (82), 5, 054408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.82.054408 Copyright: American Physical Society http://www.aps.org/Available from: 2010-10-13 Created: 2010-10-13 Last updated: 2017-12-12
    8. A unified cluster expansion method applied to the configurational thermodynamics of cubic TiAlN
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>A unified cluster expansion method applied to the configurational thermodynamics of cubic TiAlN
    Show others...
    2011 (English)In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 83, no 10, p. 104203-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    We use a study of the cubic Ti1−xAlxN system to illustrate a practical way of combining the major methodologies within alloy theory, the Connolly-Williams cluster expansion and the generalized perturbation method, in order to solve difficult alloy problems. The configurational, concentration dependent, Hamiltonian is separated into a fixed-lattice and a local lattice relaxation part. The effective cluster interactions of the first part is obtained primarily with a GPM-based approach while the later is obtained using cluster expansion. In our case the impact on the isostructural phase diagram of considering short range clustering beyond the mean field approximation, obtained from the mixing enthalpy and entropy of the random alloy, is rather small, especially in the composition region x ≤ 0.66, within reach of thin film growth techniques.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    American Physical Society, 2011
    Keywords
    TiAlN, TiN, AlN, cluster expansion, GPM, spinodal decomposition, first-principles, titanium aluminium nitride, clustering, phase separation
    National Category
    Natural Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-60442 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.83.104203 (DOI)000288782700004 ()
    Note
    Original Publication: Björn Alling, A. V. Ruban, A Karimi, Lars Hultman and Igor Abrikosov, A unified cluster expansion method applied to the configurational thermodynamics of cubic TiAlN, 2011, Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, (83), 10, 104203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.83.104203 Copyright: American Physical Society http://www.aps.org/ Available from: 2010-10-13 Created: 2010-10-13 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    9. Pressure enhancement of the isostructural cubic decomposition in Ti1−xAlxN
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Pressure enhancement of the isostructural cubic decomposition in Ti1−xAlxN
    2009 (English)In: Applied Physics Letters, ISSN 0003-6951, E-ISSN 1077-3118, Vol. 95, no 181906Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    The influence of pressure on the phase stabilities of Ti1−xAlxN solid solutions has been studied using first principles calculations. We find that the application of hydrostatic pressure enhances the tendency for isostructural decomposition, including spinodal decomposition. The effect originates in the gradual pressure stabilization of cubic AlN with respect to the wurtzite structure and an increased isostructural cubic mixing enthalpy with increased pressure. The influence is sufficiently strong in the composition-temperature interval corresponding to a shoulder of the spinodal line that it could impact the stability of the material at pressures achievable in the tool-work piece contact during cutting operations

    Keywords
    ab initio calculations, aluminium compounds, enthalpy, high-pressure effects, mixing, solid solutions, spinodal decomposition, titanium compounds
    National Category
    Natural Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-51569 (URN)10.1063/1.3256196 (DOI)
    Note
    Original Publication: Björn Alling, Magnus Odén, Lars Hultman and Igor Abrikosov, Pressure enhancement of the isostructural cubic decomposition in Ti1-xAlxN, 2009, Applied Physics Letters, (95), 181906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3256196 Copyright: American Institute of Physics http://www.aip.org/ Available from: 2009-11-07 Created: 2009-11-07 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    10. Effects of volume mismatch and electronic structure on the decomposition of ScAlN and TiAlN solid solutions
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effects of volume mismatch and electronic structure on the decomposition of ScAlN and TiAlN solid solutions
    Show others...
    2010 (English)In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 81, no 22, p. 224101-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Thin solid films of metastable rocksalt structure (c-) Sc1-xAlxN and Ti1-xAlxN were employed as model systems to investigate the relative influence of volume mismatch and electronic structure driving forces for phase separation. Reactive dual magnetron sputtering was used to deposit stoichiometric Sc0.57Al0.43N(111) and Ti0.51Al0.49N(111) thin films, at 675 °C and 600 °C, respectively, followed by stepwise annealing to a maximum temperature of 1100 °C. Phase transformations during growth and annealing were followed in situ using X-ray scattering. The results show that the as-deposited Sc0.57Al0.43N films phase separate at 1000 °C – 1100 °C into non-isostructural c-ScN and wurtzite-structure (w-) AlN, via nucleation and growth at domain boundaries. Ti0.51Al0.49N, however, exhibits spinodal decomposition into isostructural coherent c-TiN and c-AlN, in the temperature interval of 800 °C – 1000 °C. X-ray pole figures show the coherency between c-ScN and w-AlN, with AlN(0001) || ScN(001) and AlN<01ɸ10> || ScN<1ɸ10>. First principles calculations of mixing energy-lattice spacing curves explain the results on a fundamental physics level and open a route for design of novel metastable pseudobinary phases for hard coatings and electronic materials.

    Keywords
    TiAlN, ScAlN, spinodal decomposition, nitrides, TiN, ScN, AlN, XRD, TEM, first-principles, phase separation, meta stable
    National Category
    Natural Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-56270 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.81.224101 (DOI)000278300900004 ()
    Note
    Original Publication: Carina Höglund, Björn Alling, Jens Birch, Manfred Beckers, Per O. Å. Persson, Carsten Baehtz, Zsolt Czigány, Jens Jensen and Lars Hultman, Effects of volume mismatch and electronic structure on the decomposition of ScAlN and TiAlN solid solutions, 2010, Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, (81), 22, 224101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.81.224101 Copyright: American Physical Society http://www.aps.org/ Available from: 2010-05-06 Created: 2010-05-06 Last updated: 2021-12-29
    11.
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    Configurational and Magnetic Interactions in Multicomponent Systems
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  • 45.
    Alling, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Theory of the ferromagnetism in Ti1-xCrxN solid solutions2010In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 82, no 5, p. 054408-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    First-principles calculations are used to investigate the magnetic properties of Ti1‑xCrxN solid solutions. We show that the magnetic interactions between Cr spins that favor antiferromagnetism in CrN is changed upon alloying with TiN leading to the appearance of ferromagnetism in the system at approximately x≤0.50 in agreement with experimental reports. Furthermore we suggest that this effect originates in an electron density redistribution from Ti to Cr that decreases the polarization of Crd states with t2g symmetry while it increases the polarization of Crd states with eg symmetry, both changes working in favor of ferromagnetism.

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  • 46.
    Alling, Björn
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics . Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Ekholm, Marcus
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics . Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Abrikosov, Igor
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics . Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Energetics and magnetic impact of 3d-metal doping of the half-metallic ferromagnet NiMnSb2008In: Physical Review B Condensed Matter, ISSN 0163-1829, E-ISSN 1095-3795, Vol. 77, no 14, p. 144414-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We have performed a theoretical study of the effect of doping the half-Heusler alloy NiMnSb with the magnetic 3d metals Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni, with respect to both energetics and magnetic properties. Starting from the formation energies, we discuss the possibility of placing the dopant on different crystallographic positions in the alloy. We calculate total and local magnetic moments, effective exchange interactions, and density of states and also outline strategies to tune the magnetic properties of the alloy. Doping of NiMnSb with Cr as well as substituting some Ni with extra Mn have the largest impact on magnetic interactions in the system while preserving its half-metallic property. Therefore, we suggest the possibility that these dopants increase the thermal stability of half-metallicity in NiMnSb, with implications for its possible usage in spintronics applications.

  • 47.
    Alling, Björn
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Högberg, Hans
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Armiento, Rickard
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Rosén, Johanna
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Hultman, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    A theoretical investigation of mixing thermodynamics, age-hardening potential, and electronic structure of ternary (M1-xMxB2)-M-1-B-2 alloys with AlB2 type structure2015In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 5Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Transition metal diborides are ceramic materials with potential applications as hard protective thin films and electrical contact materials. We investigate the possibility to obtain age hardening through isostructural clustering, including spinodal decomposition, or ordering-induced precipitation in ternary diboride alloys. By means of first-principles mixing thermodynamics calculations, 45 ternary (M1-xMxB2)-M-1-B-2 alloys comprising (MB2)-B-i (M-i = Mg, Al, Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta) with AlB2 type structure are studied. In particular Al1-xTixB2 is found to be of interest for coherent isostructural decomposition with a strong driving force for phase separation, while having almost concentration independent a and c lattice parameters. The results are explained by revealing the nature of the electronic structure in these alloys, and in particular, the origin of the pseudogap at E-F in TiB2, ZrB2, and HfB2.

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  • 48.
    Alling, Björn
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Max Planck Institute Eisenforsch GmbH, Germany.
    Koermann, F.
    Max Planck Institute Eisenforsch GmbH, Germany; Delft University of Technology, Netherlands.
    Grabowski, B.
    Max Planck Institute Eisenforsch GmbH, Germany.
    Glensk, A.
    Max Planck Institute Eisenforsch GmbH, Germany.
    Abrikosov, Igor
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Russia.
    Neugebauer, J.
    Max Planck Institute Eisenforsch GmbH, Germany.
    Strong impact of lattice vibrations on electronic and magnetic properties of paramagnetic Fe revealed by disordered local moments molecular dynamics2016In: PHYSICAL REVIEW B, ISSN 2469-9950, Vol. 93, no 22, article id 224411Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We study the impact of lattice vibrations on magnetic and electronic properties of paramagnetic bcc and fcc iron at finite temperature, employing the disordered local moments molecular dynamics (DLM-MD) method. Vibrations strongly affect the distribution of local magnetic moments at finite temperature, which in turn correlates with the local atomic volumes. Without the explicit consideration of atomic vibrations, the mean local magnetic moment and mean field derived magnetic entropy of paramagnetic bcc Fe are larger compared to paramagnetic fcc Fe, which would indicate that the magnetic contribution stabilizes the bcc phase at high temperatures. In the present study we show that this assumption is not valid when the coupling between vibrations and magnetism is taken into account. At the gamma-delta transition temperature (1662 K), the lattice distortions cause very similar magnetic moments of both bcc and fcc structures and hence magnetic entropy contributions. This finding can be traced back to the electronic densities of states, which also become increasingly similar between bcc and fcc Fe with increasing temperature. Given the sensitive interplay of the different physical excitation mechanisms, our results illustrate the need for an explicit consideration of vibrational disorder and its impact on electronic and magnetic properties to understand paramagnetic Fe. Furthermore, they suggest that at the gamma-delta transition temperature electronic and magnetic contributions to the Gibbs free energy are extremely similar in bcc and fcc Fe.

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  • 49.
    Alling, Björn
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Marten, Tobias
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Abrikosov, Igor
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Questionable collapse of the bulk modulus in CrN2010In: Nature Materials, ISSN 1476-1122, E-ISSN 1476-4660, Vol. 9, no 4, p. 283-284Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In this comment we show that the main conclusion in a previous article, claiminga drastic increase in compressibility of CrN at the cubic to orthorhombic phasetransition, is unsupported by first-principles calculations. We show that if thecubic CrN phase is considered as a disordered magnetic material, as supported bydifferent experimental data, rather then non-magnetic, the bulk modulus is almostunaffected by the transition.

  • 50. Order onlineBuy this publication >>
    Alnoor, Hatim
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Toward the Optimization of Low-temperature Solution-based Synthesis of ZnO Nanostructures for Device Applications2017Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures (NSs) of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) such as nanorods (NRs) have recently attracted considerable research attention due to their potential for the development of optoelectronic devices such as ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The potential of ZnO NRs in all these applications, however, would require synthesis of high crystal quality ZnO NRs with precise control over the optical and electronic properties. It is known that the optical and electronic properties of ZnO NRs are mostly influenced by the presence of native (intrinsic) and impurities (extrinsic) defects. Therefore, understanding the nature of these intrinsic and extrinsic defects and their spatial distribution is critical for optimizing the optical and electronic properties of ZnO NRs. However, identifying the origin of such defects is a complicated matter, especially for NSs, where the information on anisotropy is usually lost due to the lack of coherent orientation.

    Thus, the aim of this thesis is towards the optimization of the lowtemperature solution-based synthesis of ZnO NRs for device applications. In this connection, we first started with investigating the effect of the precursor solution stirring durations on the deep level defects concentration and their spatial distribution along the ZnO NRs. Then, by choosing the optimal stirring time, we studied the influence of ZnO seeding layer precursor’s types, and its molar ratios on the density of interface defects. The findings of these investigations were used to demonstrate ZnO NRs-based heterojunction LEDs. The ability to tune the point defects along the NRs enabled us further to incorporate cobalt (Co) ions into the ZnO NRs crystal lattice, where these ions could occupy the vacancies or interstitial defects through substitutional or interstitial doping. Following this, high crystal quality vertically welloriented ZnO NRs have been demonstrated by incorporating a small amount of Co into the ZnO crystal lattice. Finally, the influence of Co ions incorporation on the reduction of core-defects (CDs) in ZnO NRs was systematically examined using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR).

    List of papers
    1. Effect of precursor solutions stirring on deep level defects concentration and spatial distribution in low temperature aqueous chemical synthesis of zinc oxide nanorods
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effect of precursor solutions stirring on deep level defects concentration and spatial distribution in low temperature aqueous chemical synthesis of zinc oxide nanorods
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    2015 (English)In: AIP Advances, E-ISSN 2158-3226, Vol. 5, no 8, article id 087180Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Hexagonal c-axis oriented zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs) with 120-300 nm diameters are synthesized via the low temperature aqueous chemical route at 80 degrees C on silver-coated glass substrates. The influence of varying the precursor solutions stirring durations on the concentration and spatial distributions of deep level defects in ZnO NRs is investigated. Room temperature micro-photoluminesnce (mu-PL) spectra were collected for all samples. Cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra of the as-synthesized NRs reveal a significant change in the intensity ratio of the near band edge emission (NBE) to the deep-level emission (DLE) peaks with increasing stirring durations. This is attributed to the variation in the concentration of the oxygen-deficiency with increasing stirring durations as suggested from the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Spatially resolved CL spectra taken along individual NRs revealed that stirring the precursor solutions for relatively short duration (1-3 h), which likely induced high super saturation under thermodynamic equilibrium during the synthesis process, is observed to favor the formation of point defects moving towards the tip of the NRs. In contrary, stirring for longer duration (5-15 h) will induce low super saturation favoring the formation of point defects located at the bottom of the NRs. These findings demonstrate that it is possible to control the concentration and spatial distribution of deep level defects in ZnO NRs by varying the stirring durations of the precursor solutions.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    AMER INST PHYSICS, 2015
    National Category
    Condensed Matter Physics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-122070 (URN)10.1063/1.4929981 (DOI)000360655900089 ()
    Note

    Funding Agencies|Avdanced Functional Materials (AFM) SFO project at Linkoping Univeristy, Sweden

    Available from: 2015-12-18 Created: 2015-10-19 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    2. Influence of ZnO seed layer precursor molar ratio on the density of interface defects in low temperature aqueous chemically synthesized ZnO nanorods/GaN light-emitting diodes
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Influence of ZnO seed layer precursor molar ratio on the density of interface defects in low temperature aqueous chemically synthesized ZnO nanorods/GaN light-emitting diodes
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    2016 (English)In: Journal of Applied Physics, ISSN 0021-8979, E-ISSN 1089-7550, Vol. 119, no 16, p. 165702-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Low temperature aqueous chemical synthesis (LT-ACS) of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs) has been attracting considerable research interest due to its great potential in the development of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The influence of the molar ratio of the zinc acetate (ZnAc): KOH as a ZnO seed layer precursor on the density of interface defects and hence the presence of non-radiative recombination centers in LT-ACS of ZnO NRs/GaN LEDs has been systematically investigated. The material quality of the as-prepared seed layer as quantitatively deduced by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is found to be influenced by the molar ratio. It is revealed by spatially resolved cathodoluminescence that the seed layer molar ratio plays a significant role in the formation and the density of defects at the n-ZnO NRs/p-GaN heterostructure interface. Consequently, LED devices processed using ZnO NRs synthesized with molar ratio of 1:5M exhibit stronger yellow emission (similar to 575 nm) compared to those based on 1:1 and 1:3M ratios as measured by the electroluminescence. Furthermore, seed layer molar ratio shows a quantitative dependence of the non-radiative defect densities as deduced from light-output current characteristics analysis. These results have implications on the development of high-efficiency ZnO-based LEDs and may also be helpful in understanding the effects of the ZnO seed layer on defect-related non-radiative recombination. Published by AIP Publishing.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    AMER INST PHYSICS, 2016
    National Category
    Materials Chemistry
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129174 (URN)10.1063/1.4947593 (DOI)000375929900043 ()
    Note

    Funding Agencies|Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University (Faculty Grant SFO-Mat-LiU) [2009-00971]

    Available from: 2016-06-13 Created: 2016-06-13 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    3. Seed layer synthesis effect on the concentration of interface defects and emission spectra of ZnO nanorods/p-GaN light-emitting diode
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Seed layer synthesis effect on the concentration of interface defects and emission spectra of ZnO nanorods/p-GaN light-emitting diode
    2017 (English)In: Physica Status Solidi (a) applications and materials science, ISSN 1862-6300, E-ISSN 1862-6319, Vol. 214, no 1, article id 1600333Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    As the low-temperature aqueous chemical synthesis (LT-ACS), holds great promises for the synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) ZnO nanostructure-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and hence require parameter tuning for optimal performance. N-ZnO nanorods (NRs)/p-GaN heterojunction LEDs have been synthesized by the LT-ACS using ZnO nanoparticle (NPs) seed layers prepared with different precursor solutions. The effect of these seed layers on the interface defect properties and emission intensity of the as-synthesized n-Zn/p-GaN heterojunction LEDs has been demonstrated by spatially resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) and electroluminescence (EL) measurements, respectively. A significant reduction of the interface defects in the n-ZnO NRs/p-GaN heterostructure synthesized from a seed layer prepared from zinc acetate (ZnAc) with a mixture of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) (donated as ZKH seed) compared with those prepared from ZnAc and KOH (donated as ZK seed) is observed as revealed by spatially resolved CL. Consequently, the LEDs based on n-ZnO NRs/p-GaN prepared from ZKH seed show an improvement in the yellow emission (approximate to 578nm) compared to that based on the ZK seed as deduced from the electroluminescence measurements. The improvement in the yellow EL emission on the ZKH LED probably attributed to the low presence of the non-radiative defect as deduced by light-output current (L-I) characteristics analysis.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH, 2017
    Keywords
    GaN; interface defects; light-emitting diodes; low-temperature aqueous chemical synthesis; seed layers; ZnO
    National Category
    Condensed Matter Physics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-136230 (URN)10.1002/pssa.201600333 (DOI)000394423400006 ()
    Note

    Funding Agencies|Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials (Faculty Grant SFO-Mat-LiU) at Linkoping University [2009-00971]

    Available from: 2017-03-31 Created: 2017-03-31 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    4. EPR investigation of pure and Co-doped ZnO oriented nanocrystals
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>EPR investigation of pure and Co-doped ZnO oriented nanocrystals
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    2017 (English)In: NANOTECHNOLOGY, ISSN 0957-4484, Vol. 28, no 3, article id 035705Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Pure and cobalt-doped zinc oxide aligned nanorods have been grown by the low-temperature (90 degrees C) aqueous chemical method on amorphous ZnO seed layer, deposited on a sapphire substrate. High crystallinity of these objects is demonstrated by the electron paramagnetic resonance investigation at liquid helium temperature. The successful incorporation of Co2+ ions in substitution of Zn2+ ones in the ZnO matrix has also been confirmed. A drastic reduction of intrinsic ZnO nanorods core defects is observed in the Co-doped samples, which enhances the structural quality of the NRs. The quantification of substitutional Co2+ ions in the ZnO matrix is achieved by comparison with a reference sample. The findings in this study indicate the potential of using the low-temperature aqueous chemical approach for synthesizing material for spintronics applications.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2017
    Keywords
    nanorods; magnetic properties; electron paramagnetic resonance; diluted magnetic semiconductors
    National Category
    Materials Chemistry
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-134300 (URN)10.1088/1361-6528/28/3/035705 (DOI)000391289300001 ()27966469 (PubMedID)
    Note

    Funding Agencies|NATO project [SfP 984735]

    Available from: 2017-02-06 Created: 2017-02-03 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    5. An effective low-temperature solution synthesis of Co-doped [0001]-oriented ZnO nanorods
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>An effective low-temperature solution synthesis of Co-doped [0001]-oriented ZnO nanorods
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    2017 (English)In: Journal of Applied Physics, ISSN 0021-8979, E-ISSN 1089-7550, Vol. 121, no 21, article id 215102Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    We demonstrate an efficient possibility to synthesize vertically aligned pure zinc oxide (ZnO) and Co-doped ZnO nanorods (NRs) using the low-temperature aqueous chemical synthesis (90 degrees C). Two different mixing methods of the synthesis solutions were investigated for the Co-doped samples. The synthesized samples were compared to pure ZnO NRs regarding the Co incorporation and crystal quality. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements confirmed the substitution of Co2+ inside the ZnO NRs, giving a highly anisotropic magnetic Co2+ signal. The substitution of Zn2+ by Co2+ was observed to be combined with a drastic reduction in the core-defect (CD) signal (g similar to 1.956) which is seen in pure ZnO NRs. As revealed by the cathodoluminescence (CL), the incorporation of Co causes a slight red-shift of the UV peak position combined with an enhancement in the intensity of the defect-related yellow-orange emission compared to pure ZnO NRs. Furthermore, the EPR and the CL measurements allow a possible model of the defect configuration in the samples. It is proposed that the as-synthesized pure ZnO NRs likely contain Zn interstitial (Zn-i(+)) as CDs and oxygen vacancy (V-O) or oxygen interstitial (O-i) as surface defects. As a result, Co was found to likely occupy the Zn-i(+), leading to the observed CDs reduction and hence enhancing the crystal quality. These results open the possibility of synthesis of highly crystalline quality ZnO NRs-based diluted magnetic semiconductors using the low-temperature aqueous chemical method. Published by AIP Publishing.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    AMER INST PHYSICS, 2017
    National Category
    Condensed Matter Physics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-138890 (URN)10.1063/1.4984314 (DOI)000402768900026 ()
    Note

    Funding Agencies|NATO [984735]

    Available from: 2017-06-27 Created: 2017-06-27 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    6. Core-defect reduction in ZnO nanorods by cobalt incorporation
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Core-defect reduction in ZnO nanorods by cobalt incorporation
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    2017 (English)In: Nanotechnology, ISSN 0957-4484, E-ISSN 1361-6528, Vol. 28, no 28, article id 285705Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods grown by the low-temperature (90 degrees C) aqueous chemical method with different cobalt concentration within the synthesis solution (from 0% to 15%), are studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), just above the liquid helium temperature. The anisotropic spectra of substitutional Co2+ reveal a high crystalline quality and orientation of the NRs, as well as the probable presence of a secondary disordered phase of ZnO: Co. The analysis of the EPR spectra indicates that the disappearance of the paramagnetic native core-defect (CD) at g similar to 1.96 is correlated with the apparition of the Co2+ ions lines, suggesting a gradual neutralization of the former by the latter. We show that only a little amount of cobalt in the synthesis solution (about 0.2%) is necessary to suppress almost all these paramagnetic CDs. This gives insight in the experimentally observed improvement of the crystal quality of diluted ZnO: Co nanorods, as well as into the control of paramagnetic defects in ZnO nanostructures.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2017
    Keywords
    nanorods; ZnO; physics defects; electron paramagnetic resonance
    National Category
    Condensed Matter Physics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-139388 (URN)10.1088/1361-6528/aa716a (DOI)000404344400005 ()28475103 (PubMedID)
    Note

    Funding Agencies|NATO project Science for Peace (SfP), Novel nanostructures [984735]

    Available from: 2017-08-07 Created: 2017-08-07 Last updated: 2024-01-08
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    Toward the Optimization of Low-temperature Solution-based Synthesis of ZnO Nanostructures for Device Applications
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