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  • 1. Order onlineBuy this publication >>
    Abdalla, Hassan
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Complex Materials and Devices. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Charge and Energy Transport in Disordered Organic Semiconductors2018Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Improvement of the performance of organic disordered semiconductors (OSC) is driven by the understanding   of the underlying charge transport mechanisms and systematic exploitation thereof. There exists a multitude of materials and material systems based on polymers and small molecules with promising performance for use in organic light emitting diodes, photovoltaics, organic field-effect transistors and thermoelectrics. However, universal understanding of many classes of these materials has eluded researchers, due to their broad   spectrum of morphologies, molecular structures and electrical properties. Building on the large body of existing models, this thesis deals with charge transport phenomena from the perspective of transport energetics, by studying the interplay between a few but important concepts commonly accepted to play a crucial role in all  OSC materials; energetic disorder, charge carrier hopping and Coulomb interactions. The influence of these concepts on the energetic landscape through which charge carriers move and how this translates to experimentally observed transport phenomena are studied by a combination of experimental work, kinetic Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and empirical and analytical models.

    The universal scaling and collapse of the temperature and electric field dependence of the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS to a single curve is shown to be functionally equivalent to the scaling of the effective temperature, which describes the effect of field heating as a broadening of the charge carrier distribution. From numerical investigation of the energy relaxation, an empirical model is developed that relates the physical meaning   behind both concepts to the heat balance between Joule heating of the carrier distribution via the effective temperature and energy loss to the lattice. For this universal description to be applicable a strongly energy- dependent density of states (DOS) as well as Coulomb interactions and large carrier concentrations are needed.

    Chemical doping is a common way of improving charge transport in OSC and is also beneficial for energy transport, which combined leads to an increased thermoelectric power factor. The ensuing thermoelectric investigations not only showed the potential of these materials for use in thermoelectric generators, but are  also helpful in unraveling charge transport mechanism as they give direct insight into the energetics of a material. Interestingly, doped OSC exhibit the same universal power-law relationship between thermopower and conductivity, independent of material system or doping method, pointing towards a common energy and charge transport mechanism. In this thesis an analytical model is presented, which reproduces said universal power-law behavior and is able to attribute it to Variable Range Hopping (VRH) or a transition between Nearest Neighbour Hopping (NNH) and VRH at higher concentrations. This model builds on an existing three- dimensional hopping formalism that includes the effect of the attractive Coulomb potential of ionized dopants that leads to a broadening of the DOS. Here, this model is extended by including the energy offset between   host and dopant material and is positively tested against MC simulations and a set of thermoelectric measurements covering different material groups and doping mechanisms.

    Organic field effect transistors (OFETs) have become increasingly comparable in electrical mobility to their inorganic (silicon) counterparts. The spatial extent of charge transport in OFETs has been subject to debate since their inception with many experimental, numerical and analytical studies having been undertaken. Here it is shown that the common way of analyzing the dimensionality of charge transport in OFETs may be prone to misinterpretations. Instead, the results in this thesis suggest that charge transport in OFETs is, in fact, quasi- two-dimensional (2D) due to the confinement of the gate field in addition to a morphology-induced preferred in-plane direction of the transport. The inherently large charge carrier concentrations in OFETs in addition to   the quasi-2D confinement leads to increased Coulomb interaction between charge carriers as compared to bulk material, leading to a thermoelectric behavior that deviates from doped organic systems. At very large concentrations interesting charge transport phenomena are observed, including an unexpected simultaneous increase of the concentration dependence and the magnitude of the mobility, the appearance of a negative transconductance, indicating a transition to an insulating Mott-Hubbard phase. The experimental and   numerical results in this thesis relate these phenomena the intricacies of the interplay between Coulomb interactions, energetic disorder and charge carrier hopping.

    List of papers
    1. Effective Temperature and Universal Conductivity Scaling in Organic Semiconductors
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effective Temperature and Universal Conductivity Scaling in Organic Semiconductors
    2015 (English)In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 5, article id 16870Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    We investigate the scalability of the temperature-and electric field-dependence of the conductivity of disordered organic semiconductors to universal curves by two different but commonly employed methods; by so-called universal scaling and by using the effective temperature concept. Experimentally both scaling methods were found to be equally applicable to the out-of-plane charge transport in PEDOT: PSS thin films of various compositions. Both methods are shown to be equivalent in terms of functional dependence and to have identical limiting behavior. The experimentally observed scaling behavior can be reproduced by a numerical nearest-neighbor hopping model, accounting for the Coulomb interaction, the high charge carrier concentration and the energetic disorder. The underlying physics can be captured in a simple empirical model, describing the effective temperature of the charge carrier distribution as the outcome of a heat balance between Joule heating and (effective) temperature-dependent energy loss to the lattice.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Nature Publishing Group, 2015
    National Category
    Physical Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-123329 (URN)10.1038/srep16870 (DOI)000364933800002 ()26581975 (PubMedID)
    Available from: 2015-12-14 Created: 2015-12-11 Last updated: 2022-09-15
    2. Impact of doping on the density of states and the mobility in organic semiconductors
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Impact of doping on the density of states and the mobility in organic semiconductors
    2016 (English)In: PHYSICAL REVIEW B, ISSN 2469-9950, Vol. 93, no 23, p. 235203-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    We experimentally investigated conductivity and mobility of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) doped with tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane (F(4)TCNQ) for various relative doping concentrations ranging from ultralow (10(-5)) to high (10(-1)) and various active layer thicknesses. Although the measured conductivity monotonously increases with increasing doping concentration, the mobilities decrease, in agreement with previously published work. Additionally, we developed a simple yet quantitative model to rationalize the results on basis of a modification of the density of states (DOS) by the Coulomb potentials of ionized dopants. The DOS was integrated in a three-dimensional (3D) hopping formalism in which parameters such as energetic disorder, intersite distance, energy level difference, and temperature were varied. We compared predictions of our model as well as those of a previously developed model to kinetic Monte Carlo (MC) modeling and found that only the former model accurately reproduces the mobility of MC modeling in a large part of the parameter space. Importantly, both our model and MC simulations are in good agreement with experiments; the crucial ingredient to both is the formation of a deep trap tail in the Gaussian DOS with increasing doping concentration.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    AMER PHYSICAL SOC, 2016
    National Category
    Other Physics Topics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-130276 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.93.235203 (DOI)000378813800009 ()
    Note

    Funding Agencies|Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC)

    Available from: 2016-08-01 Created: 2016-07-28 Last updated: 2018-08-29
    3. Range and energetics of charge hopping in organic semiconductors
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Range and energetics of charge hopping in organic semiconductors
    2017 (English)In: Physical Review B, ISSN 2469-9950, E-ISSN 2469-9969, Vol. 96, no 24, article id 241202Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    The recent upswing in attention for the thermoelectric properties of organic semiconductors (OSCs) adds urgency to the need for a quantitative description of the range and energetics of hopping transport in organic semiconductors under relevant circumstances, i.e., around room temperature (RT). In particular, the degree to which hops beyond the nearest neighbor must be accounted for at RT is still largely unknown. Here, measurements of charge and energy transport in doped OSCs are combined with analytical modeling to reach the univocal conclusion that variable-range hopping is the proper description in a large class of disordered OSC at RT. To obtain quantitative agreement with experiment, one needs to account for the modification of the density of states by ionized dopants. These Coulomb interactions give rise to a deep tail of trap states that is independent of the materials initial energetic disorder. Insertion of this effect into a classical Mott-type variable-range hopping model allows one to give a quantitative description of temperature-dependent conductivity and thermopower measurements on a wide range of disordered OSCs. In particular, the model explains the commonly observed quasiuniversal power-law relation between the Seebeck coefficient and the conductivity.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    AMER PHYSICAL SOC, 2017
    National Category
    Condensed Matter Physics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-144143 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.96.241202 (DOI)000418616700001 ()
    Note

    Funding Agencies|Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC); Knut och Alice Wallenberg stiftelse

    Available from: 2018-01-10 Created: 2018-01-10 Last updated: 2018-08-29
    4. Investigation of the dimensionality of charge transport in organic field effect transistors
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Investigation of the dimensionality of charge transport in organic field effect transistors
    2017 (English)In: Physical Review B, ISSN 2469-9950, E-ISSN 2469-9969, Vol. 95, no 8, article id 85301Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Ever since the first experimental investigations of organic field effect transistors (OFETs) the dimensionality of charge transport has alternately been described as two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D). More recently, researchers have turned to an analytical analysis of the temperature-dependent transfer characteristics to classify the dimensionality as either 2D or 3D as well as to determine the disorder of the system, thereby greatly simplifying dimensionality investigations. We applied said analytical analysis to the experimental results of our OFETs comprising molecularly well-defined polymeric layers as the active material as well as to results obtained from kinetic Monte Carlo simulations and found that it was not able to correctly distinguish between 2D and 3D transports or give meaningful values for the disorder and should only be used for quasiquantitative and comparative analysis. We conclude to show that the dimensionality of charge transport in OFETs is a function of the interplay between transistor physics and morphology of the organic material.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    AMER PHYSICAL SOC, 2017
    National Category
    Condensed Matter Physics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-138929 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.95.085301 (DOI)000402194500006 ()
    Note

    Funding Agencies|Knut och Alice Wallenbergs stiftelse; Advanced Functional Materials Center at Linkoping University [2009-00971]; VINNOVA [2015-04859]

    Available from: 2017-06-27 Created: 2017-06-27 Last updated: 2018-03-14
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    Charge and Energy Transport in Disordered Organic Semiconductors
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  • 2.
    Abdalla, Hassan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Complex Materials and Devices. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Fabiano, Simone
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Kemerink, Martijn
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Complex Materials and Devices. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Investigation of the dimensionality of charge transport in organic field effect transistors2017In: Physical Review B, ISSN 2469-9950, E-ISSN 2469-9969, Vol. 95, no 8, article id 85301Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ever since the first experimental investigations of organic field effect transistors (OFETs) the dimensionality of charge transport has alternately been described as two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D). More recently, researchers have turned to an analytical analysis of the temperature-dependent transfer characteristics to classify the dimensionality as either 2D or 3D as well as to determine the disorder of the system, thereby greatly simplifying dimensionality investigations. We applied said analytical analysis to the experimental results of our OFETs comprising molecularly well-defined polymeric layers as the active material as well as to results obtained from kinetic Monte Carlo simulations and found that it was not able to correctly distinguish between 2D and 3D transports or give meaningful values for the disorder and should only be used for quasiquantitative and comparative analysis. We conclude to show that the dimensionality of charge transport in OFETs is a function of the interplay between transistor physics and morphology of the organic material.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 3.
    Abdalla, Hassan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Complex Materials and Devices. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Zuo, Guangzheng
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Complex Materials and Devices. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Kemerink, Martijn
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Complex Materials and Devices. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Range and energetics of charge hopping in organic semiconductors2017In: Physical Review B, ISSN 2469-9950, E-ISSN 2469-9969, Vol. 96, no 24, article id 241202Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The recent upswing in attention for the thermoelectric properties of organic semiconductors (OSCs) adds urgency to the need for a quantitative description of the range and energetics of hopping transport in organic semiconductors under relevant circumstances, i.e., around room temperature (RT). In particular, the degree to which hops beyond the nearest neighbor must be accounted for at RT is still largely unknown. Here, measurements of charge and energy transport in doped OSCs are combined with analytical modeling to reach the univocal conclusion that variable-range hopping is the proper description in a large class of disordered OSC at RT. To obtain quantitative agreement with experiment, one needs to account for the modification of the density of states by ionized dopants. These Coulomb interactions give rise to a deep tail of trap states that is independent of the materials initial energetic disorder. Insertion of this effect into a classical Mott-type variable-range hopping model allows one to give a quantitative description of temperature-dependent conductivity and thermopower measurements on a wide range of disordered OSCs. In particular, the model explains the commonly observed quasiuniversal power-law relation between the Seebeck coefficient and the conductivity.

  • 4.
    Abrikosov, Igor A.
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Alling, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Steneteg, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Media and Information Technology. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Hultberg, Lasse
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Hellman, Olle
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Yu Mosyagin, Igor
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Department of Theoretical Physics and Quantum Technologies, National Research, Technological University MISiS, Moscow, Russia.
    Lugovskoy, Andrey V.
    Department of Theoretical Physics and Quantum Technologies, National Research, Technological University MISiS, Russia.
    Barannikova, Svetlana A.
    Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russia; Department of Physics and Engineering, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.
    Finite Temperature, Magnetic, and Many-Body Effects in Ab Initio Simulations of Alloy Thermodynamics2013In: TMS2013 Supplemental Proceedings, John Wiley & Sons, 2013, p. 617-626Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ab initio electronic structure theory is known as a useful tool for prediction of materials properties. However, majority of simulations still deal with calculations in the framework of density functional theory with local or semi-local functionals carried out at zero temperature. We present new methodological solution.s, which go beyond this approach and explicitly take finite temperature, magnetic, and many-body effects into account. Considering Ti-based alloys, we discuss !imitations of the quasiharmonic approximation for the treatment of lattice vibrations, and present an accurate and easily extendable method to calculate free ,energies of strongly anharmonic solids. We underline the necessity to going beyond the state-of-the-art techniques for the determination of effective cluster interactions in systems exhibiting mctal-to-insulator transition, and describe a unified cluster expansion approach developed for this class of materials. Finally, we outline a first-principles method, disordered local moments molecular dynamics, for calculations of thermodynamic properties of magnetic alloys, like Cr1-x,.AlxN, in their high-temperature paramagnetic state. Our results unambiguously demonstrate importance of finite temperature effects in theoretical calculations ofthermodynamic properties ofmaterials.

  • 5.
    Adam, Rania Elhadi
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics, Electronics and Mathematics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Chalangar, Ebrahim
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics, Electronics and Mathematics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. School of Information Technology, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden.
    Pirhashemi, Mahsa
    Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
    Pozina, Galia
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Liu, Xianjie
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Surface Physics and Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Palisaitis, Justinas
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Pettersson, Håkan
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics, Electronics and Mathematics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. School of Information Technology, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden; Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Willander, Magnus
    Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics, Electronics and Mathematics.
    Nur, Omer
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics, Electronics and Mathematics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Graphene-based plasmonic nanocomposites for highly enhanced solar-driven photocatalytic activities2019In: RSC Advances, E-ISSN 2046-2069, Vol. 9, no 52, p. 30585-30598Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    High-efficiency photocatalysts are crucial for the removal of organic pollutants and environmental sustainability. In the present work, we report on a new low-temperature hydrothermal chemical method, assisted by ultrasonication, to synthesize disruptive plasmonic ZnO/graphene/Ag/AgI nanocomposites for solar-driven photocatalysis. The plasmonic nanocomposites were investigated by a wide range of characterization techniques, confirming successful formation of photocatalysts with excellent degradation efficiency. Using Congo red as a model dye molecule, our experimental results demonstrated a photocatalytic reactivity exceeding 90% efficiency after one hour simulated solar irradiation. The significantly enhanced degradation efficiency is attributed to improved electronic properties of the nanocomposites by hybridization of the graphene and to the addition of Ag/AgI which generates a strong surface plasmon resonance effect in the metallic silver further improving the photocatalytic activity and stability under solar irradiation. Scavenger experiments suggest that superoxide and hydroxyl radicals are responsible for the photodegradation of Congo red. Our findings are important for the fundamental understanding of the photocatalytic mechanism of ZnO/graphene/Ag/AgI nanocomposites and can lead to further development of novel efficient photocatalyst materials.

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    fulltext
  • 6.
    Ahlberg, Jörgen
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Vision. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Åstrom, Anders
    Swedish Natl Forens Ctr NFC, Linkoping, Sweden.
    Forchheimer, Robert
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Simultaneous sensing, readout, and classification on an intensity-ranking image sensor2018In: International journal of circuit theory and applications, ISSN 0098-9886, E-ISSN 1097-007X, Vol. 46, no 9, p. 1606-1619Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We combine the near-sensor image processing concept with address-event representation leading to an intensity-ranking image sensor (IRIS) and show the benefits of using this type of sensor for image classification. The functionality of IRIS is to output pixel coordinates (X and Y values) continuously as each pixel has collected a certain number of photons. Thus, the pixel outputs will be automatically intensity ranked. By keeping track of the timing of these events, it is possible to record the full dynamic range of the image. However, in many cases, this is not necessary-the intensity ranking in itself gives the needed information for the task at hand. This paper describes techniques for classification and proposes a particular variant (groves) that fits the IRIS architecture well as it can work on the intensity rankings only. Simulation results using the CIFAR-10 dataset compare the results of the proposed method with the more conventional ferns technique. It is concluded that the simultaneous sensing and classification obtainable with the IRIS sensor yields both fast (shorter than full exposure time) and processing-efficient classification.

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    fulltext
  • 7.
    Ahmad, Mohammed Metwally Gomaa
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. National Research Centre, Egypt.
    Yazdi, Gholamreza
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Schmidt, Susann
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Boshta, M.
    National Research Centre, Egypt.
    Khranovskyy, Volodymyr
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Eriksson, Fredrik
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Farag, B. S.
    National Research Centre, Egypt.
    Osman, M. B. S.
    Ain Shams University, Egypt.
    Yakimova, Rositsa
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Effect of precursor solutions on the structural and optical properties of sprayed NiO thin films2017In: Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, ISSN 1369-8001, E-ISSN 1873-4081, Vol. 64, p. 32-38Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Nickel oxide thin films were deposited by a simple and low-cost spray pyrolysis technique using three different precursors: nickel nitrate, nickel chloride, and nickel acetate on corning glass substrates. X-ray diffraction show that the NiO films are polycrystalline and have a cubic crystal structure, although predominantly with a preferred 111-orientation in the growth direction and a random in-plane orientation. The deconvolution of the Ni 2p and O 1s core level X-ray photoelectron-spectra of nickel oxides produced by using different precursors indicates a shift of the binding energies. The sprayed NiO deposited from nickel nitrate has an optical transmittance in the range of 60-65% in the visible region. The optical band gap energies of the sprayed NiO films deposited from nickel nitrate, nickel chloride and nickel acetate are 3.5, 3.2 and 3.43 eV respectively. Also, the extinction coefficient and refractive index of NiO films have been calculated from transmittance and reflectance measurements. The average value of refractive index for sprayed films by nickel nitrate, nickel chloride and nickel acetate are 2.1, 1.6 and 1.85 respectively. It is revealed that the band gap and refractive index of NiO films by using nickel nitrate corresponds to the commonly reported values. We attribute the observed behavior in the optical band gap and optical constants as due to the change of the Ni/O ratio.

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  • 8.
    Ahmed, Bilal
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    El Ghazaly, Ahmed
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Rosén, Johanna
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    i-MXenes for Energy Storage and Catalysis2020In: Advanced Functional Materials, ISSN 1616-301X, E-ISSN 1616-3028, Vol. 30, no 47, article id 2000894Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In 2017, a new family of in-plane, chemically-ordered quaternary MAX phases, coined i-MAX, has been reported since 2017. The first i-MAX phase, (Mo2/3Sc1/3)(2)AlC, garnered significant research attention due to the presence of chemically ordered Sc within the Mo-dominated M layer, and the facilitated removal of both Al and Sc upon etching, resulting in 2D i-MXene, Mo1.33C, with ordered divacancies. The i-MXene renders an exceptionally low resistivity of 33.2 mu omega m(-1) and a high volumetric capacitance of approximate to 1150 F cm(-3). This discovery has been followed by the synthesis of, to date, 32 i-MAX phases and 5 i-MXenes, where the latter have shown potential for applications including, but not limited to, energy storage and catalysis. Herein, fundamental investigations of i-MAX phases and i-MXenes, along with their applicability in supercapacitive and catalytic applications, are reviewed. Moreover, recent results on ion intercalation and post-etching treatment of Mo1.33C are presented. The charge storage performance can also be tuned by forming MXene hydrogel and through inert atmosphere annealing, where the latter renders a superior volumetric capacitance of approximate to 1635 F cm(-3). This report demonstrates the potential of the i-MXene family for catalytic and energy storage applications, and highlights novel research directions for further development and successful employment in practical applications.

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    fulltext
  • 9.
    Ahsan, Aisha
    et al.
    Univ Basel, Switzerland.
    Mousavi, S. Fatemeh
    Univ Basel, Switzerland.
    Nijs, Thomas
    Univ Basel, Switzerland.
    Nowakowska, Sylwia
    Univ Basel, Switzerland.
    Popova, Olha
    Univ Basel, Switzerland.
    Wackerlin, Aneliia
    Univ Basel, Switzerland.
    Björk, Jonas
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Gade, Lutz H.
    Heidelberg Univ, Germany.
    Jung, Thomas A.
    Paul Scherrer Inst, Switzerland.
    Phase Transitions in Confinements: Controlling Solid to Fluid Transitions of Xenon Atoms in an On-Surface Network2019In: Small, ISSN 1613-6810, E-ISSN 1613-6829, Vol. 15, no 3, article id 1803169Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study reports on "phase" transitions of Xe condensates in on-surface confinements induced by temperature changes and local probe excitation. The pores of a metal-organic network occupied with 1 up to 9 Xe atoms are investigated in their propensity to undergo "condensed solid" to "confined fluid" transitions. Different transition temperatures are identified, which depend on the number of Xe atoms in the condensate and relate to the stability of the Xe clustering in the condensed "phase." This work reveals the feature-rich behavior of transitions of confined planar condensates, which provide a showcase toward future "phase-transition" storage media patterned by self-assembly. This work is also of fundamental interest as it paves the way to real space investigations of reversible solid to fluid transitions of magic cluster condensates in an array of extremely well-defined quantum confinements.

  • 10.
    Alexander-Webber, J. A.
    et al.
    University of Oxford, England; University of Cambridge, England.
    Huang, J.
    University of Oxford, England.
    Maude, D. K.
    CNRS UGA UPS INSA, France.
    Janssen, T. J. B. M.
    National Phys Lab, England.
    Tzalenchuk, A.
    National Phys Lab, England; Royal Holloway University of London, England.
    Antonov, V.
    Royal Holloway University of London, England.
    Yager, T.
    Chalmers, Sweden.
    Lara-Avila, S.
    Chalmers, Sweden.
    Kubatkin, S.
    Chalmers, Sweden.
    Yakimova, Rositsa
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nicholas, R. J.
    University of Oxford, England.
    Giant quantum Hall plateaus generated by charge transfer in epitaxial graphene2016In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 6, no 30296Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Epitaxial graphene has proven itself to be the best candidate for quantum electrical resistance standards due to its wide quantum Hall plateaus with exceptionally high breakdown currents. However one key underlying mechanism, a magnetic field dependent charge transfer process, is yet to be fully understood. Here we report measurements of the quantum Hall effect in epitaxial graphene showing the widest quantum Hall plateau observed to date extending over 50 T, attributed to an almost linear increase in carrier density with magnetic field. This behaviour is strong evidence for field dependent charge transfer from charge reservoirs with exceptionally high densities of states in close proximity to the graphene. Using a realistic framework of broadened Landau levels we model the densities of donor states and predict the field dependence of charge transfer in excellent agreement with experimental results, thus providing a guide towards engineering epitaxial graphene for applications such as quantum metrology.

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  • 11.
    Ali, M.
    et al.
    Helsinki University of Technology (TKK), Micronova, Department of Micro and Nanosciences, P.O. Box 3500, FIN-02015 TKK, Finland.
    Svensk, Olle
    Helsinki University of Technology (TKK), Micronova, Department of Micro and Nanosciences, P.O. Box 3500, FIN-02015 TKK, Finland.
    Zhen, Z.
    Helsinki University of Technology (TKK), Micronova, Department of Micro and Nanosciences, P.O. Box 3500, FIN-02015 TKK, Finland.
    Suihkonen, S.
    Helsinki University of Technology (TKK), Micronova, Department of Micro and Nanosciences, P.O. Box 3500, FIN-02015 TKK, Finland.
    Törmä, P.T.
    Helsinki University of Technology (TKK), Micronova, Department of Micro and Nanosciences, P.O. Box 3500, FIN-02015 TKK, Finland.
    Lipsanen, H.
    Helsinki University of Technology (TKK), Micronova, Department of Micro and Nanosciences, P.O. Box 3500, FIN-02015 TKK, Finland.
    Sopanen, M.
    Helsinki University of Technology (TKK), Micronova, Department of Micro and Nanosciences, P.O. Box 3500, FIN-02015 TKK, Finland.
    Hjort, Klas
    Department of Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 534, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
    Jensen, Jens
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Reduced photoluminescence from InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well structures following 40 MeV iodine ion irradiation2009In: Physica. B, Condensed matter, ISSN 0921-4526, E-ISSN 1873-2135, ISSN 0921-4526, Vol. 404, no 23-24, p. 4925-4928Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The effects following ion irradiation of GaN-based devices are still limited. Here we present data on the photoluminescence (PL) emitted from InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) structures, which have been exposed to 40 MeV I ion irradiation. The PL is reduced as a function of applied ion fluence, with essentially no PL signal left above 1011 ions/cm2. It is observed that even the ion fluences in the 109 ions/cm2 range have a pronounced effect on the photoluminescence properties of the MQW structures. This may have consequences concerning application of InGaN/GaN MQW’s in radiation-rich environments, in addition to defect build-up during ion beam analysis.

  • 12. Order onlineBuy this publication >>
    Alijan Farzad Lahiji, Faezeh
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Epitaxy of oxide and nitride thin films grown by magnetron sputtering2023Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The need for electronic devices with new functionalities has caused research to move in a way to design and utilize materials with high-performance thermoelectricity, widely used in batteries, sensors, and electronic devices. Two-dimensional materials (2D) with unique structures and remarkable properties have been identified to fabricate oxide heteroepitaxy. The growth of heteroepitaxy has been focused on the growth of high-quality films on single crystalline substrates.  

    The preferred orientation and the crystallization of the materials with thin or two-dimensional structures require an understanding of epitaxy. In epitaxial growth, using a specific, well- defined substrate with lattice constants close to that film is decisive in controlling the film orientation with high epitaxial quality. The electrical, optical, magnetic, and structural properties of the film are strongly determined by the texture and its epitaxial alignment.  The majority of studies report epitaxial growth on Si and sapphire with different crystallographic orientations. The family of NaCl-structured materials covers a variety of nitrides and oxides broadly used in science and technology that have been epitaxially grown on monocrystalline Si and sapphire (Al2O3).  

    In this thesis, the structure and optical properties of NiO are investigated as functions of oxygen content on Si(100) and c-Al2O3 using pulsed dc reactive magnetron sputtering. It is found that NiO with cubic structure is a single phase with predominant orientation along (111) on both substrates. It is fiber textured on Si(100), while twin domain epitaxy is achieved on c-Al2O3.  The growth of two cases of metal oxide and nitride films (NiO and CrN) with rock-salt (NaCl) structure is also demonstrated on r-plane sapphire. It is revealed that the NaCl-structured materials NiO and CrN grow with a tilted orientation relative to the substrate. This characterization and analysis of the epitaxy, crystallography, and growth modes yield a single and identical epitaxial relationship of these two cubic materials on r-plane sapphire, in contrast to earlier studies on NaCl-structured materials on r-plane sapphire, indicating several different orientation relationships. The results advance the understanding of growth modes and unusual epitaxial relationships of two cases of metal oxide and nitride films with rock-salt (NaCl) structure broadly used in science and technology on r-plane sapphire. 

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  • 13.
    Alkarsifi, Riva
    et al.
    Aix Marseille Univ, France.
    Avalos-Quiroz, Yatzil Alejandra
    Aix Marseille Univ, France.
    Perkhun, Pavlo
    Aix Marseille Univ, France.
    Liu, Xianjie
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Fahlman, Mats
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Bharwal, Anil Kumar
    Aix Marseille Univ, France.
    Ruiz, Carmen M.
    Aix Marseille Univ, France.
    Duche, David
    Aix Marseille Univ, France.
    Simon, Jean-Jacques
    Aix Marseille Univ, France.
    Videlot-Ackermann, Christine
    Aix Marseille Univ, France.
    Margeat, Olivier
    Aix Marseille Univ, France.
    Ackermann, Joerg
    Aix Marseille Univ, France.
    Organic-inorganic doped nickel oxide nanocrystals for hole transport layers in inverted polymer solar cells with color tuning2021In: Materials Chemistry Frontiers, E-ISSN 2052-1537, Vol. 5, no 1, p. 418-429Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Polymer solar cells using non-fullerene acceptors are nowadays amongst the most promising approaches for next generation photovoltaic applications. However, there are still remaining challenges related to large-scale fully solution-processing of high efficiency solar cells as high efficiencies are obtained only for very small areas using hole transport layers based on evaporated molybdenum oxide. Solution-processable hole transport materials compatible with non-fullerene acceptor materials are still scarce and thus considered as one of the major challenges nowadays. In this work, we present copper-doped nickel oxide nanocrystals that form highly stable inks in alcohol-based solutions. This allows processing of efficient hole transport layers in both regular and inverted device structures of polymer solar cells. As the initial work function of these ionic doped materials is too low for efficient hole extraction, doping the nanocrystals with an organic electron acceptor, namely 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquino dimethane (F4-TCNQ), was additionally applied to make the work function more suitable for hole extraction. The resulting hybrid hole transport layers were first studied in polymer solar cells based on fullerene acceptors using regular device structures yielding 7.4% efficiency identical to that of reference cells based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). For inverted device structures, the hybrid hole transport layers were processed on top of blends based on the non-fullerene acceptor IT-4F and PBDB-T-2F donor. The corresponding solar cells showed promising efficiencies up to 7.9% while the reference devices using PEDOT:PSS showed inferior performances. We further show that the hybrid hole transport layer can be used to tune the color of the polymer solar cells using optical spacer effects.

  • 14. Order onlineBuy this publication >>
    Alling, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Configurational and Magnetic Interactions in Multicomponent Systems2010Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis is a theoretical study of configurational and magnetic interactions in multicomponent solids. These interactions are the projections onto the configurational and magnetic degrees of freedom of the underlying electronic quantum mechanical system, and can be used to model, explain and predict the properties of materials. For example, the interactions govern temperature induced configurational and magnetic order-disorder transitions in Heusler alloys and ternary nitrides.

    In particular three perspectives are studied. The first is how the interactions can be derived from first-principles calculations at relevant physical conditions. The second is their consequences, like the critical temperatures for disordering, obtained with e.g. Monte Carlo simulations. The third is their origin in terms of the underlying electronic structure of the materials.

    Intrinsic defects in the half-Heusler system NiMnSb are studied and it is found that low-energy defects do not destroy the important half-metallic property at low concentrations. Deliberate doping of NiMnSb with 3d-metals is considered and it is found that replacing some Ni with extra Mn or Cr creates new strong magnetic interactions which could be beneficial for applications at elevated temperature. A self-consistent scheme to include the effects of thermal expansion and one-electron excitations in the calculation of the magnetic critical temperature is introduced and applied to a study of Ni1−xCuxMnSb.

    A supercell implementation of the disordered local moments approach is suggested and benchmarked for the treatment of paramagnetic CrN as a disordered magnetic phase. It is found that the orthorhombic-to-cubic phase transition in this nitride can be understood as a first-order magnetic order-disorder transition. The ferromagnetism in Ti1−xCrxN solid solutions, an unusual property in nitrides, is explained in terms of a charge transfer induced change in the Cr-Cr magnetic interactions.

    Cubic Ti1−xAlxN solid solutions displays a complex and concentration dependent phase separation tendency. A unified cluster expansion method is presented that can be used to simulate the configurational thermodynamics of this system. It is shown that short range clustering do influence the free energy of mixing but only slightly change the isostructural phase diagram as compared to mean-field estimates.

    List of papers
    1. Role of stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric defects on the magnetic properties of the half-metallic ferromagnet NiMnSb
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Role of stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric defects on the magnetic properties of the half-metallic ferromagnet NiMnSb
    2006 (English)In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 73, no 6, p. 064418-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    The first material to be predicted from first-principles calculations as half-metallic was NiMnSb, and the research on this material has been intense due to its possible applications in spintronics devices. The failure of many experiments to measure spin polarization to more than a fraction of the predicted 100% has partly been blamed on structural defects. In this work a complete first-principles treatise of point defects, including nonstoichiometric antisites, interstitial and vacancy defects, as well as stoichiometric atomic swap defects in NiMnSb, is presented. We find that the formation energies of the defects span a large scale from 0.2 to 14.4 eV. The defects with low formation energies preserve the half-metallic character of the material. We also find that some of the defects increase the magnetic moment and thus can explain the experimentally observed increase of magnetic moments in some samples of NiMnSb. Most interesting in this respect are Mn interstitials which increase the magnetic moment, have a low formation energy, and keep the half-metallic character of the material.

    Keywords
    nickel alloys, manganese alloys, antimony alloys, ferromagnetic materials, ab initio calculations, interstitials, antisite defects, vacancies (crystal), defect states, magnetic moments
    National Category
    Natural Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-35025 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.73.064418 (DOI)24646 (Local ID)24646 (Archive number)24646 (OAI)
    Note
    Original Publication: Björn Alling, Sam Shallcross and Igor Abrikosov, Role of stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric defects on the magnetic properties of the half-metallic ferromagnet NiMnSb, 2006, Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, (73), 6, 064418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.73.064418 Copyright: American Physical Society http://www.aps.org/ Available from: 2009-10-10 Created: 2009-10-10 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    2.
    The record could not be found. The reason may be that the record is no longer available or you may have typed in a wrong id in the address field.
    3.
    The record could not be found. The reason may be that the record is no longer available or you may have typed in a wrong id in the address field.
    4. Competition between Magnetic Structures in the Fe-Rich FCC FeNi Alloys
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Competition between Magnetic Structures in the Fe-Rich FCC FeNi Alloys
    Show others...
    2007 (English)In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 76, no 1, p. 014434-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    We report on the results of a systematic ab initio study of the magnetic structure of Fe rich fcc FeNi binary alloys for Ni concentrations up to 50 at. %. Calculations are carried out within density-functional theory using two complementary techniques, one based on the exact muffin-tin orbital theory within the coherent potential approximation and another one based on the projector augmented-wave method. We observe that the evolution of the magnetic structure of the alloy with increasing Ni concentration is determined by a competition between a large number of magnetic states, collinear as well as noncollinear, all close in energy. We emphasize a series of transitions between these magnetic structures, in particular we have investigated a competition between disordered local moment configurations, spin spiral states, the double layer antiferromagnetic state, and the ferromagnetic phase, as well as the ferrimagnetic phase with a single spin flipped with respect to all others. We show that the latter should be particularly important for the understanding of the magnetic structure of the Invar alloys.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    American Physical Society, 2007
    Keywords
    Iron alloys, nickel alloys, ferromagnetic materials, magnetic structure, ab initio calculations, density functional theory, linear muffin-tin orbital method, local moments
    National Category
    Physical Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-14277 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.76.014434 (DOI)
    Note
    Original Publication: Igor A. Abrikosov, Andreas E. Kissavos, Francois Liot, Björn Alling, Sergey Simak, O. Peil and A. V. Ruban, Competition between Magnetic Structures in the Fe-Rich FCC FeNi Alloys, 2007, Physical Review B Condensed Matter, (76), 1, 014434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.76.014434 Copyright: American Physical Society http://www.aps.org/Available from: 2007-02-01 Created: 2007-02-01 Last updated: 2024-01-08Bibliographically approved
    5. Questionable collapse of the bulk modulus in CrN
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Questionable collapse of the bulk modulus in CrN
    2010 (English)In: Nature Materials, ISSN 1476-1122, E-ISSN 1476-4660, Vol. 9, no 4, p. 283-284Article in journal, Letter (Other academic) Published
    Abstract [en]

    In this comment we show that the main conclusion in a previous article, claiminga drastic increase in compressibility of CrN at the cubic to orthorhombic phasetransition, is unsupported by first-principles calculations. We show that if thecubic CrN phase is considered as a disordered magnetic material, as supported bydifferent experimental data, rather then non-magnetic, the bulk modulus is almostunaffected by the transition.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    London, UK: Nature Publishing Group, 2010
    Keywords
    CrN, phase-transition, magnetism, bulk modulus, first-principles
    National Category
    Condensed Matter Physics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-60438 (URN)10.1038/nmat2722 (DOI)000275901000002 ()
    Available from: 2010-10-13 Created: 2010-10-13 Last updated: 2024-01-08Bibliographically approved
    6. Effect of magnetic disorder and strong electron correlations on the thermodynamics of CrN
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effect of magnetic disorder and strong electron correlations on the thermodynamics of CrN
    2010 (English)In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 82, p. 184430-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Two different methods for the modeling of a magnetically disordered CrN stateusing a supercell approach are investigated. They are found to give equivalentresults of the total energy, being also similar to results obtained with an effectivemedium approach. Furthermore, CrN is shown to be better described using aLDA+U framework for the treatment of electron-electron correlations as comparedto GGA or LDA calculations. Modeling the cubic paramagnetic phase with ourmodels for magnetic disorder and considering the strong electron correlations, thetemperature and pressure induced phase transitions in CrN can be explained.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    American institute of physics, 2010
    Keywords
    CrN, magnetic disorder, nitrides, LDA+U, SQS, phase transition, chromium compounds
    National Category
    Natural Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-60439 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.82.184430 (DOI)000291462500005 ()
    Available from: 2010-10-13 Created: 2010-10-13 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    7. Theory of the ferromagnetism in Ti1-xCrxN solid solutions
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Theory of the ferromagnetism in Ti1-xCrxN solid solutions
    2010 (English)In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 82, no 5, p. 054408-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    First-principles calculations are used to investigate the magnetic properties of Ti1‑xCrxN solid solutions. We show that the magnetic interactions between Cr spins that favor antiferromagnetism in CrN is changed upon alloying with TiN leading to the appearance of ferromagnetism in the system at approximately x≤0.50 in agreement with experimental reports. Furthermore we suggest that this effect originates in an electron density redistribution from Ti to Cr that decreases the polarization of Crd states with t2g symmetry while it increases the polarization of Crd states with eg symmetry, both changes working in favor of ferromagnetism.

    Keywords
    TiN, CrN, TiCrN, solid solutions, first-principles, magnetic interactions, ferromagnetism, electronic structure
    National Category
    Condensed Matter Physics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-60441 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.82.054408 (DOI)
    Note
    Original Publication: Björn Alling, Theory of the ferromagnetism in Ti1-xCrxN solid solutions, 2010, Physical Review B Condensed Matter, (82), 5, 054408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.82.054408 Copyright: American Physical Society http://www.aps.org/Available from: 2010-10-13 Created: 2010-10-13 Last updated: 2017-12-12
    8. A unified cluster expansion method applied to the configurational thermodynamics of cubic TiAlN
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>A unified cluster expansion method applied to the configurational thermodynamics of cubic TiAlN
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    2011 (English)In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 83, no 10, p. 104203-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    We use a study of the cubic Ti1−xAlxN system to illustrate a practical way of combining the major methodologies within alloy theory, the Connolly-Williams cluster expansion and the generalized perturbation method, in order to solve difficult alloy problems. The configurational, concentration dependent, Hamiltonian is separated into a fixed-lattice and a local lattice relaxation part. The effective cluster interactions of the first part is obtained primarily with a GPM-based approach while the later is obtained using cluster expansion. In our case the impact on the isostructural phase diagram of considering short range clustering beyond the mean field approximation, obtained from the mixing enthalpy and entropy of the random alloy, is rather small, especially in the composition region x ≤ 0.66, within reach of thin film growth techniques.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    American Physical Society, 2011
    Keywords
    TiAlN, TiN, AlN, cluster expansion, GPM, spinodal decomposition, first-principles, titanium aluminium nitride, clustering, phase separation
    National Category
    Natural Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-60442 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.83.104203 (DOI)000288782700004 ()
    Note
    Original Publication: Björn Alling, A. V. Ruban, A Karimi, Lars Hultman and Igor Abrikosov, A unified cluster expansion method applied to the configurational thermodynamics of cubic TiAlN, 2011, Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, (83), 10, 104203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.83.104203 Copyright: American Physical Society http://www.aps.org/ Available from: 2010-10-13 Created: 2010-10-13 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    9. Pressure enhancement of the isostructural cubic decomposition in Ti1−xAlxN
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Pressure enhancement of the isostructural cubic decomposition in Ti1−xAlxN
    2009 (English)In: Applied Physics Letters, ISSN 0003-6951, E-ISSN 1077-3118, Vol. 95, no 181906Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    The influence of pressure on the phase stabilities of Ti1−xAlxN solid solutions has been studied using first principles calculations. We find that the application of hydrostatic pressure enhances the tendency for isostructural decomposition, including spinodal decomposition. The effect originates in the gradual pressure stabilization of cubic AlN with respect to the wurtzite structure and an increased isostructural cubic mixing enthalpy with increased pressure. The influence is sufficiently strong in the composition-temperature interval corresponding to a shoulder of the spinodal line that it could impact the stability of the material at pressures achievable in the tool-work piece contact during cutting operations

    Keywords
    ab initio calculations, aluminium compounds, enthalpy, high-pressure effects, mixing, solid solutions, spinodal decomposition, titanium compounds
    National Category
    Natural Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-51569 (URN)10.1063/1.3256196 (DOI)
    Note
    Original Publication: Björn Alling, Magnus Odén, Lars Hultman and Igor Abrikosov, Pressure enhancement of the isostructural cubic decomposition in Ti1-xAlxN, 2009, Applied Physics Letters, (95), 181906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3256196 Copyright: American Institute of Physics http://www.aip.org/ Available from: 2009-11-07 Created: 2009-11-07 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    10. Effects of volume mismatch and electronic structure on the decomposition of ScAlN and TiAlN solid solutions
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effects of volume mismatch and electronic structure on the decomposition of ScAlN and TiAlN solid solutions
    Show others...
    2010 (English)In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 81, no 22, p. 224101-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Thin solid films of metastable rocksalt structure (c-) Sc1-xAlxN and Ti1-xAlxN were employed as model systems to investigate the relative influence of volume mismatch and electronic structure driving forces for phase separation. Reactive dual magnetron sputtering was used to deposit stoichiometric Sc0.57Al0.43N(111) and Ti0.51Al0.49N(111) thin films, at 675 °C and 600 °C, respectively, followed by stepwise annealing to a maximum temperature of 1100 °C. Phase transformations during growth and annealing were followed in situ using X-ray scattering. The results show that the as-deposited Sc0.57Al0.43N films phase separate at 1000 °C – 1100 °C into non-isostructural c-ScN and wurtzite-structure (w-) AlN, via nucleation and growth at domain boundaries. Ti0.51Al0.49N, however, exhibits spinodal decomposition into isostructural coherent c-TiN and c-AlN, in the temperature interval of 800 °C – 1000 °C. X-ray pole figures show the coherency between c-ScN and w-AlN, with AlN(0001) || ScN(001) and AlN<01ɸ10> || ScN<1ɸ10>. First principles calculations of mixing energy-lattice spacing curves explain the results on a fundamental physics level and open a route for design of novel metastable pseudobinary phases for hard coatings and electronic materials.

    Keywords
    TiAlN, ScAlN, spinodal decomposition, nitrides, TiN, ScN, AlN, XRD, TEM, first-principles, phase separation, meta stable
    National Category
    Natural Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-56270 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.81.224101 (DOI)000278300900004 ()
    Note
    Original Publication: Carina Höglund, Björn Alling, Jens Birch, Manfred Beckers, Per O. Å. Persson, Carsten Baehtz, Zsolt Czigány, Jens Jensen and Lars Hultman, Effects of volume mismatch and electronic structure on the decomposition of ScAlN and TiAlN solid solutions, 2010, Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, (81), 22, 224101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.81.224101 Copyright: American Physical Society http://www.aps.org/ Available from: 2010-05-06 Created: 2010-05-06 Last updated: 2021-12-29
    11.
    The record could not be found. The reason may be that the record is no longer available or you may have typed in a wrong id in the address field.
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    Configurational and Magnetic Interactions in Multicomponent Systems
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  • 15.
    Alling, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Theory of the ferromagnetism in Ti1-xCrxN solid solutions2010In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 82, no 5, p. 054408-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    First-principles calculations are used to investigate the magnetic properties of Ti1‑xCrxN solid solutions. We show that the magnetic interactions between Cr spins that favor antiferromagnetism in CrN is changed upon alloying with TiN leading to the appearance of ferromagnetism in the system at approximately x≤0.50 in agreement with experimental reports. Furthermore we suggest that this effect originates in an electron density redistribution from Ti to Cr that decreases the polarization of Crd states with t2g symmetry while it increases the polarization of Crd states with eg symmetry, both changes working in favor of ferromagnetism.

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  • 16.
    Alling, Björn
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics . Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Ekholm, Marcus
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics . Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Abrikosov, Igor
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics . Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Energetics and magnetic impact of 3d-metal doping of the half-metallic ferromagnet NiMnSb2008In: Physical Review B Condensed Matter, ISSN 0163-1829, E-ISSN 1095-3795, Vol. 77, no 14, p. 144414-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We have performed a theoretical study of the effect of doping the half-Heusler alloy NiMnSb with the magnetic 3d metals Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni, with respect to both energetics and magnetic properties. Starting from the formation energies, we discuss the possibility of placing the dopant on different crystallographic positions in the alloy. We calculate total and local magnetic moments, effective exchange interactions, and density of states and also outline strategies to tune the magnetic properties of the alloy. Doping of NiMnSb with Cr as well as substituting some Ni with extra Mn have the largest impact on magnetic interactions in the system while preserving its half-metallic property. Therefore, we suggest the possibility that these dopants increase the thermal stability of half-metallicity in NiMnSb, with implications for its possible usage in spintronics applications.

  • 17.
    Alling, Björn
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Max Planck Institute Eisenforsch GmbH, Germany.
    Koermann, F.
    Max Planck Institute Eisenforsch GmbH, Germany; Delft University of Technology, Netherlands.
    Grabowski, B.
    Max Planck Institute Eisenforsch GmbH, Germany.
    Glensk, A.
    Max Planck Institute Eisenforsch GmbH, Germany.
    Abrikosov, Igor
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Russia.
    Neugebauer, J.
    Max Planck Institute Eisenforsch GmbH, Germany.
    Strong impact of lattice vibrations on electronic and magnetic properties of paramagnetic Fe revealed by disordered local moments molecular dynamics2016In: PHYSICAL REVIEW B, ISSN 2469-9950, Vol. 93, no 22, article id 224411Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We study the impact of lattice vibrations on magnetic and electronic properties of paramagnetic bcc and fcc iron at finite temperature, employing the disordered local moments molecular dynamics (DLM-MD) method. Vibrations strongly affect the distribution of local magnetic moments at finite temperature, which in turn correlates with the local atomic volumes. Without the explicit consideration of atomic vibrations, the mean local magnetic moment and mean field derived magnetic entropy of paramagnetic bcc Fe are larger compared to paramagnetic fcc Fe, which would indicate that the magnetic contribution stabilizes the bcc phase at high temperatures. In the present study we show that this assumption is not valid when the coupling between vibrations and magnetism is taken into account. At the gamma-delta transition temperature (1662 K), the lattice distortions cause very similar magnetic moments of both bcc and fcc structures and hence magnetic entropy contributions. This finding can be traced back to the electronic densities of states, which also become increasingly similar between bcc and fcc Fe with increasing temperature. Given the sensitive interplay of the different physical excitation mechanisms, our results illustrate the need for an explicit consideration of vibrational disorder and its impact on electronic and magnetic properties to understand paramagnetic Fe. Furthermore, they suggest that at the gamma-delta transition temperature electronic and magnetic contributions to the Gibbs free energy are extremely similar in bcc and fcc Fe.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 18.
    Alling, Björn
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Marten, Tobias
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Abrikosov, Igor
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Questionable collapse of the bulk modulus in CrN2010In: Nature Materials, ISSN 1476-1122, E-ISSN 1476-4660, Vol. 9, no 4, p. 283-284Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In this comment we show that the main conclusion in a previous article, claiminga drastic increase in compressibility of CrN at the cubic to orthorhombic phasetransition, is unsupported by first-principles calculations. We show that if thecubic CrN phase is considered as a disordered magnetic material, as supported bydifferent experimental data, rather then non-magnetic, the bulk modulus is almostunaffected by the transition.

  • 19. Order onlineBuy this publication >>
    Alnoor, Hatim
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Toward the Optimization of Low-temperature Solution-based Synthesis of ZnO Nanostructures for Device Applications2017Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures (NSs) of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) such as nanorods (NRs) have recently attracted considerable research attention due to their potential for the development of optoelectronic devices such as ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The potential of ZnO NRs in all these applications, however, would require synthesis of high crystal quality ZnO NRs with precise control over the optical and electronic properties. It is known that the optical and electronic properties of ZnO NRs are mostly influenced by the presence of native (intrinsic) and impurities (extrinsic) defects. Therefore, understanding the nature of these intrinsic and extrinsic defects and their spatial distribution is critical for optimizing the optical and electronic properties of ZnO NRs. However, identifying the origin of such defects is a complicated matter, especially for NSs, where the information on anisotropy is usually lost due to the lack of coherent orientation.

    Thus, the aim of this thesis is towards the optimization of the lowtemperature solution-based synthesis of ZnO NRs for device applications. In this connection, we first started with investigating the effect of the precursor solution stirring durations on the deep level defects concentration and their spatial distribution along the ZnO NRs. Then, by choosing the optimal stirring time, we studied the influence of ZnO seeding layer precursor’s types, and its molar ratios on the density of interface defects. The findings of these investigations were used to demonstrate ZnO NRs-based heterojunction LEDs. The ability to tune the point defects along the NRs enabled us further to incorporate cobalt (Co) ions into the ZnO NRs crystal lattice, where these ions could occupy the vacancies or interstitial defects through substitutional or interstitial doping. Following this, high crystal quality vertically welloriented ZnO NRs have been demonstrated by incorporating a small amount of Co into the ZnO crystal lattice. Finally, the influence of Co ions incorporation on the reduction of core-defects (CDs) in ZnO NRs was systematically examined using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR).

    List of papers
    1. Effect of precursor solutions stirring on deep level defects concentration and spatial distribution in low temperature aqueous chemical synthesis of zinc oxide nanorods
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effect of precursor solutions stirring on deep level defects concentration and spatial distribution in low temperature aqueous chemical synthesis of zinc oxide nanorods
    Show others...
    2015 (English)In: AIP Advances, E-ISSN 2158-3226, Vol. 5, no 8, article id 087180Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Hexagonal c-axis oriented zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs) with 120-300 nm diameters are synthesized via the low temperature aqueous chemical route at 80 degrees C on silver-coated glass substrates. The influence of varying the precursor solutions stirring durations on the concentration and spatial distributions of deep level defects in ZnO NRs is investigated. Room temperature micro-photoluminesnce (mu-PL) spectra were collected for all samples. Cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra of the as-synthesized NRs reveal a significant change in the intensity ratio of the near band edge emission (NBE) to the deep-level emission (DLE) peaks with increasing stirring durations. This is attributed to the variation in the concentration of the oxygen-deficiency with increasing stirring durations as suggested from the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Spatially resolved CL spectra taken along individual NRs revealed that stirring the precursor solutions for relatively short duration (1-3 h), which likely induced high super saturation under thermodynamic equilibrium during the synthesis process, is observed to favor the formation of point defects moving towards the tip of the NRs. In contrary, stirring for longer duration (5-15 h) will induce low super saturation favoring the formation of point defects located at the bottom of the NRs. These findings demonstrate that it is possible to control the concentration and spatial distribution of deep level defects in ZnO NRs by varying the stirring durations of the precursor solutions.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    AMER INST PHYSICS, 2015
    National Category
    Condensed Matter Physics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-122070 (URN)10.1063/1.4929981 (DOI)000360655900089 ()
    Note

    Funding Agencies|Avdanced Functional Materials (AFM) SFO project at Linkoping Univeristy, Sweden

    Available from: 2015-12-18 Created: 2015-10-19 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    2. Influence of ZnO seed layer precursor molar ratio on the density of interface defects in low temperature aqueous chemically synthesized ZnO nanorods/GaN light-emitting diodes
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Influence of ZnO seed layer precursor molar ratio on the density of interface defects in low temperature aqueous chemically synthesized ZnO nanorods/GaN light-emitting diodes
    Show others...
    2016 (English)In: Journal of Applied Physics, ISSN 0021-8979, E-ISSN 1089-7550, Vol. 119, no 16, p. 165702-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Low temperature aqueous chemical synthesis (LT-ACS) of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs) has been attracting considerable research interest due to its great potential in the development of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The influence of the molar ratio of the zinc acetate (ZnAc): KOH as a ZnO seed layer precursor on the density of interface defects and hence the presence of non-radiative recombination centers in LT-ACS of ZnO NRs/GaN LEDs has been systematically investigated. The material quality of the as-prepared seed layer as quantitatively deduced by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is found to be influenced by the molar ratio. It is revealed by spatially resolved cathodoluminescence that the seed layer molar ratio plays a significant role in the formation and the density of defects at the n-ZnO NRs/p-GaN heterostructure interface. Consequently, LED devices processed using ZnO NRs synthesized with molar ratio of 1:5M exhibit stronger yellow emission (similar to 575 nm) compared to those based on 1:1 and 1:3M ratios as measured by the electroluminescence. Furthermore, seed layer molar ratio shows a quantitative dependence of the non-radiative defect densities as deduced from light-output current characteristics analysis. These results have implications on the development of high-efficiency ZnO-based LEDs and may also be helpful in understanding the effects of the ZnO seed layer on defect-related non-radiative recombination. Published by AIP Publishing.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    AMER INST PHYSICS, 2016
    National Category
    Materials Chemistry
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129174 (URN)10.1063/1.4947593 (DOI)000375929900043 ()
    Note

    Funding Agencies|Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University (Faculty Grant SFO-Mat-LiU) [2009-00971]

    Available from: 2016-06-13 Created: 2016-06-13 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    3. Seed layer synthesis effect on the concentration of interface defects and emission spectra of ZnO nanorods/p-GaN light-emitting diode
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Seed layer synthesis effect on the concentration of interface defects and emission spectra of ZnO nanorods/p-GaN light-emitting diode
    2017 (English)In: Physica Status Solidi (a) applications and materials science, ISSN 1862-6300, E-ISSN 1862-6319, Vol. 214, no 1, article id 1600333Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    As the low-temperature aqueous chemical synthesis (LT-ACS), holds great promises for the synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) ZnO nanostructure-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and hence require parameter tuning for optimal performance. N-ZnO nanorods (NRs)/p-GaN heterojunction LEDs have been synthesized by the LT-ACS using ZnO nanoparticle (NPs) seed layers prepared with different precursor solutions. The effect of these seed layers on the interface defect properties and emission intensity of the as-synthesized n-Zn/p-GaN heterojunction LEDs has been demonstrated by spatially resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) and electroluminescence (EL) measurements, respectively. A significant reduction of the interface defects in the n-ZnO NRs/p-GaN heterostructure synthesized from a seed layer prepared from zinc acetate (ZnAc) with a mixture of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) (donated as ZKH seed) compared with those prepared from ZnAc and KOH (donated as ZK seed) is observed as revealed by spatially resolved CL. Consequently, the LEDs based on n-ZnO NRs/p-GaN prepared from ZKH seed show an improvement in the yellow emission (approximate to 578nm) compared to that based on the ZK seed as deduced from the electroluminescence measurements. The improvement in the yellow EL emission on the ZKH LED probably attributed to the low presence of the non-radiative defect as deduced by light-output current (L-I) characteristics analysis.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH, 2017
    Keywords
    GaN; interface defects; light-emitting diodes; low-temperature aqueous chemical synthesis; seed layers; ZnO
    National Category
    Condensed Matter Physics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-136230 (URN)10.1002/pssa.201600333 (DOI)000394423400006 ()
    Note

    Funding Agencies|Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials (Faculty Grant SFO-Mat-LiU) at Linkoping University [2009-00971]

    Available from: 2017-03-31 Created: 2017-03-31 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    4. EPR investigation of pure and Co-doped ZnO oriented nanocrystals
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>EPR investigation of pure and Co-doped ZnO oriented nanocrystals
    Show others...
    2017 (English)In: NANOTECHNOLOGY, ISSN 0957-4484, Vol. 28, no 3, article id 035705Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Pure and cobalt-doped zinc oxide aligned nanorods have been grown by the low-temperature (90 degrees C) aqueous chemical method on amorphous ZnO seed layer, deposited on a sapphire substrate. High crystallinity of these objects is demonstrated by the electron paramagnetic resonance investigation at liquid helium temperature. The successful incorporation of Co2+ ions in substitution of Zn2+ ones in the ZnO matrix has also been confirmed. A drastic reduction of intrinsic ZnO nanorods core defects is observed in the Co-doped samples, which enhances the structural quality of the NRs. The quantification of substitutional Co2+ ions in the ZnO matrix is achieved by comparison with a reference sample. The findings in this study indicate the potential of using the low-temperature aqueous chemical approach for synthesizing material for spintronics applications.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2017
    Keywords
    nanorods; magnetic properties; electron paramagnetic resonance; diluted magnetic semiconductors
    National Category
    Materials Chemistry
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-134300 (URN)10.1088/1361-6528/28/3/035705 (DOI)000391289300001 ()27966469 (PubMedID)
    Note

    Funding Agencies|NATO project [SfP 984735]

    Available from: 2017-02-06 Created: 2017-02-03 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    5. An effective low-temperature solution synthesis of Co-doped [0001]-oriented ZnO nanorods
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>An effective low-temperature solution synthesis of Co-doped [0001]-oriented ZnO nanorods
    Show others...
    2017 (English)In: Journal of Applied Physics, ISSN 0021-8979, E-ISSN 1089-7550, Vol. 121, no 21, article id 215102Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    We demonstrate an efficient possibility to synthesize vertically aligned pure zinc oxide (ZnO) and Co-doped ZnO nanorods (NRs) using the low-temperature aqueous chemical synthesis (90 degrees C). Two different mixing methods of the synthesis solutions were investigated for the Co-doped samples. The synthesized samples were compared to pure ZnO NRs regarding the Co incorporation and crystal quality. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements confirmed the substitution of Co2+ inside the ZnO NRs, giving a highly anisotropic magnetic Co2+ signal. The substitution of Zn2+ by Co2+ was observed to be combined with a drastic reduction in the core-defect (CD) signal (g similar to 1.956) which is seen in pure ZnO NRs. As revealed by the cathodoluminescence (CL), the incorporation of Co causes a slight red-shift of the UV peak position combined with an enhancement in the intensity of the defect-related yellow-orange emission compared to pure ZnO NRs. Furthermore, the EPR and the CL measurements allow a possible model of the defect configuration in the samples. It is proposed that the as-synthesized pure ZnO NRs likely contain Zn interstitial (Zn-i(+)) as CDs and oxygen vacancy (V-O) or oxygen interstitial (O-i) as surface defects. As a result, Co was found to likely occupy the Zn-i(+), leading to the observed CDs reduction and hence enhancing the crystal quality. These results open the possibility of synthesis of highly crystalline quality ZnO NRs-based diluted magnetic semiconductors using the low-temperature aqueous chemical method. Published by AIP Publishing.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    AMER INST PHYSICS, 2017
    National Category
    Condensed Matter Physics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-138890 (URN)10.1063/1.4984314 (DOI)000402768900026 ()
    Note

    Funding Agencies|NATO [984735]

    Available from: 2017-06-27 Created: 2017-06-27 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    6. Core-defect reduction in ZnO nanorods by cobalt incorporation
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Core-defect reduction in ZnO nanorods by cobalt incorporation
    Show others...
    2017 (English)In: Nanotechnology, ISSN 0957-4484, E-ISSN 1361-6528, Vol. 28, no 28, article id 285705Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods grown by the low-temperature (90 degrees C) aqueous chemical method with different cobalt concentration within the synthesis solution (from 0% to 15%), are studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), just above the liquid helium temperature. The anisotropic spectra of substitutional Co2+ reveal a high crystalline quality and orientation of the NRs, as well as the probable presence of a secondary disordered phase of ZnO: Co. The analysis of the EPR spectra indicates that the disappearance of the paramagnetic native core-defect (CD) at g similar to 1.96 is correlated with the apparition of the Co2+ ions lines, suggesting a gradual neutralization of the former by the latter. We show that only a little amount of cobalt in the synthesis solution (about 0.2%) is necessary to suppress almost all these paramagnetic CDs. This gives insight in the experimentally observed improvement of the crystal quality of diluted ZnO: Co nanorods, as well as into the control of paramagnetic defects in ZnO nanostructures.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2017
    Keywords
    nanorods; ZnO; physics defects; electron paramagnetic resonance
    National Category
    Condensed Matter Physics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-139388 (URN)10.1088/1361-6528/aa716a (DOI)000404344400005 ()28475103 (PubMedID)
    Note

    Funding Agencies|NATO project Science for Peace (SfP), Novel nanostructures [984735]

    Available from: 2017-08-07 Created: 2017-08-07 Last updated: 2024-01-08
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    Toward the Optimization of Low-temperature Solution-based Synthesis of ZnO Nanostructures for Device Applications
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  • 20.
    Alnoor, Hatim
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Chey, Chan Oeurn
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Pozina, Galia
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Liu, Xianjie
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Surface Physics and Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Khranovskyy, Volodymyr
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Willander, Magnus
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nour, Omer
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Effect of precursor solutions stirring on deep level defects concentration and spatial distribution in low temperature aqueous chemical synthesis of zinc oxide nanorods2015In: AIP Advances, E-ISSN 2158-3226, Vol. 5, no 8, article id 087180Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Hexagonal c-axis oriented zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs) with 120-300 nm diameters are synthesized via the low temperature aqueous chemical route at 80 degrees C on silver-coated glass substrates. The influence of varying the precursor solutions stirring durations on the concentration and spatial distributions of deep level defects in ZnO NRs is investigated. Room temperature micro-photoluminesnce (mu-PL) spectra were collected for all samples. Cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra of the as-synthesized NRs reveal a significant change in the intensity ratio of the near band edge emission (NBE) to the deep-level emission (DLE) peaks with increasing stirring durations. This is attributed to the variation in the concentration of the oxygen-deficiency with increasing stirring durations as suggested from the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Spatially resolved CL spectra taken along individual NRs revealed that stirring the precursor solutions for relatively short duration (1-3 h), which likely induced high super saturation under thermodynamic equilibrium during the synthesis process, is observed to favor the formation of point defects moving towards the tip of the NRs. In contrary, stirring for longer duration (5-15 h) will induce low super saturation favoring the formation of point defects located at the bottom of the NRs. These findings demonstrate that it is possible to control the concentration and spatial distribution of deep level defects in ZnO NRs by varying the stirring durations of the precursor solutions.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 21.
    Alnoor, Hatim
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Pozina, Galia
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Willander, Magnus
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nur, Omer
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Seed layer synthesis effect on the concentration of interface defects and emission spectra of ZnO nanorods/p-GaN light-emitting diode2017In: Physica Status Solidi (a) applications and materials science, ISSN 1862-6300, E-ISSN 1862-6319, Vol. 214, no 1, article id 1600333Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    As the low-temperature aqueous chemical synthesis (LT-ACS), holds great promises for the synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) ZnO nanostructure-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and hence require parameter tuning for optimal performance. N-ZnO nanorods (NRs)/p-GaN heterojunction LEDs have been synthesized by the LT-ACS using ZnO nanoparticle (NPs) seed layers prepared with different precursor solutions. The effect of these seed layers on the interface defect properties and emission intensity of the as-synthesized n-Zn/p-GaN heterojunction LEDs has been demonstrated by spatially resolved cathodoluminescence (CL) and electroluminescence (EL) measurements, respectively. A significant reduction of the interface defects in the n-ZnO NRs/p-GaN heterostructure synthesized from a seed layer prepared from zinc acetate (ZnAc) with a mixture of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) (donated as ZKH seed) compared with those prepared from ZnAc and KOH (donated as ZK seed) is observed as revealed by spatially resolved CL. Consequently, the LEDs based on n-ZnO NRs/p-GaN prepared from ZKH seed show an improvement in the yellow emission (approximate to 578nm) compared to that based on the ZK seed as deduced from the electroluminescence measurements. The improvement in the yellow EL emission on the ZKH LED probably attributed to the low presence of the non-radiative defect as deduced by light-output current (L-I) characteristics analysis.

  • 22.
    Alnoor, Hatim
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Savoyant, Adrien
    Aix Marseille University, France.
    Liu, Xianjie
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Surface Physics and Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Pozina, Galia
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Willander, Magnus
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nur, Omer
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    An effective low-temperature solution synthesis of Co-doped [0001]-oriented ZnO nanorods2017In: Journal of Applied Physics, ISSN 0021-8979, E-ISSN 1089-7550, Vol. 121, no 21, article id 215102Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We demonstrate an efficient possibility to synthesize vertically aligned pure zinc oxide (ZnO) and Co-doped ZnO nanorods (NRs) using the low-temperature aqueous chemical synthesis (90 degrees C). Two different mixing methods of the synthesis solutions were investigated for the Co-doped samples. The synthesized samples were compared to pure ZnO NRs regarding the Co incorporation and crystal quality. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements confirmed the substitution of Co2+ inside the ZnO NRs, giving a highly anisotropic magnetic Co2+ signal. The substitution of Zn2+ by Co2+ was observed to be combined with a drastic reduction in the core-defect (CD) signal (g similar to 1.956) which is seen in pure ZnO NRs. As revealed by the cathodoluminescence (CL), the incorporation of Co causes a slight red-shift of the UV peak position combined with an enhancement in the intensity of the defect-related yellow-orange emission compared to pure ZnO NRs. Furthermore, the EPR and the CL measurements allow a possible model of the defect configuration in the samples. It is proposed that the as-synthesized pure ZnO NRs likely contain Zn interstitial (Zn-i(+)) as CDs and oxygen vacancy (V-O) or oxygen interstitial (O-i) as surface defects. As a result, Co was found to likely occupy the Zn-i(+), leading to the observed CDs reduction and hence enhancing the crystal quality. These results open the possibility of synthesis of highly crystalline quality ZnO NRs-based diluted magnetic semiconductors using the low-temperature aqueous chemical method. Published by AIP Publishing.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 23.
    Alshgari, Razan A.
    et al.
    King Saud Univ, Saudi Arabia.
    Albaqami, Munirah D.
    King Saud Univ, Saudi Arabia.
    Shah, Aqeel Ahmed
    NED Univ Engn & Technol Karachi, Pakistan.
    Ibupoto, Mazhar Hussain
    Shah Abdul Latif Univ Khairpur Mirs, Pakistan.
    Kumar, Susheel
    Univ Sindh Jamshoro, Pakistan.
    Halepoto, Imran Ali
    Univ Sindh Jamshoro, Pakistan.
    Aftab, Umair
    Mehran Univ Engn & Technol, Pakistan.
    Nafady, Ayman
    King Saud Univ, Saudi Arabia.
    Willander, Magnus
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics, Electronics and Mathematics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Tahira, Aneela
    Univ Sindh Jamshoro, Pakistan.
    Ibupoto, Zafar Hussain
    Univ Sindh Jamshoro, Pakistan.
    Manipulation of CuO morphology for efficient potentiometric detection of urea via slow nucleation/growth kinetics exerted by mixed solvents2022In: Journal of materials science. Materials in electronics, ISSN 0957-4522, E-ISSN 1573-482X, Vol. 33, p. 25250-25262Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Controlling the reaction kinetics during the nucleation/growth of cupric oxide (CuO) nanostructures is very critical in order to achieve a specific and well-defined morphology. For this purpose, we have slowed down the reaction speed using a mixed solvent concept and successfully obtained a chain-like morphology of CuO nanostructures using hydrothermal method. The CuO chain-like morphology was synthesized using a 1:1 (v/v) ratio of ethylene glycol and water. The morphology and crystalline features of CuO were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. The high resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed 5 nm crystallite size for the CuO material prepared in the mixed solvents. The obtained results have shown that the prepared CuO chains had a monocline phase, containing only Cu and O as main elements as confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy. This unique morphology obtained from mixed solvent process has provided a better surface for the loading of urease enzyme, thus it enabled the development of sensitive and selective urea biosensor in phosphate buffer solution of pH 7.4. The physical adsorption method was used to immobilize urease enzyme onto the nano surface of CuO. The fabricated biosensor based on urease/CuO chains has shown a dynamic linear range from 0.0005 to15 mM with a low limit of detection 0.0001 mM. Additionally, a fast response time aroudn1s, h high selectivity, stability, repeatability, storage time, and reproducibility were observed. The effect of pH and temperature on the potentiometric signal of the developed biosensor was also examined. Importantly, the practical aspects of the fabricated urea biosensor were probed and the obtained percent recovery results revealed an outstanding performance. The strategy of using mixed solvent with equal volume ratio would be useful for the preparation of other metal oxides with improved catalytic properties for a wide range of clinical, biomedical and other related applications.

  • 24.
    Alves Machado Filho, Manoel
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Universidade Maurício de Nassau − UNINASSAU − Unidade Vitória da Conquista, 45020-750Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil.
    Hsiao, Ching-Lien
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    dos Santos, Renato Batista
    Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano, 46880-000Itaberaba, Bahia, Brazil.
    Hultman, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Birch, Jens
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Gueorguiev, Gueorgui Kostov
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Self-Induced Core–Shell InAlN Nanorods: Formation and Stability Unraveled by Ab Initio Simulations2023In: ACS Nanoscience Au, E-ISSN 2694-2496, Vol. 3, no 1, p. 84-93Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    By addressing precursor prevalence and energetics using the DFT-based synthetic growth concept (SGC), the formation mechanism of self-induced InAlN core–shell nanorods (NRs) synthesized by reactive magnetron sputter epitaxy (MSE) is explored. The characteristics of In- and Al-containing precursor species are evaluated considering the thermal conditions at a typical NR growth temperature of around 700 °C. The cohesive and dissociation energies of In-containing precursors are consistently lower than those of their Al-containing counterparts, indicating that In-containing precursors are more weakly bonded and more prone to dissociation. Therefore, In-containing species are expected to exhibit lower abundance in the NR growth environment. At increased growth temperatures, the depletion of In-based precursors is even more pronounced. A distinctive imbalance in the incorporation of Al- and In-containing precursor species (namely, AlN/AlN+, AlN2/AlN2+, Al2N2/Al2N2+, and Al2/Al2+ vs InN/InN+, InN2/InN2+, In2N2/In2N2+, and In2/In2+) is found at the growing edge of the NR side surfaces, which correlates well with the experimentally obtained core–shell structure as well as with the distinctive In-rich core and vice versa for the Al-rich shell. The performed modeling indicates that the formation of the core–shell structure is substantially driven by the precursors’ abundance and their preferential bonding onto the growing edge of the nanoclusters/islands initiated by phase separation from the beginning of the NR growth. The cohesive energies and the band gaps of the NRs show decreasing trends with an increment in the In concentration of the NRs’ core and with an increment in the overall thickness (diameter) of the NRs. These results reveal the energy and electronic reasons behind the limited growth (up to ∼25% of In atoms of all metal atoms, i.e., InxAl1–xN, x ∼ 0.25) in the NR core and may be qualitatively perceived as a limiting factor for the thickness of the grown NRs (typically <50 nm).

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    fulltext
  • 25.
    Amdursky, Nadav
    et al.
    Technion Israel Inst Technol, Israel.
    Glowacki, Eric
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Meredith, Paul
    Swansea Univ, Wales.
    Macroscale Biomolecular Electronics and Ionics2019In: Advanced Materials, ISSN 0935-9648, E-ISSN 1521-4095, Vol. 31, no 3, article id 1802221Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The conduction of ions and electrons over multiple length scales is central to the processes that drive the biological world. The multidisciplinary attempts to elucidate the physics and chemistry of electron, proton, and ion transfer in biological charge transfer have focused primarily on the nano- and microscales. However, recently significant progress has been made on biomolecular materials that can support ion and electron currents over millimeters if not centimeters. Likewise, similar transport phenomena in organic semiconductors and ionics have led to new innovations in a wide variety of applications from energy generation and storage to displays and bioelectronics. Here, the underlying principles of conduction on the macroscale in biomolecular materials are discussed, highlighting recent examples, and particularly the establishment of accurate structure-property relationships to guide rationale material and device design. The technological viability of biomolecular electronics and ionics is also discussed.

  • 26.
    Amirabbasi, Mohammad
    et al.
    Tech Univ Darmstadt, Germany.
    Ekholm, Marcus
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Lattice distortions and magnetic interactions in single-layer VOCl2023In: Physical Review Materials, E-ISSN 2475-9953, Vol. 7, no 7, article id 074003Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Atomically thin layers exfoliated from magnetic van der Waals layered materials are currently of high interest in solid state physics. VOCl is a quasi-two-dimensional layered antiferromagnet which was recently synthesized in monolayer form. Previous theoretical studies have assumed the high-temperature orthorhombic lattice symmetry also in the low-temperature range, where the bulk system is known to be monoclinic due to a strong magnetoelastic coupling. We demonstrate from ab initio calculations that this monoclinic distortion is prevalent also in monolayers, which is in line with recent experimental indications of monoclinic symmetry. Our calculations also show that competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions cause a frustrated twofold magnetic superstructure where higher-order magnetic interactions play a key role.

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  • 27.
    Anderson, Christopher P.
    et al.
    Univ Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
    Bourassa, Alexandre
    Univ Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
    Miao, Kevin C.
    Univ Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
    Wolfowicz, Gary
    Univ Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
    Mintun, Peter J.
    Univ Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
    Crook, Alexander L.
    Univ Chicago, IL 60637 USA; Univ Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
    Abe, Hiroshi
    Natl Inst Quantum and Radiol Sci and Technol, Japan.
    Ul-Hassan, Jawad
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nguyen, Son Tien
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Ohshima, Takeshi
    Natl Inst Quantum and Radiol Sci and Technol, Japan.
    Awschalom, David D.
    Univ Chicago, IL 60637 USA; Univ Chicago, IL 60637 USA; Argonne Natl Lab, IL 60439 USA; Argonne Natl Lab, IL 60439 USA.
    Electrical and optical control of single spins integrated in scalable semiconductor devices2019In: Science, ISSN 0036-8075, E-ISSN 1095-9203, Vol. 366, no 6470, p. 1225-+Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Spin defects in silicon carbide have the advantage of exceptional electron spin coherence combined with a near-infrared spin-photon interface, all in a material amenable to modern semiconductor fabrication. Leveraging these advantages, we integrated highly coherent single neutral divacancy spins in commercially available p-i-n structures and fabricated diodes to modulate the local electrical environment of the defects. These devices enable deterministic charge-state control and broad Stark-shift tuning exceeding 850 gigahertz. We show that charge depletion results in a narrowing of the optical linewidths by more than 50-fold, approaching the lifetime limit. These results demonstrate a method for mitigating the ubiquitous problem of spectral diffusion in solid-state emitters by engineering the electrical environment while using classical semiconductor devices to control scalable, spin-based quantum systems.

  • 28.
    Andersson, Joakim
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology.
    Band Structure Modelling of Strained Bulk and Quantum Dot III-Nitrides to Determine the Linear Polarization for Interband Recombinations2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    8-band k.p theory was applied to bulk GaN and InN. The optical transitionintensity was computed and results show > 80-90% degree of polarization inthe direction of compression. Polarization switching is observed when strainwas reversed from compressive to tensile. 6 band k.p theory was used tostudy InGaN quantum dot/GaN elliptical pyramid structures. The opticaltransition intensity was calculated for different elongations of the pyramid.Elongation of the pyramid gives rise to a small polarization in the directionof the pyramid elongation. The optical transition intensity was calculatedfor elongated quantum dots and was strongly in uencing the polarization inthe direction of the quantum dot elongation, with a degree of polarization of >90%.

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  • 29.
    Andringa, Anne-Marije
    et al.
    University of Groningen, Netherlands; Philips Research Labs, Netherlands.
    Christian Roelofs, W. S.
    Philips Research Labs, Netherlands; Technical University of Eindhoven, Netherlands.
    Sommer, Michael
    University of Bayreuth, Germany; University of Freiburg, Germany.
    Thelakkat, Mukundan
    University of Bayreuth, Germany.
    Kemerink, Martijn
    Technical University of Eindhoven, Netherlands.
    de Leeuw, Dago M.
    University of Groningen, Netherlands; Philips Research Labs, Netherlands.
    Localizing trapped charge carriers in NO2 sensors based on organic field-effect transistors2012In: Applied Physics Letters, ISSN 0003-6951, E-ISSN 1077-3118, Vol. 101, no 15, article id 153302Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Field-effect transistors have emerged as NO2 sensors. The detection relies on trapping of accumulated electrons, leading to a shift of the threshold voltage. To determine the location of the trapped electrons we have delaminated different semiconductors from the transistors with adhesive tape and measured the surface potential of the revealed gate dielectric with scanning Kelvin probe microscopy. We unambiguously show that the trapped electrons are not located in the semiconductor but at the gate dielectric. The microscopic origin is discussed. Pinpointing the location paves the way to optimize the sensitivity of NO2 field-effect sensors. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4758697]

  • 30.
    Anusuyadevi, Prasaanth Ravi
    et al.
    Royal Inst Technol KTH, Sweden; M S Ramaiah Inst Technol, India.
    Singha, Shuvra
    Royal Inst Technol KTH, Sweden.
    Banerjee, Debashree
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Wallenberg Wood Sci Ctr, Sweden.
    Jonsson, Magnus
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Wallenberg Wood Sci Ctr, Sweden.
    Hedenqvist, Mikael S. S.
    Royal Inst Technol KTH, Sweden.
    Svagan, Anna J. J.
    Royal Inst Technol KTH, Sweden.
    Synthetic Plant Cuticle Coating as a Biomimetic Moisture Barrier Membrane for Structurally Colored Cellulose Films2023In: Advanced Materials Interfaces, ISSN 2196-7350, Vol. 10, no 7, article id 2202112Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Photonic films based on cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are sustainable candidates for sensors, structurally colored radiative cooling, and iridescent coatings. Such CNC-based films possess a helicoidal nanoarchitecture, which gives selective reflection with the polarization of the incident light. However, due to the hygroscopic nature of CNCs, the structural colored material changes and may be irreversibly damaged at high relative humidity. Thus, moisture protection is essential in such settings. In this work, hygroscopic CNC-based films are protected with a bioinspired synthetic plant cuticle; a strategy already adopted by real plants. The protective cuticle layers altered the reflected colors to some extent, but more importantly, they significantly reduced the water vapor permeance by more than two orders of magnitude, from 2.1 x 10(7) (pristine CNC/GLU film) to 12.3 x 10(4) g mu m m(-2) day(-1) atm(-1) (protected CNC/GLU film). This expands significantly the time window of operation for CNC/GLU films at high relative humidity.

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  • 31.
    Aquila, Andrew L.
    et al.
    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA.
    Salmassi, Fahrad
    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA.
    Gullikson, Eric M.
    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA.
    Eriksson, Fredrik
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Birch, Jens
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Thin Film Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Measurements of the optical constants of scandium in the 50-1300 eV range2004In: SPIE 5538, Optical Constants of Materials for UV to X-Ray Wavelengths / [ed] Regina Soufli, John F. Seely, SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering, 2004, p. 64-71Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Scandium containing multilayers have been produced with very high reflectivity in the soft x-ray spectrum.  Accurate optical constants are required in order to model the multilayer reflectivity.  Since there are relatively few measurements of the optical constants of Scandium in the soft x-ray region we have performed measurements over the energy range of 50-1,300 eV.  Thin films of Scandium were deposited by ion-assisted magnetron sputtering at Linkoping University and DC Magnetron sputtering at CXRO.  Transmission measurements were performed at the Advanced Light Source beamline 6.3.2.  The absorption coefficient was deduced from the measurements and the dispersive part of the index of refraction was obtained using the Kramers-Kronig relation.  The measured optical constants are used to model the near-normal incidence reflectivity of Cr/Sc multilayers near the Sc L2,3 edge.

  • 32.
    Arbring Sjöström, Theresia
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Berggren, Magnus
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Gabrielsson, Erik
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Janson, Per
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Poxson, David
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Seitanidou, Maria S.
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Simon, Daniel
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    A Decade of Iontronic Delivery Devices2018In: Advanced Materials Technologies, E-ISSN 2365-709X, Vol. 3, no 5, article id 1700360Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In contrast to electronic systems, biology rarely uses electrons as the signal to regulate functions, but rather ions and molecules of varying size. Due to the unique combination of both electronic and ionic/molecular conductivity in conjugated polymers and polyelectrolytes, these materials have emerged as an excellent tool for translating signals between these two realms, hence the field of organic bioelectronics. Since organic bioelectronics relies on the electron-mediated transport and compensation of ions (or the ion-mediated transport and compensation of electrons), a great deal of effort has been devoted to the development of so-called "iontronic" components to effect precise substance delivery/transport, that is, components where ions are the dominant charge carrier and where ionic-electronic coupling defines device functionality. This effort has resulted in a range of technologies including ionic resistors, diodes, transistors, and basic logic circuits for the precisely controlled transport and delivery of biologically active chemicals. This Research News article presents a brief overview of some of these "ion pumping" technologies, how they have evolved over the last decade, and a discussion of applications in vitro, in vivo, and in plantae.

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  • 33.
    Armakavicius, Nerijus
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Free charge carrier properties in group III nitrides and graphene studied by THz-to-MIR ellipsometry and optical Hall effect2019Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Development of silicon based electronics have revolutionized our every day life during the last five decades. Nowadays silicon based devices operate close to their theoretical limits that is becoming a bottleneck for further progress. In particular, for the growing field of high frequency and high power electronics, silicon cannot offer the required properties. Development of materials capable of providing high current densities, carrier mobilities and high breakdown fields is crucial for further progress in state of the art electronics.

    Epitaxial graphene grown on semi-insulating silicon carbide substrates has a high potential to be integrated in current planar device technologies. High electron mobilities and sheet carrier densities make graphene extremely attractive for high frequency analog applications. One of the remaining challenges is the interaction of epitaxial graphene with the substrate. Typically, much lower free charge carrier mobilities, compared to free standing graphene, and doping, due to charge transfer from the substrate, is reported. Thus, a good understanding of the intrinsic free charge carriers properties and the factors affecting them is very important for further development of epitaxial graphene.

    Group III-nitrides have been extensively studied and already have proven their high efficiency as light emitting diodes for short wavelengths. High carrier mobilities and breakdown electric fields were demonstrated for group III-nitrides, making them attractive for high frequency and high power applications. Currently, In-rich InGaN alloys and AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility structures are of high interest for the research community due to open fundamental questions such as free charge carrier properties at high temperatures and wavefunction hybridization in AlGaN/GaN heterostructures.

    Electrical characterization techniques, commonly used for the determination of free charge carrier properties, require good ohmic and Schottky contacts, which in certain cases can be difficult to achieve. Access to electrical properties of buried conductive channels in multilayered structures requires modification of samples and good knowledge of the electrical properties of all electrical junctions within the structure. Moreover, the use of contacts to electrically characterize two-dimensional electronic materials, such as graphene, can alter their intrinsic properties. Furthermore, the determination of effective mass parameters commonly employs cyclotron resonance and Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations measurements, which require long scattering times of free charge carriers, high magnetic fields and low temperatures.

    The optical Hall effect is an external magnetic-field induced birefringence of conductive layers due to the free charge carriers interaction with long-wavelength electromagnetic waves under the influence of the Lorentz force. The optical Hall effect can be measured by generalized ellipsometry and provides a powerful method for the determination of free charge carrier properties in a non-destructive and contactless manner. The optical Hall effect measurements can provide quantitative information about free charge carrier type, concentration, mobility and effective mass parameters at temperatures ranging from few kelvins to room temperature and above. It further allows to differentiate the free charge carrier properties of individual layers in multilayer samples. The employment of a backside cavity for transparent samples can enhance the optical Hall effect and allows to access free charge carrier properties at relatively low magnetic fields using permanent magnet.

    The optical Hall effect measurements at mid-infrared spectral range can be used to probe quantum mechanical phenomena such as Landau levels in graphene. The magnetic field dependence of the inter-Landau level transition energies and optical polarization selection rules provide information about coupling properties between graphene layers and the electronic band structure.

    Measurement of the optical Hall effect by generalized ellipsometry is an indirect technique requiring subsequent data analysis. Parameterized optical models are fitted to match experimentally measured ellipsometric spectra by varying physically significant model parameters. Analysis of the generalized ellipsometry data at long wavelengths for samples containing free charge carriers by optical models based on the classical Drude formulation, augmented with an external magnetic field contribution, allows to extract carrier concentration, mobility and effective mass parameters.

    The development of the integrated FIR and THz frequency-domain ellipsometer at the Terahertz Materials Analysis Center in Linköping University was part of the graduate studies presented in this dissertation. The THz ellipsometer capabilities are demonstrated by determination of Si and sapphire optical constants, and free charge carrier properties of two-dimensional electron gas in GaN-based high electron mobility transistor structures. The THz ellipsometry is further shown to be capable of determining free charge carrier properties and following their changes upon variation of ambient conditions in atomically thin layers with an example of epitaxial graphene.

    A potential of the THz OHE with the cavity enhancement (THz-CE-OHE) for determination of the free charge carrier properties in atomically thin layers were demonstrated by the measurements of the carrier properties in monolayer and multilayer epitaxial graphene on Si-face 4H-SiC. The data analysis revealed p-type doping for monolayer graphene with a carrier density in the low 1012 cm-2 range and a carrier mobility of 1550 cm2V-1s-1. For the multilayer graphene, n-type doping with a carrier density in the low 1013 cm-2 range, a mobility of 470 cm2V-1s-1 and an effective mass of (0.14 ± 0.03)m0 were extracted. Different type of doping among monolayer and multilayer graphene is explained as a result of different hydrophobicity among samples.

    Further, we have employed THz-CE-OHE to determine for the first time anisotropic mobility parameter in quasi-free-standing bilayer epitaxial graphene induced by step-like surface morphology of 4H-SiC. Correlation of atomic force microscopy, Raman scattering spectroscopy, scanning probe Kelvin probe microscopy, low energy electron microscopy and diffraction analysis allows us to investigate the possible scattering mechanisms and suggests that anisotropic mobility is induced by varying local mobility parameter due to interaction between graphene and underlaying substrate.

    The origin of the layers decoupling in multilayer graphene on C-face 4H-SiC was studied by MIR-OHE, transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The results revealed the decoupling of the layers induced by the increased interlayer spacing which is attributed to the Si atoms trapped between graphene layers.

    MIR ellipsometry and MIR-OHE measurements were employed to determine the electron effective mass in a wurtzite In0.33Ga0.67N epitaxial layer. The data analysis revealed the effective mass parameters parallel and perpendicular to the c-axis which can be considered as equal within sensitivity of our measurements. The determined effective mass is consistent with linear dependence on the In content.

    Analysis of the free charge carrier properties in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility structures with modified interfaces showed that AlGaN/GaN interface structure has a significant effect on the mobility parameter. A sample with a sharp interface layers exhibits a record mobility of 2332 ± 73 cm2V-1s-1. The determined effective mass parameters showed an increase compared to the bulk GaN value, which is attributed to the penetration of the electron wavefunction into the AlGaN barrier layer.

    Temperature dependence of free charge carrier properties in GaN-based high electron mobility transistor structures with AlGaN and InAlN barrier layers were measured by terahertz optical Hall effect technique in a temperature range from 7.2 K to 398 K. The results revealed strong changes in the effective mass and mobility parameters. At temperatures below 57 K very high carrier mobility parameters above 20000 cm2V-1s-1 for AlGaN-barrier sample and much lower mobilities of ~ 5000 cm2V-1s-1 for InAlN-barrier sample were obtained. At low temperatures the effective mass parameters for both samples are very similar to bulk GaN value, while at temperatures above 131 K effective mass shows a strong increase with temperature. The effective masses of 0.344 m0 (@370 K) and 0.439 m0 (@398 K) were obtained for AlGaN- and InAlN-barrier samples, respectively. We discussed the possible origins of effective mass enhancement in high electron mobility transistor structures.  

    List of papers
    1. Advanced Terahertz Frequency-Domain Ellipsometry Instrumentation for In Situ and Ex Situ Applications
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Advanced Terahertz Frequency-Domain Ellipsometry Instrumentation for In Situ and Ex Situ Applications
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    2018 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology, ISSN 2156-342X, Vol. 8, no 3, p. 257-270Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    We present a terahertz (THz) frequency-domain spectroscopic ellipsometer design that suppresses formation of standing waves by use of stealth technology approaches. The strategy to suppress standing waves consists of three elements geometry, coating, and modulation. The instrument is based on the rotating analyzer ellipsometer principle and can incorporate various sample compartments, such as a superconducting magnet, in situ gas cells, or resonant sample cavities, for example. A backward wave oscillator and three detectors are employed, which permit operation in the spectral range of 0.1–1 THz (3.3–33 cm−1 or 0.4–4 meV). The THz frequency-domain ellipsometer allows for standard and generalized ellipsometry at variable angles of incidence in both reflection and transmission configurations. The methods used to suppress standing waves and strategies for an accurate frequency calibration are presented. Experimental results from dielectric constant determination in anisotropic materials, and free charge carrier determination in optical Hall effect (OHE), resonant-cavity enhanced OHE, and in situ OHE experiments are discussed. Examples include silicon and sapphire optical constants, free charge carrier properties of two-dimensional electron gas in a group III nitride high electron mobility transistor structure, and ambient effects on free electron mobility and density in epitaxial graphene.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2018
    Keywords
    Ellipsometry, Frequency-domain analysis, Instruments, Measurement by laser beam, Coherence, Dielectrics, Laser beams
    National Category
    Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-147883 (URN)10.1109/TTHZ.2018.2814347 (DOI)000431446900001 ()2-s2.0-85045191738 (Scopus ID)
    Note

    Funding agencies: Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) [FFL12-0181, RIF14-055]; AForsk [13-318]; Swedish Research Council (VR) [2013-5580, 2016-00889]; Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA Grant) [2011-03486]; Swedish Government Strategic 

    Available from: 2018-05-18 Created: 2018-05-18 Last updated: 2023-12-28Bibliographically approved
    2. Cavity-enhanced optical Hall effect in epitaxial graphene detected at terahertz frequencies
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cavity-enhanced optical Hall effect in epitaxial graphene detected at terahertz frequencies
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    2017 (English)In: Applied Surface Science, ISSN 0169-4332, E-ISSN 1873-5584, Vol. 421, p. 357-360Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Cavity-enhanced optical Hall effect at terahertz (THz) frequencies is employed to determine the free charge carrier properties in epitaxial graphene (EG) with different number of layers grown by high-temperature sublimation on 4H-SiC(0001). We find that one monolayer (ML) EG possesses p-type conductivity with a free hole concentration in the low 1012 cmᅵᅵᅵ2 range and a free hole mobility parameter as high as 1550 cm2/Vs. We also find that 6 ML EG shows n-type doping behavior with a much lower free electron mobility parameter of 470 cm2/Vs and an order of magnitude higher free electron density in the low 1013 cmᅵᅵᅵ2 range. The observed differences are discussed. The cavity-enhanced THz optical Hall effect is demonstrated to be an excellent tool for contactless access to the type of free charge carriers and their properties in two-dimensional materials such as EG.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Elsevier, 2017
    Keywords
    THz optical Hall effect, Epitaxial graphene, Free charge carrier properties
    National Category
    Physical Sciences Condensed Matter Physics Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics Ceramics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-132407 (URN)10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.10.023 (DOI)000408756700015 ()
    Note

    Funding agencies: Swedish Research Council (VR) [2013-5580]; Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA) under the VINNMER international qualification program [2011-03486, 2014-04712]; Swedish foundation for strategic research (SSF) [FFL12-0181, RIF14-055]

    Available from: 2016-11-09 Created: 2016-11-09 Last updated: 2023-12-28Bibliographically approved
    3. Electron effective mass in In0.33Ga0.67N determined by mid-infrared optical Hall effect
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Electron effective mass in In0.33Ga0.67N determined by mid-infrared optical Hall effect
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    2018 (English)In: Applied Physics Letters, ISSN 0003-6951, E-ISSN 1077-3118, Vol. 112, no 8, article id 082103Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Mid-infrared optical Hall effect measurements are used to determine the free charge carrier parameters of an unintentionally doped wurtzite-structure c-plane oriented In0.33Ga0.67N epitaxial layer. Room temperature electron effective mass parameters of m(perpendicular to)* = (0.205 +/- 0.013) m(0) and m(parallel to)* = (0.204 +/- 0.016) m(0) for polarization perpendicular and parallel to the c-axis, respectively, were determined. The free electron concentration was obtained as (1.7 +/- 0.2) x 10(19) cm(-3). Within our uncertainty limits, we detect no anisotropy for the electron effective mass parameter and we estimate the upper limit of the possible effective mass anisotropy as 7%. We discuss the influence of conduction band nonparabolicity on the electron effective mass parameter as a function of In content. The effective mass parameter is consistent with a linear interpolation scheme between the conduction band mass parameters in GaN and InN when the strong nonparabolicity in InN is included. The In0.33Ga0.67N electron mobility parameter was found to be anisotropic, supporting previous experimental findings for wurtzite-structure GaN, InN, and AlxGa1-xN epitaxial layers with c-plane growth orientation. Published by AIP Publishing.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    AMER INST PHYSICS, 2018
    National Category
    Condensed Matter Physics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-145763 (URN)10.1063/1.5018247 (DOI)000425977500010 ()
    Note

    Funding Agencies|Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA) under the VINNMER international qualification program [2011-03486]; Swedish Research Council (VR) [2016-00889]; Competence Center Program [2016-05190]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University, Faculty Grant SFO Mat LiU [2009-00971]; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) [FL12-0181, RIF14-055, EM16-0024]; J. A. Woollam Foundation; J. A. Woollam Co., Inc.; National Science Foundation [MRSEC DMR 1420645, CMMI 1337856, EAR 1521428]

    Available from: 2018-03-22 Created: 2018-03-22 Last updated: 2023-12-28
    4. Properties of two-dimensional electron gas in AlGaN/GaN HEMT structures determined by cavity-enhanced THz optical Hall effect
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Properties of two-dimensional electron gas in AlGaN/GaN HEMT structures determined by cavity-enhanced THz optical Hall effect
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    2016 (English)In: Physica Status Solidi C-Current Topics in Solid State Physics, Vol 13 No 5-6, Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, 2016, Vol. 13, no 5-6, p. 369-373Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work we employ terahertz (THz) ellipsometry to determine two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) density, mobility and effective mass in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor structures grown on 4H-SiC substrates. The effect of the GaN interface exposure to low-flow-rate trimethylaluminum (TMA) on the 2DEG properties is studied. The 2DEG effective mass and sheet density are determined tobe in the range of 0.30-0.32m0 and 4.3-5.5×1012 cm–2, respectively. The 2DEG effective mass parameters are found to be higher than the bulk effective mass of GaN, which is discussed in view of 2DEG confinement. It is shown that exposure to TMA flow improves the 2DEG mobility from 2000 cm2/Vs to values above 2200 cm2/Vs. A record mobility of 2332±61 cm2/Vs is determined for the sample with GaN interface exposed to TMA for 30 s. This improvement in mobility is suggested to be due to AlGaN/GaN interface sharpening causing the reduction of interface roughness scattering of electrons in the 2DEG.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, 2016
    Series
    Physica Status Solidi C-Current Topics in Solid State Physics, ISSN 1862-6351
    Keywords
    AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, THz ellipsometry, 2DEG properties, THz optical Hall effect
    National Category
    Condensed Matter Physics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-133135 (URN)10.1002/pssc.201510214 (DOI)000387957200045 ()
    Conference
    11th International Conference on Nitride Semiconductors (ICNS), Beijing, China, August 30-September 4. 2015
    Available from: 2016-12-12 Created: 2016-12-09 Last updated: 2023-12-28Bibliographically approved
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    Free charge carrier properties in group III nitrides and graphene studied by THz-to-MIR ellipsometry and optical Hall effect
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  • 34. Order onlineBuy this publication >>
    Armakavicius, Nerijus
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Study of novel electronic materials by mid-infrared and terahertz optical Hall effect2017Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Development of silicon based electronics have revolutionized our every day life during the last three decades. Nowadays Si based devices operate close to their theoretical limits that is becoming a bottleneck for further progress. In particular, for the growing field of high frequency and high power electronics, Si cannot offer the required properties. Development of materials capable of providing high current densities, carrier mobilities and high breakdown fields is crucial for a progress in state of the art electronics.

    Epitaxial graphene grown on semi-insulating silicon carbide substrates has a high potential to be integrated in the current planar device technologies. High electron mobilities and sheet carrier densities make graphene extremely attractive for high frequency analog applications. One of the remaining challenges is the interaction of epitaxial graphene with the substrate. Typically, much lower free charge carrier mobilities, compared to free standing graphene, and doping, due to charge transfer from the substrate, is reported. Thus, a good understanding of the intrinsic free charge carriers properties and the factors affecting them is very important for further development of epitaxial graphene.

    III-group nitrides have been extensively studied and already have proven their high efficiency as light sources for short wavelengths. High carrier mobilities and breakdown electric fields were demonstrated for III-group nitrides, making them attractive for high frequency and high power applications. Currently, In-rich InGaN alloys and AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility structures are of high interest for the research community due to open fundamental questions.

    Electrical characterization techniques, commonly used for the determination of free charge carrier properties, require good ohmic and Schottky contacts, which in certain cases can be difficult to achieve. Access to electrical properties of buried conductive channels in multilayered structures requires modification of samples and good knowledge of the electrical properties of all electrical contact within the structure. Moreover, the use of electrical contacts to electrically characterize two-dimensional electronic materials, such as graphene, can alter their intrinsic properties. Furthermore, the determination of effective mass parameters commonly employs cyclotron resonance and Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations measurements, which require long scattering times of free charge carriers, high magnetic fields and low temperatures.

    The optical Hall effect is an external magnetic field induced optical anisotropy in  conductive layers due to the motion of the free charge carriers under the influence of the Lorentz force, and is equivalent to the electrical Hall effect at optical frequencies. The optical Hall effect can be measured by generalized ellipsometry and provides a powerful method for the determination of free charge carrier properties in a non-destructive and contactless manner. In principle, a single optical Hall effect measurement can provide quantitative information about free charge carrier types, concentrations, mobilities and effective mass parameters at temperatures ranging from few kelvins to room temperature and above. Further, it was demonstrated that for transparent samples, a backside cavity can be employed to enhance the optical Hall effect.

    Measurement of the optical Hall effect by generalized ellipsometry is an indirect technique requiring subsequent data analysis. Parameterized optical models are fitted to match experimentally measured ellipsometric data by varying physically significant parameters. Analysis of the optical response of samples, containing free charge carriers, employing optical models based on the classical Drude model, which is augmented with an external magnetic field contribution, provide access to the free charge carrier properties.

    The main research results of the graduate studies presented in this licentiate thesis are summarized in the five scientific papers.

    Paper I. Description of the custom-built terahertz frequency-domain spectroscopic ellipsometer at Linköping University. The terahertz ellipsometer capabilities are demonstrated by an accurate determination of the isotropic and anisotropic refractive indices of silicon and m-plane sapphire, respectively. Further, terahertz optical Hall effect measurements of an AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility structures were employed to extract the two-dimensional electron gas sheet density, mobility and effective mass parameters. Last, in-situ optical Hall effect measurement on epitaxial graphene in a gas cell with controllable environment, were used to study the effects of environmental doping on the mobility and carrier concentration.

    Paper II. Presents terahertz cavity-enhanced optical Hall measurements of the monolayer and multilayer epitaxial graphene on semi-insulating 4H-SiC (0001) substrates. The data analysis revealed p-type doping for monolayer graphene with a carrier density in the low 1012 cm−2 range and a carrier mobility of 1550 cm2/V·s. For the multilayer epitaxial graphene, n-type doping with a carrier density in the low 1013 cm−2 range, a mobility of 470 cm2/V·s and an effective mass of (0.14 ± 0.03) m0 were extracted. The measurements demonstrate that cavity-enhanced optical Hall effect measurements can be applied to study electronic properties of two-dimensional materials.

    Paper III. Terahertz cavity-enhanced optical Hall effect measurements are employed to study anisotropic transport in as-grown monolayer, quasi free-standing monolayer and quasi free-standing bilayer epitaxial graphene on semi-insulating 4H-SiC (0001) substrates. The data analysis revealed a strong anisotropy in the carrier mobilities of the quasi freestanding bilayer graphene. The anisotropy is demonstrated to be induced by carriers scattering at the step edges of the SiC, by showing that the mobility is higher along the step than across them. The scattering mechanism is discussed based on the results of the optical Hall effect, low-energy electron microscopy, low-energy electron diffraction and Raman measurements.

    Paper IV. Mid-infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry and mid-infrared optical Hall effect measurements are employed to determine the electron effective mass in an In0.33Ga0.67N epitaxial layer. The data analysis reveals slightly anisotropic effective mass and carrier mobility parameters together with the optical phonon frequencies and broadenings.

    Paper V. Terahertz cavity-enhanced optical Hall measurements are employed to study the free charge carrier properties in a set of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility structures with modified interfaces. The results show that the interface structure has a significant effect on the free charge carrier mobility and that the sample with a sharp interface between an AlGaN barrier and a GaN buffer layers exhibits a record mobility of 2332±73 cm2/V·s. The determined effective mass parameters showed an increase compared to the GaN value, that is attributed the the penetration of the electron wavefunction into the AlGaN barrier layer.

    List of papers
    1. Cavity-enhanced optical Hall effect in epitaxial graphene detected at terahertz frequencies
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cavity-enhanced optical Hall effect in epitaxial graphene detected at terahertz frequencies
    Show others...
    2017 (English)In: Applied Surface Science, ISSN 0169-4332, E-ISSN 1873-5584, Vol. 421, p. 357-360Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Cavity-enhanced optical Hall effect at terahertz (THz) frequencies is employed to determine the free charge carrier properties in epitaxial graphene (EG) with different number of layers grown by high-temperature sublimation on 4H-SiC(0001). We find that one monolayer (ML) EG possesses p-type conductivity with a free hole concentration in the low 1012 cmᅵᅵᅵ2 range and a free hole mobility parameter as high as 1550 cm2/Vs. We also find that 6 ML EG shows n-type doping behavior with a much lower free electron mobility parameter of 470 cm2/Vs and an order of magnitude higher free electron density in the low 1013 cmᅵᅵᅵ2 range. The observed differences are discussed. The cavity-enhanced THz optical Hall effect is demonstrated to be an excellent tool for contactless access to the type of free charge carriers and their properties in two-dimensional materials such as EG.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Elsevier, 2017
    Keywords
    THz optical Hall effect, Epitaxial graphene, Free charge carrier properties
    National Category
    Physical Sciences Condensed Matter Physics Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics Ceramics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-132407 (URN)10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.10.023 (DOI)000408756700015 ()
    Note

    Funding agencies: Swedish Research Council (VR) [2013-5580]; Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA) under the VINNMER international qualification program [2011-03486, 2014-04712]; Swedish foundation for strategic research (SSF) [FFL12-0181, RIF14-055]

    Available from: 2016-11-09 Created: 2016-11-09 Last updated: 2023-12-28Bibliographically approved
    2. Properties of two-dimensional electron gas in AlGaN/GaN HEMT structures determined by cavity-enhanced THz optical Hall effect
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Properties of two-dimensional electron gas in AlGaN/GaN HEMT structures determined by cavity-enhanced THz optical Hall effect
    Show others...
    2016 (English)In: Physica Status Solidi C-Current Topics in Solid State Physics, Vol 13 No 5-6, Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, 2016, Vol. 13, no 5-6, p. 369-373Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work we employ terahertz (THz) ellipsometry to determine two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) density, mobility and effective mass in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor structures grown on 4H-SiC substrates. The effect of the GaN interface exposure to low-flow-rate trimethylaluminum (TMA) on the 2DEG properties is studied. The 2DEG effective mass and sheet density are determined tobe in the range of 0.30-0.32m0 and 4.3-5.5×1012 cm–2, respectively. The 2DEG effective mass parameters are found to be higher than the bulk effective mass of GaN, which is discussed in view of 2DEG confinement. It is shown that exposure to TMA flow improves the 2DEG mobility from 2000 cm2/Vs to values above 2200 cm2/Vs. A record mobility of 2332±61 cm2/Vs is determined for the sample with GaN interface exposed to TMA for 30 s. This improvement in mobility is suggested to be due to AlGaN/GaN interface sharpening causing the reduction of interface roughness scattering of electrons in the 2DEG.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, 2016
    Series
    Physica Status Solidi C-Current Topics in Solid State Physics, ISSN 1862-6351
    Keywords
    AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, THz ellipsometry, 2DEG properties, THz optical Hall effect
    National Category
    Condensed Matter Physics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-133135 (URN)10.1002/pssc.201510214 (DOI)000387957200045 ()
    Conference
    11th International Conference on Nitride Semiconductors (ICNS), Beijing, China, August 30-September 4. 2015
    Available from: 2016-12-12 Created: 2016-12-09 Last updated: 2023-12-28Bibliographically approved
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    Study of novel electronic materials by mid-infrared and terahertz optical Hall effect
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  • 35.
    Armakavicius, Nerijus
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Bouhafs, Chamseddine
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Stanishev, Vallery
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Kühne, Philipp
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Yakimova, Rositsa
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Knight, Sean
    Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA.
    Hofmann, Tino
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA / Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA.
    Schubert, Mathias
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA.
    Darakchieva, Vanya
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Cavity-enhanced optical Hall effect in epitaxial graphene detected at terahertz frequencies2017In: Applied Surface Science, ISSN 0169-4332, E-ISSN 1873-5584, Vol. 421, p. 357-360Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cavity-enhanced optical Hall effect at terahertz (THz) frequencies is employed to determine the free charge carrier properties in epitaxial graphene (EG) with different number of layers grown by high-temperature sublimation on 4H-SiC(0001). We find that one monolayer (ML) EG possesses p-type conductivity with a free hole concentration in the low 1012 cmᅵᅵᅵ2 range and a free hole mobility parameter as high as 1550 cm2/Vs. We also find that 6 ML EG shows n-type doping behavior with a much lower free electron mobility parameter of 470 cm2/Vs and an order of magnitude higher free electron density in the low 1013 cmᅵᅵᅵ2 range. The observed differences are discussed. The cavity-enhanced THz optical Hall effect is demonstrated to be an excellent tool for contactless access to the type of free charge carriers and their properties in two-dimensional materials such as EG.

  • 36.
    Armakavicius, Nerijus
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Chen, Jr-Tai
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Hofmann, Tino
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA.
    Knight, Sean
    Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA.
    Kuhne, Philipp
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Nilsson, Daniel
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Forsberg, Urban
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Janzén, Erik
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Darakchieva, Vanya
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Properties of two-dimensional electron gas in AlGaN/GaN HEMT structures determined by cavity-enhanced THz optical Hall effect2016In: Physica Status Solidi C-Current Topics in Solid State Physics, Vol 13 No 5-6, Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, 2016, Vol. 13, no 5-6, p. 369-373Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work we employ terahertz (THz) ellipsometry to determine two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) density, mobility and effective mass in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor structures grown on 4H-SiC substrates. The effect of the GaN interface exposure to low-flow-rate trimethylaluminum (TMA) on the 2DEG properties is studied. The 2DEG effective mass and sheet density are determined tobe in the range of 0.30-0.32m0 and 4.3-5.5×1012 cm–2, respectively. The 2DEG effective mass parameters are found to be higher than the bulk effective mass of GaN, which is discussed in view of 2DEG confinement. It is shown that exposure to TMA flow improves the 2DEG mobility from 2000 cm2/Vs to values above 2200 cm2/Vs. A record mobility of 2332±61 cm2/Vs is determined for the sample with GaN interface exposed to TMA for 30 s. This improvement in mobility is suggested to be due to AlGaN/GaN interface sharpening causing the reduction of interface roughness scattering of electrons in the 2DEG.

  • 37.
    Armakavicius, Nerijus
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Knight, Sean Robert
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Kuhne, Philipp
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Stanishev, Vallery
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Tran, Dat
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Richter, Steffen
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Lund Univ, Sweden.
    Papamichail, Alexis
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Stokey, Megan
    Univ Nebraska Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
    Sorensen, Preston
    Univ Nebraska Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
    Kilic, Ufuk
    Univ Nebraska Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
    Schubert, Mathias
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Lund Univ, Sweden; Univ Nebraska Lincoln, NE 68588 USA.
    Paskov, Plamen
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Darakchieva, Vanya
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Lund Univ, Sweden.
    Electron effective mass in GaN revisited: New insights from terahertz and mid-infrared optical Hall effect2024In: APL Materials, E-ISSN 2166-532X, Vol. 12, no 2, article id 021114Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Electron effective mass is a fundamental material parameter defining the free charge carrier transport properties, but it is very challenging to be experimentally determined at high temperatures relevant to device operation. In this work, we obtain the electron effective mass parameters in a Si-doped GaN bulk substrate and epitaxial layers from terahertz (THz) and mid-infrared (MIR) optical Hall effect (OHE) measurements in the temperature range of 38-340 K. The OHE data are analyzed using the well-accepted Drude model to account for the free charge carrier contributions. A strong temperature dependence of the electron effective mass parameter in both bulk and epitaxial GaN with values ranging from (0.18 +/- 0.02) m(0) to (0.34 +/- 0.01) m(0) at a low temperature (38 K) and room temperature, respectively, is obtained from the THz OHE analysis. The observed effective mass enhancement with temperature is evaluated and discussed in view of conduction band nonparabolicity, polaron effect, strain, and deviations from the classical Drude behavior. On the other hand, the electron effective mass parameter determined by MIR OHE is found to be temperature independent with a value of (0.200 +/- 0.002) m(0). A possible explanation for the different findings from THz OHE and MIR OHE is proposed. (c) 2024 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

  • 38.
    Armakavicius, Nerijus
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Kuhne, Philipp
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Eriksson, Jens
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Sensor and Actuator Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Bouhafs, Chamseddine
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Ist Italiano Tecnol, Italy.
    Stanishev, Vallery
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Ivanov, Ivan Gueorguiev
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Yakimova, Rositsa
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Zakharov, Alexei A.
    Lund Univ, Sweden.
    Al-Temimy, Ameer
    Ist Italiano Tecnol, Italy.
    Coletti, Camilla
    Ist Italiano Tecnol, Italy; Ist Italiano Tecnol, Italy.
    Schubert, Mathias
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Univ Nebraska, NE 68508 USA; Leibniz Inst Polymerforsch eV, Germany.
    Darakchieva, Vanya
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Resolving mobility anisotropy in quasi-free-standing epitaxial graphene by terahertz optical Hall effect2021In: Carbon, ISSN 0008-6223, E-ISSN 1873-3891, Vol. 172, p. 248-259Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work, we demonstrate the application of terahertz-optical Hall effect (THz-OHE) to determine directionally dependent free charge carrier properties of ambient-doped monolayer and quasi-freestanding-bilayer epitaxial graphene on 4H-SiC(0001). Directionally independent free hole mobility parameters are found for the monolayer graphene. In contrast, anisotropic hole mobility parameters with a lower mobility in direction perpendicular to the SiC surface steps and higher along the steps in quasifree-standing-bilayer graphene are determined for the first time. A combination of THz-OHE, nanoscale microscopy and optical spectroscopy techniques are used to investigate the origin of the anisotropy. Different defect densities and different number of graphene layers on the step edges and terraces are ruled out as possible causes. Scattering mechanisms related to doping variations at the step edges and terraces as a result of different interaction with the substrate and environment are discussed and also excluded. It is suggested that the step edges introduce intrinsic scattering in quasi-free-standing-bilayer graphene, that is manifested as a result of the higher ratio between mean free path and average terrace width parameters. The suggested scenario allows to reconcile existing differences in the literature regarding the anisotropic electrical transport in epitaxial graphene. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license.

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  • 39.
    Armakavicius, Nerijus
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Stanishev, Vallery
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Knight, Sean
    Univ Nebraska, NE 68588 USA.
    Kuhne, Philipp
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Schubert, Mathias
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Univ Nebraska, NE 68588 USA; Leibniz Inst Polymer Res Dresden, Germany.
    Darakchieva, Vanya
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Electron effective mass in In0.33Ga0.67N determined by mid-infrared optical Hall effect2018In: Applied Physics Letters, ISSN 0003-6951, E-ISSN 1077-3118, Vol. 112, no 8, article id 082103Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Mid-infrared optical Hall effect measurements are used to determine the free charge carrier parameters of an unintentionally doped wurtzite-structure c-plane oriented In0.33Ga0.67N epitaxial layer. Room temperature electron effective mass parameters of m(perpendicular to)* = (0.205 +/- 0.013) m(0) and m(parallel to)* = (0.204 +/- 0.016) m(0) for polarization perpendicular and parallel to the c-axis, respectively, were determined. The free electron concentration was obtained as (1.7 +/- 0.2) x 10(19) cm(-3). Within our uncertainty limits, we detect no anisotropy for the electron effective mass parameter and we estimate the upper limit of the possible effective mass anisotropy as 7%. We discuss the influence of conduction band nonparabolicity on the electron effective mass parameter as a function of In content. The effective mass parameter is consistent with a linear interpolation scheme between the conduction band mass parameters in GaN and InN when the strong nonparabolicity in InN is included. The In0.33Ga0.67N electron mobility parameter was found to be anisotropic, supporting previous experimental findings for wurtzite-structure GaN, InN, and AlxGa1-xN epitaxial layers with c-plane growth orientation. Published by AIP Publishing.

  • 40.
    Armiento, Rickard
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Kozinsky, Boris
    Research and Technology Center, Robert Bosch LLC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
    Hautier, Geoffroy
    Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
    Fornari, Marco
    Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA.
    Ceder, Gerbrand
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA.
    High-throughput screening of perovskite alloys for piezoelectric performance and thermodynamic stability2014In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 89, no 13, p. 134103-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We screen a large chemical space of perovskite alloys for systems with optimal properties to accommodate a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) in their composition-temperature phase diagram, a crucial feature for high piezoelectric performance. We start from alloy end points previously identified in a high-throughput computational search. An interpolation scheme is used to estimate the relative energies between different perovskite distortions for alloy compositions with a minimum of computational effort. Suggested alloys are further screened for thermodynamic stability. The screening identifies alloy systems already known to host an MPB and suggests a few others that may be promising candidates for future experiments. Our method of investigation may be extended to other perovskite systems, e.g., (oxy-)nitrides, and provides a useful methodology for any application of high-throughput screening of isovalent alloy systems.

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  • 41.
    Armiento, Rickard
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Kümmel, Stephan
    Theoretische Physik IV, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
    Orbital Localization, Charge Transfer, and Band Gaps in Semilocal Density-Functional Theory2013In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 111, no 3, p. 036402-1-036402-5Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We derive an exchange energy functional of generalized gradient form with a corresponding potential that changes discontinuously at integer particle numbers. The functional is semilocal, yet incorporates key features that are connected to the derivative discontinuity of Kohn-Sham density-functional theory. We validate our construction for several paradigm systems and explain how it addresses central well-known deficiencies of antecedent semilocal methods, i.e., the description of charge transfer, properly localized orbitals, and band gaps. We find, e.g., an improved shell structure for atoms, eigenvalues that more closely correspond to ionization energies, and an improved description of band structure where localized states are lowered in energy.

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  • 42.
    Arwin, Hans
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Applied Optics . Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Fernández del Río, Lia
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Applied Optics . Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Järrendahl, Kenneth
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Applied Optics . Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Comparison and analysis of Mueller-matrix spectra from exoskeletons of blue, green and red Cetonia aurata2014In: Thin Solid Films, ISSN 0040-6090, E-ISSN 1879-2731, Vol. 571, p. 739-743Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The exoskeleton, also called the cuticle, of specimens of the scarab beetle Cetonia aurata is a narrow-band reflector which exhibits metallic shine. Most specimens of C. aurata have a reflectance maximum in the green part of the spectrum but variations from blue–green to red–green are also found. A few specimens are also more distinct blue or red. Furthermore, the reflected light is highly polarized and at near-normal incidence near-circular left-handed polarization is observed. The polarization and color phenomena are caused by a nanostructure in the cuticle. This nanostructure can be modeled as a multilayered twisted biaxial layer from which reflection properties can be calculated. Specifically we calculate the cuticle Mueller matrix which then is fitted to Mueller matrices determined by dual-rotating compensator ellipsometry in the spectral range 400–800 nm at multiple angles of incidence. This non-linear regression analysis provides structural parameters like pitch of the chiral structure as well as layer refractive index data for the different layers in the cuticle. The objective here is to compare spectra measured on C. aurata with different colors and develop a generic structural model. Generally the degree of polarization is large in the spectral region corresponding to the color of the cuticle which for the blue specimen is 400–600 nm whereas for the red specimen it is 530–730 nm. In these spectral ranges, the Mueller-matrix element m41 is non-zero and negative, in particular for small angles of incidence, implicating that the reflected light becomes near-circularly polarizedwith an ellipticity angle in the range 20°–45°.

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  • 43.
    Asada, Satoshi
    et al.
    Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto, Japan.
    Kimoto, Tsunenobu
    Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto, Japan.
    Ivanov, Ivan Gueorguiev
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Calibration on wide-ranging aluminum doping concentrations by photoluminescence in high-quality uncompensated p-type 4H-SiC2017In: Applied Physics Letters, ISSN 0003-6951, E-ISSN 1077-3118, Vol. 111, no 7, article id 072101Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Previous work has shown that the concentration of shallow dopants in a semiconductor can be estimated from the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum by comparing the intensity of the bound-to-the- dopant exciton emission to that of the free exciton. In this work, we study the low-temperature PL of high-quality uncompensated Al-doped p-type 4H-SiC and propose algorithms for determining the Al-doping concentration using the ratio of the Al-bound to free-exciton emission. We use three different cryogenic temperatures (2, 41, and 79 K) in order to cover the Al-doping range from mid 10(14) cm(-3) up to 10(18) cm(-3). The Al-bound exciton no-phonon lines and the strongest free-exciton replica are used as a measure of the bound-and free-exciton emissions at a given temperature, and clear linear relationships are obtained between their ratio and the Al-concentration at 2, 41, and 79 K. Since nitrogen is a common unintentional donor dopant in SiC, we also discuss the criteria allowing one to determine from the PL spectra whether a sample can be considered as uncompensated or not. Thus, the low-temperature PL provides a convenient non-destructive tool for the evaluation of the Al concentration in 4H-SiC, which probes the concentration locally and, therefore, can also be used for mapping the doping homogeneity. Published by AIP Publishing.

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  • 44.
    Asadi, Kamal
    et al.
    Philips Research Labs, Netherlands.
    Li, Mengyuan
    University of Groningen, Netherlands.
    Blom, Paul W. M.
    University of Groningen, Netherlands; Holst Centre, Netherlands.
    Kemerink, Martijn
    Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands.
    de Leeuw, Dago M.
    Philips Research Labs, Netherlands; University of Groningen, Netherlands.
    Organic ferroelectric opto-electronic memories2011In: Materials Today, ISSN 1369-7021, E-ISSN 1873-4103, Vol. 14, no 12, p. 592-599Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Organic electronics have emerged as a promising technology for large-area micro-electronic applications, such as rollable displays(1), electronic paper(2), contactless identification transponders(3,4), and smart labels(5). Most of these applications require memory functions; preferably a non-volatile memory that retains its data when the power is turned off, and that can be programmed, erased, and read-out electrically.

  • 45. Order onlineBuy this publication >>
    Asker, Christian
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Effects of disorder in metallic systems from First-Principles calculations2010Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In this thesis, quantum-mechanical calculations within density-functional theory on metallic systems are presented. The overarching goal has been to investigate effects of disorder. In particular, one of the properties investigated is the bindingenergy shifts for core electrons in binary alloys using different theoretical methods. These methods are compared with each other and with experimental results. One such method, the so-called Slater-Janak transition state method relies on the assumption that the single-particle eigenvalues within density-functional theory are linear functions of their respective occupation number. This assumption is investigated and it is found that while the eigenvalues to a first approximation show linear behavior, there are also nonlinearities which can influence the core-level binding energy shifts.

    Another area of investigation has been iron based alloys at pressures corresponding to those in the Earth’s inner core. This has been done for the hexagonal close packed and face entered cubic structures. The effects of alloying iron with magnesium and nickel on the equation of state as well on the elastic properties have been investigated. The calculations have shown that the hexagonal close packed structure in FeNi is more isotropic than the face-centered cubic structure, and that adding Mg to Fe has a large impact on the elastic properties.

    Finally, the effects of disorder due to thermal motion of the atoms have been investigated through ab-initio molecular dynamics simulations. Within the limits of this method and the setup, it is found that the face-centered cubic structure of molybdenum can be dynamically stabilized at high temperature, leading to a metastable structure, on the average. The dynamical stabilization of face-centered cubic molybdenum also rendered it possible to accurately calculate the lattice stability relative to the body-centered cubic phase. Inclusion of temperature effects for the lattice stability using ab-initio molecular dynamics simulations resolves the disagreement between ab-initio calculations and thermochemical methods.

    List of papers
    1. Core-level shifts in fcc random alloys: A first-principles approach
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Core-level shifts in fcc random alloys: A first-principles approach
    Show others...
    2005 (English)In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 72, no 6, p. 064203-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    First-principles theoretical calculations of the core-level binding-energy shift (CLS) for eight binary face-centered-cubic (fcc) disordered alloys, CuPd, AgPd, CuNi, NiPd, CuAu, PdAu, CuPt, and NiPt, are carried out within density-functional theory (DFT) using the coherent potential approximation. The shifts of the Cu and Ni 2p3∕2, Ag and Pd 3d5∕2, and Pt and Au 4f7∕2 core levels are calculated according to the complete screening picture, which includes both initial-state (core-electron energy eigenvalue) and final-state (core-hole screening) effects in the same scheme. The results are compared with available experimental data, and the agreement is shown to be good. The CLSs are analyzed in terms of initial- and final-state effects. We also compare the complete screening picture with the CLS obtained by the transition-state method, and find very good agreement between these two alternative approaches for the calculations within the DFT. In addition the sensitivity of the CLS to relativistic and magnetic effects is studied.

    National Category
    Engineering and Technology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-12565 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.72.064203 (DOI)
    Note

    Original publication: W. Olovsson, C. Göransson, L. V. Pourovskii, B. Johansson and I. A. Abrikosov, Core-level shifts in fcc random alloys: A first-principles approach, 2005, Physical Review B, (72), 064203. Copyright: The America Physical Society, http://prb.aps.org/

    Available from: 2008-09-15 Created: 2008-09-15 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    2. Numerical investigation of the validity of the Slater-Janak transition-state model in metallic systems
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Numerical investigation of the validity of the Slater-Janak transition-state model in metallic systems
    2005 (English)In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 72, no 13Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    According to the so-called Janak’s theorem, the eigenstates of the Kohn-Sham Hamiltonian are given by the derivative of the total energy with respect to the occupation numbers of the corresponding one-electron states. The linear dependence of the Kohn-Sham eigenvalues on the occupation numbers is often assumed in order to use the Janak’s theorem in applications, for instance, in calculations of the core-level shifts in materials by means of the Slater-Janak transition state model. In this work first-principles density-functional theory calculations using noninteger occupation numbers for different core states in 24 different random alloy systems were carried out in order to verify the assumptions of linearity. It is found that, to a first approximation, the Kohn-Sham eigenvalues show a linear behavior as a function of the occupation numbers. However, it is also found that deviations from linearity have observable effects on the core-level shifts for some systems. A way to reduce the error with minimal increase of computational efforts is suggested.

    National Category
    Natural Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-12559 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.72.134203 (DOI)
    Note

    Original publication: C. Göransson, W. Olovsson and I. A. Abrikosov, Numerical investigation of the validity of the Slater-Janak transition-state model in metallic systems, 2005, Physical Review B, (72), 134203. Copyright: The America Physical Society, http://prb.aps.org/

    Available from: 2008-09-15 Created: 2008-09-15 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    3. Core-level shifts in complex metallic systems from first principle
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Core-level shifts in complex metallic systems from first principle
    2006 (English)In: Physica status solidi. B, Basic research, ISSN 0370-1972, E-ISSN 1521-3951, Vol. 243, no 11, p. 2447-2464Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    We show that core-level binding energy shifts (CLS) can be reliably calculated within density functional theory. The scheme includes both the initial (electron energy eigenvalue) as well as final state (relaxation due to core-hole screening) effects in the same framework. The results include CLS as a function of composition in substitutional random bulk and surface alloys. Sensitivity of the CLS to the local chemical environment in the bulk and at the surface is demonstrated. A possibility to use the CLS for structural determination is discussed. Finally, an extension of the model is made for Auger kinetic energy shift calculations.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Wiley, 2006
    Keywords
    71.15.-m, 71.23.-k, 79.20.Fv, 79.60.Dp, 79.60.Ht, 79.60.Jv
    National Category
    Natural Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-37239 (URN)10.1002/pssb.200642165 (DOI)34061 (Local ID)34061 (Archive number)34061 (OAI)
    Available from: 2009-10-10 Created: 2009-10-10 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    4. Elastic properties of Fe–Mn random alloys studied by ab initio calculations
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Elastic properties of Fe–Mn random alloys studied by ab initio calculations
    Show others...
    2007 (English)In: Applied Physics Letters, ISSN 0003-6951, E-ISSN 1077-3118, Vol. 91, no 19, p. 191904-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    We have studied the influence of the Mn content on the elastic properties of Fe–Mn random alloys (space group of Fmm) using ab initio calculations. The magnetic effects in Fe–Mn alloys have a strong influence on the elastic properties, even above the Néel temperature. As the Mn content is increased from 5  to  40  at.  %, the C44 elastic constant is unaffected, while C11 and C12 decrease. This behavior can be understood based on the magnetovolume effect which softens the lattice. Since the amplitude of local magnetic moments is less sensitive to volume conserving distortions, the softening is not present during shearing.

    National Category
    Natural Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-12567 (URN)10.1063/1.2807677 (DOI)
    Note
    Original publication: Denis Music, Tetsuya Takahashi, Levente Vitos, Christian Asker, Igor A. Abrikosov and Jochen M. Schneider, Elastic properties of Fe–Mn random alloys studied by ab initio calculations, 2007, Applied Physics Letters, (91), 191904. Copyright: The America Institute of Physics, http://www.aip.org/ Available from: 2008-09-15 Created: 2008-09-15 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    5. First-principles solution to the problem of Mo lattice stability
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>First-principles solution to the problem of Mo lattice stability
    2008 (English)In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 77, no 220102(R)Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    The energy differences between the ground state body-centered structure and closed-packed face-centered structure for transition metals in the middle of the series show unusually large disagreements when they are obtained by the thermochemical approach based on the analysis of experimental data or by first-principles electronic structure calculations. Considering a typical example, the lattice stability of Mo, we present a solution to this long-standing problem. We carry out ab initio molecular dynamics simulations for the two phases at high temperature and show that the configurational energy difference approaches the value derived by means of the thermochemical approach. The main contribution to the effect comes from the modification of the canonical band structure due to anharmonic thermal motion at high temperature.

     

    National Category
    Natural Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-12560 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.77.220102 (DOI)
    Note
    Original publication: C. Asker, A. B. Belonoshko, A. S. Mikhaylushkin and I. A. Abrikosov, First-principles solution to the problem of Mo lattice stability, 2008, Physical Review B, (77), 220102(R). Copyright: The America Physical Society, http://prb.aps.org/Available from: 2008-09-15 Created: 2008-09-15 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    6. Elastic constants and anisotropy in FeNi alloys at high pressures from first-principles calculations
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Elastic constants and anisotropy in FeNi alloys at high pressures from first-principles calculations
    2009 (English)In: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, ISSN 1098-0121, E-ISSN 1550-235X, Vol. 79, no 21, p. 214112-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    The single-crystal and polycrystalline elastic constants and the elastic anisotropy in face-centered cubic and hexagonal close-packed FeNi alloys have been investigated at ultrahigh pressures by means of first-principles calculations using the exact muffin-tin orbitals method and the coherent-potential approximation. Comparisons with earlier calculations for pure Fe and experimental results are presented and discussed. We show that Ni alloying into Fe increases slightly the density and has very little effect on bulk moduli. Moreover, the relative decrease in c(44) elastic constant is much stronger in the hcp phase than in the fcc one. It is found that the elastic anisotropy is higher for face-centered cubic than for the hexagonal close-packed structure of FeNi, even though the face-centered cubic phase has a higher degree of symmetry. The anisotropy in face-centered cubic structure decreases with increasing nickel concentration while a very weak increase is observed for the hexagonal close-packed structure.

    National Category
    Natural Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-20159 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevB.79.214112 (DOI)
    Available from: 2009-09-01 Created: 2009-08-31 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    7. Equation of state and elastic properties of face-centered cubic FeMg alloy at ultrahigh pressures from first-principles
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Equation of state and elastic properties of face-centered cubic FeMg alloy at ultrahigh pressures from first-principles
    2010 (English)In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, ISSN 0012-821X, E-ISSN 1385-013X, Vol. 293, no 1-2, p. 130-134Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    We have ca1culated the equation of state and elastic properties of face-centered cubic Fe and Fe-rich FeMg alloy at ultrahigh pressures from first principles using the Exact Muffin-Tin Orbitals method. The results show that adding Mg into Fe influences strongly the equation of state, and cause a large degree of softening of the elastic constants, even at concentrations as small as 1-2 at. %. Moreover, the e1astic anisotropy increases, and the effect is higher at higher pressures.

    Keywords
    Ab initio, Elasticity, equation of state, iron, magnesium, Earths inner core, Pressure
    National Category
    Natural Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-53906 (URN)10.1016/j.epsl.2010.02.032 (DOI)000277217100013 ()
    Note
    Original Publication: Christian Asker, U. Kargén, L. Dubrovinsky and Igor Abrikosov, Equation of state and elastic properties of face-centered cubic FeMg alloy at ultrahigh pressures from first-principles, 2010, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, (293), 1-2, 130-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.02.032 Copyright: Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. http://www.elsevier.com/ Available from: 2010-02-11 Created: 2010-02-11 Last updated: 2024-01-08
    8. Electronic and atomic structure of Mo from high-temperature molecular dynamics simulations
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Electronic and atomic structure of Mo from high-temperature molecular dynamics simulations
    (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [en]

    By means of ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations we carry out a detailed stdly of the electronic and atomic structure of Mo upon the thermal stabilization of its dynamically unstable face-centered cubic (fcc) phase, Wc calculate how the atomic positions, radial distribution function, and the ei<xtronic density of states of fcc Mo evolve with temperature. The results are compared with those for dynamically stable body-centered cubic (bcc) phase of Mo, as well as with bcc Zr, which is dynamically unstable at T = OK, but (in contrast to fcc Mo) becomes thermodynamically stable at high temperature, In particular, wc emphasize the difference between the local positions of atoms in the simulation boxes at a particular step of AIMD simulation and the average positions, around which the atoms vibrate, and show that the former are solcly responsible for the electronic properties of the material. WE observe that while the average atomic positions in fcc Mo correspond perfectly to the ideal structure at high temperature, the electronic structure of the metal calculated from AIMD differs substantially from the canonical shape of the density of states for the ideal fcc crystaL From a comparison of our results obtained for fcc Mo arid bcc Zr, we advocate the use of the electronic structure calculations, complemented with studies of radial distribution functions, as a sensitive test of a degree of the temperature induced stabilization of phases, which are dynamically unstable at T = OK.

    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-53779 (URN)
    Available from: 2010-02-03 Created: 2010-02-03 Last updated: 2024-01-08
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    Effects of disorder in metallic systems from First-Principles calculations
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    Errata
  • 46.
    Aslandukova, Alena
    et al.
    Univ Bayreuth, Germany.
    Aslandukov, Andrey
    Univ Bayreuth, Germany; Univ Bayreuth, Germany.
    Laniel, Dominique
    Univ Edinburgh, Scotland.
    Khandarkhaeva, Saiana
    Univ Bayreuth, Germany.
    Steinle-Neumann, Gerd
    Univ Bayreuth, Germany.
    Fedotenko, Timofey
    Deutsch Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Germany.
    Ovsyannikov, Sergey V.
    Univ Bayreuth, Germany.
    Yin, Yuqing
    Univ Bayreuth, Germany; Shandong Univ, Peoples R China.
    Akbar, Fariia Iasmin
    Univ Bayreuth, Germany.
    Glazyrin, Konstantin
    Deutsch Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Germany.
    Hanfland, Michael
    European Synchrotron Radiat Facil ESRF, France.
    Dubrovinsky, Leonid
    Univ Bayreuth, Germany.
    Doubrovinckaia, Natalia
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Theoretical Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Univ Bayreuth, Germany.
    High-pressure hP3 yttrium allotrope with CaHg2-type structure as a prototype of the hP3 rare-earth hydride series2023In: Physical Review B, ISSN 2469-9950, E-ISSN 2469-9969, Vol. 107, no 1, article id 014103Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A high-pressure (HP) yttrium allotrope, hP3-Y (space group P6/mmm), was synthesized in a multi-anvil press at 20 GPa and 2000 K which is recoverable to ambient conditions. Its relative stability and electronic properties were investigated using density functional theory calculations. A hP3-Y derivative hydride, hP3-YHx, with a variable hydrogen content (x = 2.8, 3, 2.4), was synthesized in diamond anvil cells by the direct reaction of yttrium with paraffin oil, hydrogen gas, and ammonia borane upon laser heating to similar to 3000 K at 51, 45 and 38 GPa, respectively. Room-temperature decompression leads to gradual reduction and eventually the complete loss of hydrogen at ambient conditions. Isostructural hP3-NdHx and hP3-GdHx hydrides were synthesized from Nd and Gd metals and paraffin oil, suggesting that the hP3-Y structure type may be common for rare-earth elements. Our results expand the list of allotropes of trivalent lanthanides and their hydrides and suggest that they should be considered in the context of studies of HP behavior and properties of this broad class of materials.

  • 47.
    Asres, Georgies Alene
    et al.
    Univ Oulu, Finland.
    Baldovi, Jose J.
    Max Planck Inst Struct and Dynam Matter, Germany; Univ Basque Country, Spain.
    Dombovari, Aron
    Univ Oulu, Finland.
    Jarvinen, Topias
    Univ Oulu, Finland.
    Lorite, Gabriela Simone
    Univ Oulu, Finland.
    Mohl, Melinda
    Univ Oulu, Finland.
    Shchukarev, Andrey
    Umea Univ, Sweden.
    Perez Paz, Alejandro
    Univ Basque Country, Spain; Yachay Tech Univ, Ecuador.
    Xian, Lede
    Max Planck Inst Struct and Dynam Matter, Germany; Univ Basque Country, Spain.
    Mikkola, Jyri-Pekka
    Umea Univ, Sweden; Abo Akad Univ, Finland.
    Lloyd Spetz, Anita
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Sensor and Actuator Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Univ Oulu, Finland.
    Jantunen, Heli
    Univ Oulu, Finland.
    Rubio, Angel
    Max Planck Inst Struct and Dynam Matter, Germany; Univ Basque Country, Spain.
    Kordas, Krisztian
    Univ Oulu, Finland.
    Ultrasensitive H2S gas sensors based on p-type WS2 hybrid materials2018In: Nano Reseach, ISSN 1998-0124, E-ISSN 1998-0000, Vol. 11, no 8, p. 4215-4224Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Owing to their higher intrinsic electrical conductivity and chemical stability with respect to their oxide counterparts, nanostructured metal sulfides are expected to revive materials for resistive chemical sensor applications. Herein, we explore the gas sensing behavior of WS2 nanowire-nanoflake hybrid materials and demonstrate their excellent sensitivity (0.043 ppm(-1)) as well as high selectivity towards H2S relative to CO, NH3, H-2, and NO (with corresponding sensitivities of 0.002, 0.0074, 0.0002, and 0.0046 ppm(-1), respectively). Gas response measurements, complemented with the results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and first-principles calculations based on density functional theory, suggest that the intrinsic electronic properties of pristine WS2 alone are not sufficient to explain the observed high sensitivity towards H2S. A major role in this behavior is also played by O doping in the S sites of the WS2 lattice. The results of the present study open up new avenues for the use of transition metal disulfide nanomaterials as effective alternatives to metal oxides in future applications for industrial process control, security, and health and environmental safety.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 48.
    Asres, Georgies Alene
    et al.
    Univ Oulu, Finland.
    Jarvinen, Topias
    Univ Oulu, Finland.
    Lorite, Gabriela S.
    Univ Oulu, Finland.
    Mohl, Melinda
    Univ Oulu, Finland.
    Pitkanen, Olli
    Univ Oulu, Finland.
    Dombovari, Aron
    Univ Oulu, Finland.
    Toth, Geza
    VTT Finland, Finland.
    Lloyd Spetz, Anita
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Sensor and Actuator Systems. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Univ Oulu, Finland.
    Vajtai, Robert
    Rice Univ, TX 77005 USA.
    Ajayan, Pulickel M.
    Rice Univ, TX 77005 USA.
    Lei, Sidong
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
    Talapatra, Saikat
    Southern Illinois Univ, IL 62901 USA.
    Kordas, Krisztian
    Univ Oulu, Finland.
    High photoresponse of individual WS2 nanowire-nanoflake hybrid materials2018In: Applied Physics Letters, ISSN 0003-6951, E-ISSN 1077-3118, Vol. 112, no 23, article id 233103Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    van der Waals solids have been recognized as highly photosensitive materials that compete conventional Si and compound semiconductor based devices. While 2-dimensional nanosheets of single and multiple layers and 1-dimensional nanowires of molybdenum and tungsten chalcogenides have been studied, their nanostructured derivatives with complex morphologies are not explored yet. Here, we report on the electrical and photosensitive properties of WS2 nanowire-nanoflake hybrid materials we developed lately. We probe individual hybrid nanostructured particles along the structure using focused ion beam deposited Pt contacts. Further, we use conductive atomic force microscopy to analyze electrical behavior across the nanostructure in the transverse direction. The electrical measurements are complemented by in situ laser beam illumination to explore the photoresponse of the nanohybrids in the visible optical spectrum. Photodetectors with responsivity up to similar to 0.4 AW(-1) are demonstrated outperforming graphene as well as most of the other transition metal dichalcogenide based devices. Published by AIP Publishing.

  • 49.
    Atlasow, Kirill A.
    et al.
    Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Physics of Nanostructures, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
    Calic, Milan
    Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Physics of Nanostructures, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
    Karlsson, Fredrik
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Physics of Nanostructures, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
    Gallo, Pascal
    Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Physics of Nanostructures, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
    Rudra, Alok
    n/Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Physics of Nanostructures, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
    Dwir, Benjamin
    Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Physics of Nanostructures, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
    Kapon, Eli
    Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratory of Physics of Nanostructures, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
    Photonic-crystal microcavity laser with site-controlled quantum-wire active medium2009In: Optics Express, E-ISSN 1094-4087, Vol. 17, no 20, p. 18178-18183Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Site-controlled quantum-wire photonic-crystal microcavity laser is experimentally demonstrated using optical pumping. The single-mode lasing and threshold are established based on the transient laser response, linewidth narrowing, and the details of the non-linear power input-output charateristics. Average-power threshold as low as ~240 nW (absorbed power) and spontaneous emission coupling coefficient β~0.3 are derived.

  • 50.
    Atxabal, Ainhoa
    et al.
    CIC NanoGUNE, Spain.
    Braun, Slawomir
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Surface Physics and Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Arnold, Thorsten
    Technical University of Dresden, Germany.
    Sun, Xiangnan
    National Centre Nanosci and Technology, Peoples R China.
    Parui, Subir
    CIC NanoGUNE, Spain.
    Liu, Xianjie
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Surface Physics and Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Gozalvez, Cristian
    University of Basque Country UPV EHU, Spain.
    Llopis, Roger
    CIC NanoGUNE, Spain.
    Mateo-Alonso, Aurelio
    University of Basque Country UPV EHU, Spain; Basque Fdn Science, Spain.
    Casanova, Felix
    CIC NanoGUNE, Spain; Basque Fdn Science, Spain.
    Ortmann, Frank
    Technical University of Dresden, Germany.
    Fahlman, Mats
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Surface Physics and Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Hueso, Luis E.
    CIC NanoGUNE, Spain; Basque Fdn Science, Spain.
    Energy Level Alignment at Metal/Solution-Processed Organic Semiconductor Interfaces2017In: Advanced Materials, ISSN 0935-9648, E-ISSN 1521-4095, Vol. 29, no 19, article id 1606901Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Energy barriers between the metal Fermi energy and the molecular levels of organic semiconductor devoted to charge transport play a fundamental role in the performance of organic electronic devices. Typically, techniques such as electron photoemission spectroscopy, Kelvin probe measurements, and in-device hot-electron spectroscopy have been applied to study these interfacial energy barriers. However, so far there has not been any direct method available for the determination of energy barriers at metal interfaces with n-type polymeric semiconductors. This study measures and compares metal/solution-processed electron-transporting polymer interface energy barriers by in-device hot-electron spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy. It not only demonstrates in-device hot-electron spectroscopy as a direct and reliable technique for these studies but also brings it closer to technological applications by working ex situ under ambient conditions. Moreover, this study determines that the contamination layer coming from air exposure does not play any significant role on the energy barrier alignment for charge transport. The theoretical model developed for this work confirms all the experimental observations.

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