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  • 1. Order onlineBuy this publication >>
    Ahlander, Britt-Marie
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Heart: Image quality, measurement accuracy and patient experience2016Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Non-invasive diagnostic imaging of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) is frequently carried out with cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) or myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (MPS). CMR is the gold standard for the evaluation of scar after myocardial infarction and MPS the clinical gold standard for ischemia. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is at times difficult for patients and may induce anxiety while patient experience of MPS is largely unknown.

    Aims: To evaluate image quality in CMR with respect to the sequences employed, the influence of atrial fibrillation, myocardial perfusion and the impact of patient information. Further, to study patient experience in relation to MRI with the goal of improving the care of these patients.

    Method: Four study designs have been used. In paper I, experimental cross-over, paper (II) experimental controlled clinical trial, paper (III) psychometric crosssectional study and paper (IV) prospective intervention study. A total of 475 patients ≥ 18 years with primarily cardiac problems (I-IV) except for those referred for MRI of the spine (III) were included in the four studies.

    Result: In patients (n=20) with atrial fibrillation, a single shot steady state free precession (SS-SSFP) sequence showed significantly better image quality than the standard segmented inversion recovery fast gradient echo (IR-FGRE) sequence (I). In first-pass perfusion imaging the gradient echo-echo planar imaging sequence (GREEPI) (n=30) had lower signal-to-noise and contrast–to-noise ratios than the steady state free precession sequence (SSFP) (n=30) but displayed a higher correlation with the MPS results, evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively (II). The MRIAnxiety Questionnaire (MRI-AQ) was validated on patients, referred for MRI of either the spine (n=193) or the heart (n=54). The final instrument had 15 items divided in two factors regarding Anxiety and Relaxation. The instrument was found to have satisfactory psychometric properties (III). Patients who prior CMR viewed an information video scored significantly (lower) better in the factor Relaxation, than those who received standard information. Patients who underwent MPS scored lower on both factors, Anxiety and Relaxation. The extra video information had no effect on CMR image quality (IV).

    Conclusion: Single shot imaging in atrial fibrillation produced images with less artefact than a segmented sequence. In first-pass perfusion imaging, the sequence GRE-EPI was superior to SSFP. A questionnaire depicting anxiety during MRI showed that video information prior to imaging helped patients relax but did not result in an improvement in image quality.

    List of papers
    1. Image quality and myocardial scar size determined with magnetic resonance imaging in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation: a comparison of two imaging protocols
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Image quality and myocardial scar size determined with magnetic resonance imaging in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation: a comparison of two imaging protocols
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    2010 (English)In: CLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY AND FUNCTIONAL IMAGING, ISSN 1475-0961, Vol. 30, no 2, p. 122-129Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Pandgt;Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the heart generally requires breath holding and a regular rhythm. Single shot 2D steady-state free precession (SS_SSFP) is a fast sequence insensitive to arrhythmia as well as breath holding. Our purpose was to determine image quality, signal-to-noise (SNR) and contrast-to-noise (CNR) ratios and infarct size with a fast single shot and a standard segmented MRI sequence in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation and chronic myocardial infarction. Methods: Twenty patients with chronic myocardial infarction and ongoing atrial fibrillation were examined with inversion recovery SS_SSFP and segmented inversion recovery 2D fast gradient echo (IR_FGRE). Image quality was assessed in four categories: delineation of infarcted and non-infarcted myocardium, occurrence of artefacts and overall image quality. SNR and CNR were calculated. Myocardial volume (ml) and infarct size, expressed as volume (ml) and extent (%), were calculated, and the methodological error was assessed. Results: SS_SSFP had significantly better quality scores in all categories (P = 0 center dot 037, P = 0 center dot 014, P = 0 center dot 021, P = 0 center dot 03). SNRinfarct and SNRblood were significantly better for IR_FGRE than for SS_SSFP (P = 0 center dot 048, P = 0 center dot 018). No significant difference was found in SNRmyocardium and CNR. The myocardial volume was significantly larger with SS_SSFP (170 center dot 7 versus 159 center dot 2 ml, P andlt; 0 center dot 001), but no significant difference was found in infarct volume and infarct extent. Conclusion: SS_SSFP displayed significantly better image quality than IR_FGRE. The infarct size and the error in its determination were equal for both sequences, and the examination time was shorter with SS_SSFP.

    Keywords
    atrial fibrillation, magnetic resonance imaging, myocardial infarction, segmented inversion recovery 2D fast gradient echo, single shot inversion recovery 2D steady-state free precession
    National Category
    Medical and Health Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-54159 (URN)10.1111/j.1475-097X.2009.00914.x (DOI)000274438800006 ()
    Available from: 2010-02-26 Created: 2010-02-26 Last updated: 2021-12-28
    2. An echo-planar imaging sequence is superior to a steady-state free precession sequence for visual as well as quantitative assessment of cardiac magnetic resonance stress perfusion
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>An echo-planar imaging sequence is superior to a steady-state free precession sequence for visual as well as quantitative assessment of cardiac magnetic resonance stress perfusion
    Show others...
    2017 (English)In: Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, ISSN 1475-0961, E-ISSN 1475-097X, Vol. 37, no 1, p. 52-61Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Background To assess myocardial perfusion, steady-state free precession cardiac magnetic resonance (SSFP, CMR) was compared with gradient-echo–echo-planar imaging (GRE-EPI) using myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) as reference. Methods Cardiac magnetic resonance perfusion was recorded in 30 patients with SSFP and in another 30 patients with GRE-EPI. Timing and extent of inflow delay to the myocardium was visually assessed. Signal-to-noise (SNR) and contrast-to-noise (CNR) ratios were calculated. Myocardial scar was visualized with a phase-sensitive inversion recovery sequence (PSIR). All scar positive segments were considered pathologic. In MPS, stress and rest images were used as in clinical reporting. The CMR contrast wash-in slope was calculated and compared with the stress score from the MPS examination. CMR scar, CMR perfusion and MPS were assessed separately by one expert for each method who was blinded to other aspects of the study. Results Visual assessment of CMR had a sensitivity for the detection of an abnormal MPS at 78% (SSFP) versus 91% (GRE-EPI) and a specificity of 58% (SSFP) versus 84% (GRE-EPI). Kappa statistics for SSFP and MPS was 0·29, for GRE-EPI and MPS 0·72. The ANOVA of CMR perfusion slopes for all segments versus MPS score (four levels based on MPS) had correlation r = 0·64 (SSFP) and r = 0·96 (GRE-EPI). SNR was for normal segments 35·63 ± 11·80 (SSFP) and 17·98 ± 8·31 (GRE-EPI), while CNR was 28·79 ± 10·43 (SSFP) and 13·06 ± 7·61 (GRE-EPI). Conclusion GRE-EPI displayed higher agreement with the MPS results than SSFP despite significantly lower signal intensity, SNR and CNR.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    John Wiley & Sons, 2017
    Keywords
    cardiac imaging techniques, coronary heart disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, nuclear medicine, perfusion
    National Category
    Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging Medical Laboratory and Measurements Technologies Medical Image Processing Clinical Medicine
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-130795 (URN)10.1111/cpf.12267 (DOI)000390688200008 ()26147785 (PubMedID)
    Note

    Funding agencies: Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden [12437]; Futurum, the County council of Jonkoping [12440, 81851, 217261]; Linkoping University; County Council of Ostergotland [281281]; Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation [20120449]

    Available from: 2016-08-24 Created: 2016-08-24 Last updated: 2021-12-28Bibliographically approved
    3. Development and validation of a questionnaire evaluating patient anxiety during Magnetic Resonance Imaging: the Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Anxiety Questionnaire (MRI-AQ)
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Development and validation of a questionnaire evaluating patient anxiety during Magnetic Resonance Imaging: the Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Anxiety Questionnaire (MRI-AQ)
    Show others...
    2016 (English)In: Journal of Advanced Nursing, ISSN 0309-2402, E-ISSN 1365-2648, Vol. 72, no 6, p. 1368-1380Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Aim. To develop and validate a new instrument measuring patient anxiety during Magnetic Resonance Imaging examinations, Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Anxiety Questionnaire. Background. Questionnaires measuring patients anxiety during Magnetic Resonance Imaging examinations have been the same as used in a wide range of conditions. To learn about patients experience during examination and to evaluate interventions, a specific questionnaire measuring patient anxiety during Magnetic Resonance Imaging is needed. Design. Psychometric cross-sectional study with test-retest design. Methods. A new questionnaire, Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Anxiety Questionnaire, was designed from patient expressions of anxiety in Magnetic Resonance Imaging-scanners. The sample was recruited between October 2012-October 2014. Factor structure was evaluated with exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency with Cronbachs alpha. Criterion-related validity, known-group validity and test-retest was calculated. Results. Patients referred for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of either the spine or the heart, were invited to participate. The development and validation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Anxiety Questionnaire resulted in 15 items consisting of two factors. Cronbachs alpha was found to be high. Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Anxiety Questionnaire correlated higher with instruments measuring anxiety than with depression scales. Known-group validity demonstrated a higher level of anxiety for patients undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging scan of the heart than for those examining the spine. Test-retest reliability demonstrated acceptable level for the scale. Conclusion. Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Anxiety Questionnaire bridges a gap among existing questionnaires, making it a simple and useful tool for measuring patient anxiety during Magnetic Resonance Imaging examinations.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2016
    Keywords
    anxiety; instrument development; magnetic resonance imaging; nurse; nursing; reliability; validity
    National Category
    Other Medical Sciences not elsewhere specified
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129145 (URN)10.1111/jan.12917 (DOI)000376007400014 ()26893007 (PubMedID)
    Note

    Funding Agencies|Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation; Futurum County Council of Jonkoping

    Available from: 2016-06-13 Created: 2016-06-13 Last updated: 2021-12-28
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    Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Heart: Image quality, measurement accuracy and patient experience
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  • 2.
    Ahlander, Britt-Marie
    et al.
    Department of Radiology, Ryhov County Hospital, Jönköping.
    Maret, Eva
    Department of Radiology, Ryhov County Hospital, Jönköping / Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm.
    Brudin, Lars
    Department of Clinical Physiology, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar.
    Starck, Sven-Åke
    Department of Natural Science and Biomedicine, School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University / Department of Oncology, Hospital Physics, Ryhov County Hospital, Jönköping.
    Engvall, Jan
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV). Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Physiology in Linköping.
    An echo-planar imaging sequence is superior to a steady-state free precession sequence for visual as well as quantitative assessment of cardiac magnetic resonance stress perfusion2017In: Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, ISSN 1475-0961, E-ISSN 1475-097X, Vol. 37, no 1, p. 52-61Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background To assess myocardial perfusion, steady-state free precession cardiac magnetic resonance (SSFP, CMR) was compared with gradient-echo–echo-planar imaging (GRE-EPI) using myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) as reference. Methods Cardiac magnetic resonance perfusion was recorded in 30 patients with SSFP and in another 30 patients with GRE-EPI. Timing and extent of inflow delay to the myocardium was visually assessed. Signal-to-noise (SNR) and contrast-to-noise (CNR) ratios were calculated. Myocardial scar was visualized with a phase-sensitive inversion recovery sequence (PSIR). All scar positive segments were considered pathologic. In MPS, stress and rest images were used as in clinical reporting. The CMR contrast wash-in slope was calculated and compared with the stress score from the MPS examination. CMR scar, CMR perfusion and MPS were assessed separately by one expert for each method who was blinded to other aspects of the study. Results Visual assessment of CMR had a sensitivity for the detection of an abnormal MPS at 78% (SSFP) versus 91% (GRE-EPI) and a specificity of 58% (SSFP) versus 84% (GRE-EPI). Kappa statistics for SSFP and MPS was 0·29, for GRE-EPI and MPS 0·72. The ANOVA of CMR perfusion slopes for all segments versus MPS score (four levels based on MPS) had correlation r = 0·64 (SSFP) and r = 0·96 (GRE-EPI). SNR was for normal segments 35·63 ± 11·80 (SSFP) and 17·98 ± 8·31 (GRE-EPI), while CNR was 28·79 ± 10·43 (SSFP) and 13·06 ± 7·61 (GRE-EPI). Conclusion GRE-EPI displayed higher agreement with the MPS results than SSFP despite significantly lower signal intensity, SNR and CNR.

  • 3. Order onlineBuy this publication >>
    Ahlström, Christer
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Nonlinear phonocardiographic Signal Processing2008Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this thesis work has been to develop signal analysis methods for a computerized cardiac auscultation system, the intelligent stethoscope. In particular, the work focuses on classification and interpretation of features derived from the phonocardiographic (PCG) signal by using advanced signal processing techniques.

    The PCG signal is traditionally analyzed and characterized by morphological properties in the time domain, by spectral properties in the frequency domain or by nonstationary properties in a joint time-frequency domain. The main contribution of this thesis has been to introduce nonlinear analysis techniques based on dynamical systems theory to extract more information from the PCG signal. Especially, Takens' delay embedding theorem has been used to reconstruct the underlying system's state space based on the measured PCG signal. This processing step provides a geometrical interpretation of the dynamics of the signal, whose structure can be utilized for both system characterization and classification as well as for signal processing tasks such as detection and prediction. In this thesis, the PCG signal's structure in state space has been exploited in several applications. Change detection based on recurrence time statistics was used in combination with nonlinear prediction to remove obscuring heart sounds from lung sound recordings in healthy test subjects. Sample entropy and mutual information were used to assess the severity of aortic stenosis (AS) as well as mitral insufficiency (MI) in dogs. A large number of, partly nonlinear, features was extracted and used for distinguishing innocent murmurs from murmurs caused by AS or MI in patients with probable valve disease. Finally, novel work related to very accurate localization of the first heart sound by means of ECG-gated ensemble averaging was conducted. In general, the presented nonlinear processing techniques have shown considerably improved results in comparison with other PCG based techniques.

    In modern health care, auscultation has found its main role in primary or in home health care, when deciding if special care and more extensive examinations are required. Making a decision based on auscultation is however difficult, why a simple tool able to screen and assess murmurs would be both time- and cost-saving while relieving many patients from needless anxiety. In the emerging field of telemedicine and home care, an intelligent stethoscope with decision support abilities would be of great value.

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  • 4.
    Ahlström, Christer
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Hult, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Ask, Per
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Detection of the 3(rd) heart sound using recurrence time statistics2006In: 2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vols 1-13, 2006, Vol. 1-13, p. 2288-2291Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The 3(rd) heart sound (S3) is normally heard during auscultation of younger individuals, but it is also common in many patients with heart failure. Compared to the 1(st) and 2(nd) heart sounds, S3 has low amplitude and low frequency content, making it hard to detect (both manually for the physician and automatically by a detection algorithm). We present an algorithm based on a recurrence time statistic which is sensitive to changes in a reconstructed state space, particularly for detection of transitions with very low energy. Heart sound signals from ten children were used in this study. Most S3 occurrences were detected (98%), but the amount of false extra detections was rather high (7% of the heart cycles). In conclusion, the method seems capable of detecting S3 with high accuracy and robustness.

  • 5.
    Almeida, Nuno
    et al.
    Katholieke University of Leuven, Belgium; GE Vingmed Ultrasound AS, Norway.
    Papachristidis, Alexandros
    Kings Coll Hospital London, England.
    Pearson, Peter
    Kings Coll Hospital London, England.
    Imre Sarvari, Sebastian
    University of Oslo, Norway.
    Engvall, Jan
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Physiology in Linköping. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).
    Edvardsen, Thor
    University of Oslo, Norway.
    Monaghan, Mark
    Kings Coll Hospital London, England.
    Gerard, Olivier
    GE Vingmed Ultrasound AS, Norway.
    Samset, Eigil
    GE Vingmed Ultrasound AS, Norway; University of Oslo, Norway.
    Dhooge, Jan
    Katholieke University of Leuven, Belgium.
    Left atrial volumetric assessment using a novel automated framework for 3D echocardiography: a multi-centre analysis2017In: European Heart Journal Cardiovascular Imaging, ISSN 2047-2404, E-ISSN 2047-2412, Vol. 18, no 9, p. 1008-1015Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims This study aims at validating a software tool for automated segmentation and quantification of the left atrium (LA) from 3D echocardiography. Methods and results The LA segmentation tool uses a dual-chamber model of the left side of the heart to automatically detect and track the atrio-ventricular plane and the LA endocardium in transthoracic 3D echocardiography. The tool was tested in a dataset of 121 ultrasound images from patients with several cardiovascular pathologies (in a multi-centre setting), and the resulting volumes were compared with those assessed manually by experts in a blinded analysis using conventional contouring. Bland-Altman analysis showed good agreement between the automated method and the manual references, with differences (mean +/- 1.96 SD) of 0.5 +/- 5.7 mL for LA minimum volume and -1.6 +/- 9.7 mL for LA maximum volume (comparable to the inter-observer variability of manual tracings). The automated tool required no user interaction in 93% of the recordings, while 4% required a single click and only 2% required contour adjustments, reducing considerably the amount of time and effort required for LA volumetric analysis. Conclusion The automated tool was validated in a multi-centre setting, providing quantification of the LA volume over the cardiac cycle with minimal user interaction. The results of the automated analysis were in agreement with those estimated manually by experts. This study shows that such approach has clinical utility for the assessment of the LA morphology and function, automating and facilitating the time-consuming task of analysing 3D echocardiographic recordings.

  • 6.
    Almqvist, Ulf
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Sjörs, Anna
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Validation of MobileMe: a psychophysiological recording system – from a motion sickness perspective2006Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    MobileMe is a recently developed system for monitoring and recording physiological variables. It is wireless, and can therefore be suitable for field research, for example when measuring motion sickness symptoms.

    The aim of this thesis was to conclude whether the MobileMe recording system was valid for research studies. A validation study, consisting of two parts and including 10 subjects, was performed. The first part was a laboratory study, where data from MobileMe and a reference equipment were compared. A field study was also performed, onboard a combat boat, to determine the equipment’s validity in uncontrolled environments. Furthermore, the field study included an investigation of motion sickness symptoms, and provided data for evaluation of motion sickness rating scales.

    Statistical results from the laboratory study, and results from evaluation of data from the field study, showed that MobileMe was valid in both controlled and uncontrolled environments.

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  • 7.
    Altgärde, Noomi
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology.
    Local release of lithium from sol-gel coated orthopaedic screws: an in vitro and in vivo study2009Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

     

    In orthopaedic practice, fractures are usually stabilised with metal screws or rods. This is done in order to keep the fracture parts in place during the rather slow healing process. The healing time can potentially be reduced by local- or systemic treatment with different bone promoting drugs. In later years, lithium, otherwise used to treat bipolar disease, has shown promise to be such a drug.

     

    The aim of this master thesis was to find a way to coat metal bone screws with lithium and to characterise the coating. The coating was to be designed in such a way that it could release lithium to the surrounding bone tissue.

     

    Lithium chloride was incorporated into a titanate sol-gel and attached to silicon wafers and stainless steel screws by dip coating. Wafers were used for initial in vitro studies of how lithium changed coating characteristics. This was studied using ellipsometry, AFM and SEM. Lithium is most probably physisorbed and not incorporated into the network building up the sol-gel. Coating structure is changed as more lithium is incorporated. For large amounts of lithium, the nanoparticles normally formed when curing the sol-gel are inhibited. One effect of this is reduced bioactivity, seen as a reduced ability for calcium phosphate crystals to nucleate on the coating when immersed in simulated body fluid.

    Lithium release was investigated using AAS. Lithium is released from the coating, showing a burst effect. By changing the number of coating layers used, the release profile can be partly altered. The coating was also applied to screws, showing good attachment, and the lithium release profile was similar to the one seen from wafers.

    Finally, a screw model was used in rats to assess the effect of local lithium treatment from screws and systemic lithium treatment on fracture healing. In the model, a screw was inserted in tibia, mimicking a fracture. When the bone around the screw was healed, a pullout test was performed, giving information about the strength of the bone surrounding the screw. No significant difference could be found for either local- or systemic lithium treatment compared to control. However, when evaluating the strength of intact bone in a similar way, a positive effect of systemic lithium treatment could be seen. Therefore, it is still likely that lithium has a positive effect on bone and further studies are needed to fully evaluate its role in fracture healing.

     

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  • 8. Anderson, C.
    et al.
    Andersson, T.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Changes in skin circulation after microdialysis probe insertion visualized by laser Doppler perfusion imaging1994In: Journal of Investigative Dermatology, ISSN 0022-202X, E-ISSN 1523-1747, Vol. 102, no 5, p. 807-811Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Microdialysis makes possible in vivo estimation of endogenous and exogenous substances in the dermal extracellular space. Insertion of the microdialysis probe and its subsequent presence in the skin may affect both the reactivity of the skin test site and the measurement of target substances. Laser Doppler flowmetry is a non-invasive method for estimating cutaneous blood flow. A further development of this technique, laser Doppler perfusion imaging, has been used to study the time course of the circulatory changes caused in the area of microdialysis probe insertion. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging was performed prior to, during, and after microdialysis probe insertion in the skin of the ventral forearm in three subjects. Probe insertion caused an increase in skin blood perfusion in the whole test area. About 15 min after probe insertion, the flare, which is presumed to be of chiefly axon reflex origin, began to subside and the circulatory response could be seen to center around the site of insertion and the tip of the probe. Skin perfusion levels had returned to near normal levels within 60 min. Local anesthesia of the point of guide insertion inhibited the flare, but did not affect circulatory reactivity in the skin nearby. Both microdialysis and laser Doppler perfusion imaging seem to be promising new methods in dermatologic research.

  • 9. Anderson, C.
    et al.
    Svensson, .
    Sjögren, F.
    Andersson, T.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Human in vivo microdialysis technique can be used to measure cytokines in contact reactions.1995In: Current Problems in Dermatology, ISSN 1421-5721, E-ISSN 1662-2944, Vol. 23, p. 121-130Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 10.
    Andersson, Mats
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Informatics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Knutsson, Hans
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Informatics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Kronander, Torbjorn
    Velocity Adaptive Filtered Angiography1999Patent (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [en]

    A method of imaging a blood vessel in a body using X-rays and an injectable contrast medium is described. The contrast medium is injected into the body, and signals constituted by an X-ray image sequence depicting X-ray attenuation values is recorded. The X-ray attenuated values in each spaced-time neighborhood are combined in a way that is dependent on the processed image sequence and separately established for each neighborhood, and separating, from background and vessel signals, flow signals having energy contributions mainly in an area of frequency domain bounded by surfaces corresponding to threshold velocities separately established for each neighborhood, which surfaces are shifted a specified amount along a temporal frequency axis.

  • 11. Andersson, R
    et al.
    Loyd, Dan
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Applied Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Ask, Per
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Pressure sensed non-invasively directly on the extra corporeal bloodline tube2001In: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 23RD ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY, VOLS 1-4: BUILDING NEW BRIDGES AT THE FRONTIERS OF ENGINEERING AND MEDICINE, 2001, Vol. 23, p. 3179-3181Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To clinically measure blood pressure at extra corporeal bloodlines involves a hazard due to the infection risk and a risk for thrombosis formation. The aim was to design a non-invasive pressure sensor, measuring directly on a tube section. A modified tube cross-section was used to improve sensitivity. Using the developed sensing principle, a consistent relation (r=0.999) was obtained between pressure and output signal. The output was stable and an acceptable drift within the temperature-range. The method shows great promise for applications in monitoring of the dialysis process.

  • 12. Andersson, T.
    et al.
    Anderson, C.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Human in vivo cutaneous microdialysis: Estimation of histamine release in cold urticaria.1995In: Acta Dermato-Venereologica, ISSN 0001-5555, E-ISSN 1651-2057, no 75, p. 343-347Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A novel bioanalytical in vivo sampling technique, cutaneous microdialysis, was used to follow the chronology of skin histamine release in 3 patients with cold urticaria and in 2 healthy volunteers. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging was used simultaneously to monitor the skin circulatory response. Microdialysis samples were collected at 10-min intervals and analysed by radioimmunoassay technique. Fifty minutes after probe insertion, the ventral forearm skin in the area of the dialysis membrane was provoked for 5-15 min with a 25 x 40 mm ice cube covered with plastic foil. In the cold urticaria patients, an up to 80-fold increase of histamine was observed, with peak levels 20-30 min after challenge. Histamine levels then fell to reach "baseline" levels within 50 min. In the healthy subjects, the histamine increase was earlier, less pronounced and of shorter duration. Cutaneous microdialysis and laser Doppler imaging offer new possibilities for the chronological multiparameter assessment of inflammatory skin disorders in vivo.

  • 13. Order onlineBuy this publication >>
    Antonsson, Johan
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    On optical methods for intracerebral measurements during stereotactic and functional neurosurgery: Experimental studies2007Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Radio frequency (RF) lesioning and deep brain stimulation (DBS) are the two prevailing surgical treatments for movement disorders within the field of stereotactic and functional neurosurgery. For RF-lesioning, a small volume of brain tissue is coagulated and knowledge of the lesion size and growth is of great importance for the safety and outcome of the procedure. This thesis deals with adapting the laser Doppler perfusion monitoring (LDPM) technique for measurements in brain tissue during RF-lesioning. The relation between LDPM signal changes and developed lesion size was investigated. LDPM measurements were evaluated both in vitro (albumin protein solution) and in vivo in the porcine brain during RF-lesioning corresponding to a bilateral thalamotomy in man. The investigated signals from the LDPI measurements can be used for following the lesioning time course and to detect if a lesion was created, both in vitro and in the animal model. For the albumin model, both the total backscattered light intensity and the perfusion signal can be used as markers for estimating the final coagulation size, while in the animal model this conclusion was not statistical verified.

    Independent on surgical method, RF-lesioning or DBS, intracerebral guidance is an important aspect within stereotactic and functional neurosurgery. To increase the accuracy and precision of reaching the correct target, different methods for intracerebral guidance exist, such as microelectrode recording and impedance methods. In this thesis, the possibility of developing an optical intracerebral guidance method has been investigated. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy served as technology and all measurements were performed stereotactically in both porcine and human brain. Measurements of white and gray matter showed large differences, with higher reflectivity for white brain matter, both in porcine and in human brain. For the human measurements during DBS-implants, large differences between white matter and functional targets were found. Additionally, differences between native and lesioned porcine brain matter were detected. Both studies support the idea of using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for developing an intracerebral guidance method.

    List of papers
    1. Radio frequency electrode system for optical lesion size estimation in functional neurosurgery
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Radio frequency electrode system for optical lesion size estimation in functional neurosurgery
    2005 (English)In: Journal of Biomedical Optics, ISSN 1083-3668, E-ISSN 1560-2281, Vol. 10, no 3, p. 1-6Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Radiofrequency(RF) lesioning in the human brain is one possible surgicaltherapy for severe pain as well as movement disorders. Oneobstacle for a safer lesioning procedure is the lack ofsize monitoring. The aim of this study was to investigateif changes in laser Doppler or intensity signals could beused as markers for size estimation during experimental RF lesioning.A 2 mm in diameter monopolar RF electrode was equippedwith optical fibers and connected to a digital laser Dopplersystem. The optical RF electrode's performance was equal to astandard RF electrode with the same dimensions. An albumin solutionwith scatterers was used to evaluate the intensity and laserDoppler signal changes during lesioning at 70, 80, and 90 °C.Significant signal changes were found for these three different clotsizes, represented by the temperatures (p<0.05,  n=10). The volume, width, andlength of the created coagulations were correlated to the intensitysignal changes (r=0.88, n=30, p<0.0001) and to the perfusion signalchanges (r=0.81, n=30, p<0.0001). Both static and Doppler-shifted light canbe used to follow the lesioning procedure as well asbeing used for lesion size estimation during experimental RF lesioning.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering, 2005
    National Category
    Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-14232 (URN)10.1117/1.1924615 (DOI)000235127400040 ()16229664 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-24144476322 (Scopus ID)
    Available from: 2007-01-26 Created: 2007-01-26 Last updated: 2017-12-13Bibliographically approved
    2. Optical measurements during experimental stereotactic radiofrequency lesioning
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Optical measurements during experimental stereotactic radiofrequency lesioning
    2006 (English)In: Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, ISSN 1011-6125, E-ISSN 1423-0372, Vol. 84, no 2-3, p. 118-124Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo a laser Doppler measurement system in porcine brain tissue during thermal lesioning. A 2-mm monopolar radiofrequency lesioning electrode was equipped with optical fibers in order to monitor the lesioning procedure. Laser Doppler and backscattered light intensity signals were measured along the electrode trajectory and during bilateral lesioning in the central gray (70, 80 and 90°C, n = 14). The time course of the coagulation process could be followed by optical recordings. Two separate groups of tissue were identified from the intensity signals. The changes in the perfusion levels in both groups displayed significant changes (p < 0.05, n = 48) at all temperature settings, while backscattered light intensity was significant for only one group at the different temperatures (p < 0.05, n = 39). These results indicate that optical measurements correlate with lesion development in vivo. The study also indicates that it is possible to follow the lesioning process intra-operatively.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    S. Karger, 2006
    Keywords
    Laser Doppler, Radiofrequency lesioning, Functional neurosurgery, Brain electrodes
    National Category
    Biomedical Laboratory Science/Technology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-14233 (URN)10.1159/000094463 (DOI)000239562300010 ()16840822 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-33746647435 (Scopus ID)
    Available from: 2007-01-26 Created: 2007-01-26 Last updated: 2017-12-13Bibliographically approved
    3. In-vivo reflection spectroscopy measurements in pig brain during stereotactic surgery
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>In-vivo reflection spectroscopy measurements in pig brain during stereotactic surgery
    2003 (English)In: Biophotonics West: Biomedical Optics, 2003, Vol. 4958, p. 242-250Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Radiofrequency (RF) lesioning in the human brain is a commonsurgical therapy for relieving severe pain as well as formovement disorders such as Parkinsonia. During the procedure a smallelectrode is introduced by stereotactic means towards a target arealocalized by CT or MRI. An RF-current is applied throughthe electrode tip when positioned in the target area. Thetissue in the proximity of the tip is heated bythe current and finally coagulated.The overall aim of this studywas to improve the RF-technique and its ability to estimatelesion size by means of optical methods. Therefore, the opticaldifferences between white and gray matter, as well as lesionedand unlesioned tissue were investigated. Reflection spectroscopy measurements in therange of 450-800 nm were conducted on fully anesthetized pigsduring stereotactic RF-lesioning (n=6). Light from a tungsten lamp wasguided to the electrode tip through optical fibers, inserted alonga 2 mm in diameter monopolar RF-electrode. Measurements were performedin steps of 0-10 mm from the target in eachhemisphere towards the entry point of the skull. In thecentral gray of the porcine brain measurements were performed bothbefore and after the creation of a lesion. A totalof 55 spectra were collected during this study. Correlation totissue type was done using post-operative MR-images. The spectral signaturefor white and gray matter differs significantly for the entirespectral range of 450-800 nm. Pre- and post-lesioning reflection spectroscopyshowed the largest differences below 600 and above 620 nm,which implies that lasers within this wavelength range may beuseful for in-vivo measurements of tissue optical changes during RF-lesioning.

    National Category
    Engineering and Technology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-14234 (URN)10.1117/12.476131 (DOI)
    Available from: 2007-01-26 Created: 2007-01-26 Last updated: 2017-02-22Bibliographically approved
    4. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurements for tissue type discrimination during deep brain stimulation
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurements for tissue type discrimination during deep brain stimulation
    Show others...
    2008 (English)In: Journal of neural engineering, ISSN 1741-2560, Vol. 5, no 2, p. 185-190Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy as a method for improving intracerebral guidance during functional neurosurgery has been investigated. An optical probe was developed for measurements during stereotactic and functional neurosurgery in man. The aim of the study was to investigate the spectral differences between white and grey matter and between white matter and functional targets. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurements in ten patients were recorded at incremental steps towards and in three different functional targets (STN, GPi and Zi). The recorded spectra along the trajectory were sorted into white or grey matter, based on preoperative MRI images or the recorded spectral shape and intensity. The difference between tissue types was calculated as a quotient. Significant intensity differences between white and grey matter were found to be at least 14% (p < 0.05) and 20% (p < 0.0001) for MRI and spectral-sorted data respectively. The reflectance difference between white matter and the functional targets of GPi was higher than for STN and Zi. The results indicate that diffuse reflectance spectroscopy has a potential to be developed to a suitable complement to other intracerebral guidance methods.

    National Category
    Engineering and Technology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-14235 (URN)10.1088/1741-2560/5/2/009 (DOI)000257253800009 ()18460743 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-48949118315 (Scopus ID)
    Available from: 2007-01-26 Created: 2007-01-26 Last updated: 2017-02-10Bibliographically approved
    5. In vitro measurements of optical properties of porcine brain using a novel compact device
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>In vitro measurements of optical properties of porcine brain using a novel compact device
    Show others...
    2005 (English)In: Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, ISSN 0140-0118, E-ISSN 1741-0444, Vol. 43, no 5, p. 658-666Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Knowledge of the optical properties of tissues can be applied in numerous medical and scientific fields, including cancer diagnostics and therapy. There are many different ways of determining the optical properties of turbid media. The paper describes measurements of the optical properties of porcine brain tissue using novel instrumentation for simultaneous absorption and scattering characterisation of small turbid samples. Integrating sphere measurements are widely used as a reference method for determination of the optical properties of relatively thin turbid samples. However, this technique is associated with bulky equipment, complicated measuring techniques, interference compensation techniques and inconvenient sample handling. It is believed that the sphere for some applications can be replaced by a new, compact device, called the combined angular and spatially resolved head sensor, to measure the optical properties of thin turbid samples. The results compare very well with data obtained with an integrating sphere for well-defined samples. The instrument was shown to be accurate to within 12% for μa and 1% for μ s in measurements of intralipid-ink samples. The corresponding variations of data were 17% and 2%, respectively. The reduced scattering coefficient for porcine white matter was measured to be 100 cm−1 at 633 nm, and the value for coagulated brain tissue was 65 cm−1. The corresponding absorption coefficients were 2 and 3 cm−1, respectively.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Springer, 2005
    Keywords
    Optical properties, Turbid media, Integrating sphere, CASH sensor, Porcine brain tissue, Scattering
    National Category
    Other Medical Engineering
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-14236 (URN)10.1007/BF02351040 (DOI)000234262300016 ()2-s2.0-29244462497 (Scopus ID)
    Available from: 2007-01-26 Created: 2007-01-26 Last updated: 2017-12-13Bibliographically approved
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  • 14.
    Applegate, Matthew B.
    et al.
    Boston Univ., United States.
    Karrobi, Kavon
    Boston Univ., United States.
    Angelo Jr., Joseph P.
    Univ. de Strasbourg, France.
    Austin, Wyatt M.
    The Univ. of Maine, United States.
    Tabassum, Syeda M.
    Boston Univ., United States.
    Aguénounon, Enagnon
    Univ. de Strasbourg, France.
    Tilbury, Karissa
    The Univ. of Maine, United States.
    Saager, Rolf B.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Gioux, Sylvain
    Univ. de Strasbourg, France.
    Roblyer, Darren M.
    Boston Univ., United States.
    OpenSFDI: an open-source guide for constructing a spatial frequency domain imaging system2020In: Journal of Biomedical Optics, ISSN 1083-3668, E-ISSN 1560-2281, Vol. 25, no 1Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Significance: Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) is a diffuse optical measurement technique that can quantify tissue optical absorption (μa) and reduced scattering (μ0 s) on a pixelby-pixel basis. Measurements of μa at different wavelengths enable the extraction of molar concentrations of tissue chromophores over a wide field, providing a noncontact and label-free means to assess tissue viability, oxygenation, microarchitecture, and molecular content. We present here openSFDI: an open-source guide for building a low-cost, small-footprint, threewavelength SFDI system capable of quantifying μa and μ0 s as well as oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations in biological tissue. The companion website provides a complete parts list along with detailed instructions for assembling the openSFDI system. Aim: We describe the design of openSFDI and report on the accuracy and precision of optical property extractions for three different systems fabricated according to the instructions on the openSFDI website. Approach: Accuracy was assessed by measuring nine tissue-simulating optical phantoms with a physiologically relevant range of μa and μ0 s with the openSFDI systems and a commercial SFDI device. Precision was assessed by repeatedly measuring the same phantom over 1 h. Results: The openSFDI systems had an error of 0 6% in μa and −2 3% in μ0 s, compared to a commercial SFDI system. Bland–Altman analysis revealed the limits of agreement between the two systems to be 0.004 mm−1 for μa and −0.06 to 0.1 mm−1 for μ0 s. The openSFDI system had low drift with an average standard deviation of 0.0007 mm−1 and 0.05 mm−1 in μa and μ0 s, respectively. Conclusion: The openSFDI provides a customizable hardware platform for research groups seeking to utilize SFDI for quantitative diffuse optical imaging.

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  • 15.
    Ashkir, Zakariye
    et al.
    Univ Oxford, England.
    Myerson, Saul
    Univ Oxford, England.
    Neubauer, Stefan
    Univ Oxford, England.
    Carlhäll, Carljohan
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV). Region Östergötland, Heart Center, Department of Clinical Physiology in Linköping.
    Ebbers, Tino
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).
    Raman, Betty
    Univ Oxford, England.
    Four-dimensional flow cardiac magnetic resonance assessment of left ventricular diastolic function2022In: Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, E-ISSN 2297-055X, Vol. 9, article id 866131Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is a major cause of heart failure and carries a poor prognosis. Assessment of left ventricular diastolic function however remains challenging for both echocardiography and conventional phase contrast cardiac magnetic resonance. Amongst other limitations, both are restricted to measuring velocity in a single direction or plane, thereby compromising their ability to capture complex diastolic hemodynamics in health and disease. Time-resolved three-dimensional phase contrast cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with three-directional velocity encoding known as 4D flow CMR is an emerging technology which allows retrospective measurement of velocity and by extension flow at any point in the acquired 3D data volume. With 4D flow CMR, complex aspects of blood flow and ventricular function can be studied throughout the cardiac cycle. 4D flow CMR can facilitate the visualization of functional blood flow components and flow vortices as well as the quantification of novel hemodynamic and functional parameters such as kinetic energy, relative pressure, energy loss and vorticity. In this review, we examine key concepts and novel markers of diastolic function obtained by flow pattern analysis using 4D flow CMR. We consolidate the existing evidence base to highlight the strengths and limitations of 4D flow CMR techniques in the surveillance and diagnosis of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.

  • 16.
    Ask, Per
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Edwall, G
    Johansson, K E
    Tibbling, Lita
    On the use of monocrystalline antimony pH electrodes in gastro-oesophageal functional disorders.1982In: Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, ISSN 0140-0118, E-ISSN 1741-0444, Vol. 20, no 3, p. 383-389Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Monocrystalline antimony electrodes have been shown to be suitable for thein vivo determination of pH in blood, tissue and in the upper gastro-intestinal canal. Thanks to their small dimensions it has been possible to mount them into conventional manometry catheters for oesophageal investigation. The monocrystalline antimony pH electrode has several advantages over the conventional pH glass electrode; better accuracy, shorter rise time, smaller dimensions. The monocrystalline antimony electrode has been used for long-term registration of gastro-oesophageal reflux, for the oesophageal acid clearing test and for identification of the pH gradient zone between the gastric and oesophageal mucosa. Its use in combination with pressure sensors has added a new dimension to the diagnosis of functional disorders in the gastro-oesophageal region.

  • 17.
    Ask, Per
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Skogh, Marcus
    Öberg, Åke
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Undersökning av EKG-elektroners elektriska och mekaniska långtidsegenskaper1974Report (Other academic)
  • 18.
    Asklöf, Madeleine
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics in Linköping.
    Kjölhede, Preben
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Children's and Women's health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics in Linköping.
    Borendal Wodlin, Ninnie
    Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics in Linköping. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine.
    Nilsson, Lena
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Drug Research. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care in Linköping.
    Bioelectrical impedance analysis; a new method to evaluate lymphoedema, fluid status, and tissue damage after gynaecological surgery - A systematic review2018In: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, ISSN 0301-2115, E-ISSN 1872-7654, Vol. 228, p. 111-119Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this descriptive review is to summarise the current knowledge of non-invasive bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) used with gynaecological surgical patients in regard to postoperative development of lymphoedema and determination of perioperative fluid balance, and as a prognostic factor in cancer mortality and a predictor of postoperative complications. The databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and reference lists of selected articles were searched for relevant articles published during the period January 2008-April 2018. Only papers published in English were retrieved. Thirty-seven articles were evaluated. Where gynaecological studies were lacking, studies with a study population from neighbouring clinical fields were used instead. Studies on the clinical use of BIA with gynaecological surgical patients were divided into three categories: the postoperative development of lower limb lymphoedema (n = 7), perioperative hydration measuring (n = 3), and the BIA parameter phase angle as a prognostic factor in cancer survival and as predictive for postoperative complications (n = 6). Of these 16 studies only three used a pure gynaecological study population. Three different methods of BIA were used in these articles: single frequency-BIA, multifrequency-BIA and bioimpedance spectroscopy. BIA was found to detect lymphoedema with a sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 84%. Studies indicated that BIA was able to detect lower limb lymphoedema at an early stage even before it became clinically detectable. During postoperative hydration measurements, an increase in extracellular fluid volume and extracellular fluid volume in relation to total body fluid volume, as well as a decrease in phase angle, were associated with higher frequencies of postoperative complications. Moreover, low values for the phase angle have been associated with increased mortality in cancer patients. However, the number of studies in this field was limited. From our review, BIA seems to be a useful tool for use in the clinical setting of the gynaecological surgical patient. The theoretical approach of using bioelectrical impedance values to measure the fluid distribution in the body compartments offers wide opportunities in the clinical setting. However, so far, all studies have set up cut-off limits within the study population, and reference values for a general population need to be defined. There are also rather few studies on a gynaecological study population. Hence, there is a need for further studies within gynaecological surgery focusing on early detection of lower limb lymphoedema, perioperative fluid balance, and postoperative complications in order to establish the value of BIA in clinical praxis. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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    fulltext
  • 19.
    Azzouzi, Sawsen
    et al.
    University of Sousse, Tunisia.
    Patra, Hirak Kumar
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Ben Ali, Mounir
    University of Sousse, Tunisia.
    Nooredeen Abbas, Mohammed
    National Research Centre, Egypt.
    Dridi, Cherif
    Centre Research Microelect and Nanotechnol CRMN Sousse, Tunisia.
    Errachid, Abdelhamid
    University of Lyon 1, France.
    Turner, Anthony
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Biosensors and Bioelectronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Citrate-selective electrochemical mu-sensor for early stage detection of prostate cancer2016In: Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical, ISSN 0925-4005, E-ISSN 1873-3077, Vol. 228, p. 335-346Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The extremely specialised anatomical function of citrate inside the prostate, make it one of the preferred biomarkers for early stage detection of prostate cancer. However, current detection methods are seriously limited due to the very low citrate concentrations that need to be measured in order to follow disease progression. In the present work, we report a novel citrate-selective-sensor based on iron (III) phthalocyanine chloride-C-monoamido-Poly-n-Butyl Acrylate (Fe(III)MAPcC1 P n BA) modified gold -electrodes for the electrochemical determination and estimation of the pathophysiological range of citrate. The newly synthesised ionophore has been structurally characterised using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and UV-vis spectroscopy. Contact angle measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been used to investigate the adhesion and morphological properties of the membrane. The developed citrate-selective-electrodes had a Nernstian sensitivity of-19.34 +/- 0.83 mV/decade with a detection limit of about 9 x 10-6M and a linear range from 4 x 10(-5)M to 10(-1) M, which covered the pathologically important clinical range. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed very high sensitivity with a lower Limit of detection 1.7 x 10(-9) M and linear detection range (10(-8)-10(-1) M), which is very important not only for the early-stage diagnosis and screening procedures, but also in mapping the stage of the cancer too. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  • 20.
    Bastuck, Manuel
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Saarland University, Germany.
    Baur, T.
    Lab Measurement Technology, Germany.
    Schutze, A.
    Lab Measurement Technology, Germany.
    Fusing Cyclic Sensor Data with Different Cycle Length2016In: 2016 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTISENSOR FUSION AND INTEGRATION FOR INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS (MFI), IEEE , 2016, p. 72-77Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cyclic modulation of sensor parameters can improve sensitivity and selectivity of gas sensors. If the modulated parameter influences the sens environment, several readings can be gained, eventually resulting in a multi-dimensional response which can be analyzed with, e.g., principal component analysis. In certain cases, e.g. temperature modulated gas sensors with different thermal time constants, the length of the used cycles, and, thus, the temporal resolution of the sensors can differ. As a consequence, different sensors can produce datasets with an unequal number of observations which, nevertheless, cover the same interval of time. In this work, we explore three different strategies which enable combination of those datasets in order to retain the maximum amount of information from two sensors when used in parallel. Simulated data show that simple combination of a short cycle with the last complete long cycle can improve correct classification rate by 15 percent points while maintaining the better temporal resolution. On the other hand, performance can be further increased at the expense of temporal resolution by adding either several of the short cycles, or their mean, to a long cycle, effectively reducing noise. The proposed combination strategies and their dependence on preprocessing are validated with a real dataset of two gas sensors. Overall, and taking into account differences in data performance for simulated and real data is observed.

  • 21. Order onlineBuy this publication >>
    Belcastro, Luigi
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Multi-frequency SFDI: depth-resolved scattering models of wound healing2023Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    With optical techniques, we refer to a group of methods that use of light to perform measurements on matter. Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) is an optical technique that operates in the spatial frequency domain. The technique involves using sinusoidal patterns of light for illumination, to study the reflectance of the target based on the spatial frequency (ƒx) of the patterns. By analysing the frequency-specific response with the aid of light transport models, we are able to determine the intrinsic optical properties of the material, such as the absorption coefficient (μa) and reduced scattering coefficient (μ's) In biological applications, these optical properties can be correlated to physiological structures and molecules, providing a useful tool for researchers and clinicians alike in understanding the phenomena happening in biological tissue. The objective of this work is to contribute to the development of SFDI, so that the technique can be used as a diagnostic tool to study the process of wound healing in tissue. In paper I we introduce the concept of cross-channels, given by the spectral overlap of the broadband LED light sources and the RGB camera sensors used in the SFDI instrumentation. The purpose of cross-channels is to improve the limited spectral information of RGB devices, allowing to detect a larger number of biological molecules. One of the biggest limitations of SFDI is that it works on the assumption of light diffusing through a homogeneous, thick layer of material. This assumption loses validity when we want to examine biological tissue, which comprises multiple thin layers with different properties. In paper IV we have developed a new method to process SFDI data that we call multi-frequency SFDI. In this new approach, we make use of the different penetration depth of the light patterns depending on their ƒx to obtain depth-sensitive measurements. We also defined a 2-layer model of light scattering that imitates the physiology of a wound, to calculate the partial volume contributions to μ's of the single layers. The 2-layer model is based on analytical formulations of light fluence. We compared the performance of three fluence models, one of which we have derived ourselves as an improvement over an existing formulation. In paper II we were able to test our new multi-frequency SFDI method by participating in an animal study on stem-cells based regenerative therapies. We contributed by performing SFDI measurements on healing wounds, in order to provide an additional evaluation metric that complemented the clinical evaluation and cell histology performed in the study. The analysis of the SFDI data at different ƒx highlighted different processes happening on the surface compared to the deeper tissue. In paper V we further refine the technique introduced in paper IV by developing an inverse solver algorithm to isolate the thickness of the thin layer and the layer-specific μ's. The reconstructed parameters were tested both on thin silicone optical phantoms and ex-vivo burn wounds treated with stem cells. 

    List of papers
    1. Handheld multispectral imager for quantitative skin assessment in low resource settings
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Handheld multispectral imager for quantitative skin assessment in low resource settings
    2020 (English)In: Journal of Biomedical Optics, ISSN 1083-3668, E-ISSN 1560-2281, Vol. 25, no 8, article id 082702Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Significance: Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) is a quantitative imaging method to measure absorption and scattering of tissue, from which several chromophore concentrations (e.g., oxy-/deoxy-/meth-hemoglobin, melanin, and carotenoids) can be calculated. Employing a method to extract additional spectral bands from RGB components (that we named cross-channels), we designed a handheld SFDI device to account for these pigments, using low-cost, consumer-grade components for its implementation and characterization.

    Aim: With only three broad spectral bands (red, green, blue, or RGB), consumer-grade devices are often too limited. We present a methodology to increase the number of spectral bands in SFDI devices that use RGB components without hardware modification.

    Approach: We developed a compact low-cost RGB spectral imager using a color CMOS camera and LED-based mini projector. The components’ spectral properties were characterized and additional cross-channel bands were calculated. An alternative characterization procedure was also developed that makes use of low-cost equipment, and its results were compared. The device performance was evaluated by measurements on tissue-simulating optical phantoms and in-vivo tissue. The measurements were compared with another quantitative spectroscopy method: spatial frequency domain spectroscopy (SFDS).

    Results: Out of six possible cross-channel bands, two were evaluated to be suitable for our application and were fully characterized (520  ±  20  nm; 556  ±  18  nm). The other four cross-channels presented a too low signal-to-noise ratio for this implementation. In estimating the optical properties of optical phantoms, the SFDI data have a strong linear correlation with the SFDS data (R2  =  0.987, RMSE  =  0.006 for μa, R2  =  0.994, RMSE  =  0.078 for μs′).

    Conclusions: We extracted two additional spectral bands from a commercial RGB system at no cost. There was good agreement between our device and the research-grade SFDS system. The alternative characterization procedure we have presented allowed us to measure the spectral features of the system with an accuracy comparable to standard laboratory equipment.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    SPIE - The International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2020
    Keywords
    multispectral imaging; spatial frequency domain imaging; low-resource settings; digital micromirror device; skin; phantoms
    National Category
    Medical Engineering
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-169868 (URN)10.1117/1.JBO.25.8.082702 (DOI)000590144000002 ()32755076 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85089133009 (Scopus ID)
    Funder
    Wallenberg Foundations
    Note

    Funding agencies:  Knut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationKnut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation

    Available from: 2020-09-22 Created: 2020-09-22 Last updated: 2023-11-14Bibliographically approved
    2. Beneath the skin: multi-frequency SFDI to detect thin layers of skin using light scattering
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Beneath the skin: multi-frequency SFDI to detect thin layers of skin using light scattering
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    2023 (English)In: PHOTONICS IN DERMATOLOGY AND PLASTIC SURGERY 2023, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING , 2023, Vol. 12352, article id 1235209Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Wound healing assessment is usually performed visually by a trained physician. This type of evaluation is very subjective and returns limited information about the wound progression. In contrast, optical imaging techniques are non-invasive ways to quantitatively measure biological parameters. Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) is an optical technique that exploits sinusoidal patterns of light with multiple spatial frequencies to measure the tissue frequency-specific response, from which the absorption and scattering coefficient of the material can be derived. While SFDI is based on models of light transport that assume the tissue is homogeneous, skin is composed by several layer with very different optical properties. An underutilized property of SFDI, however, is that the spatial frequency of the patterns determines the penetration depth of photons in the tissue. By using multiple ranges of spatial frequencies, we are developing a means to obtain morphological data from different volumes of tissue. This data is used to reconstruct the optical properties in depth, allowing us to differentiate between different thin layers of tissue. In this study we have developed a 2-layer optical phantom model with realistic optical properties and dimensions, that mimics the physiology of wound healing. We have used this physical model to validate the accuracy of this approach in obtaining layer specific optical properties.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, 2023
    Series
    Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging, ISSN 1605-7422
    Keywords
    SFDI; light scattering; wound healing; thin layers; depth reconstruction
    National Category
    Medical Laboratory and Measurements Technologies
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-196941 (URN)10.1117/12.2648545 (DOI)001012400300008 ()9781510658097 (ISBN)9781510658103 (ISBN)
    Conference
    Conference on Photonics in Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, San Francisco, CA, jan 28-29, 2023
    Available from: 2023-08-29 Created: 2023-08-29 Last updated: 2023-11-14
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  • 22.
    Belcastro, Luigi
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Jonasson, Hanna
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Strömberg, Tomas
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Elserafy, Ahmed
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland.
    Saager, Rolf
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Beneath the skin: multi-frequency SFDI to detect thin layers of skin using light scattering2023In: PHOTONICS IN DERMATOLOGY AND PLASTIC SURGERY 2023, SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING , 2023, Vol. 12352, article id 1235209Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Wound healing assessment is usually performed visually by a trained physician. This type of evaluation is very subjective and returns limited information about the wound progression. In contrast, optical imaging techniques are non-invasive ways to quantitatively measure biological parameters. Spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) is an optical technique that exploits sinusoidal patterns of light with multiple spatial frequencies to measure the tissue frequency-specific response, from which the absorption and scattering coefficient of the material can be derived. While SFDI is based on models of light transport that assume the tissue is homogeneous, skin is composed by several layer with very different optical properties. An underutilized property of SFDI, however, is that the spatial frequency of the patterns determines the penetration depth of photons in the tissue. By using multiple ranges of spatial frequencies, we are developing a means to obtain morphological data from different volumes of tissue. This data is used to reconstruct the optical properties in depth, allowing us to differentiate between different thin layers of tissue. In this study we have developed a 2-layer optical phantom model with realistic optical properties and dimensions, that mimics the physiology of wound healing. We have used this physical model to validate the accuracy of this approach in obtaining layer specific optical properties.

  • 23. Order onlineBuy this publication >>
    Bergkvist, Max
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery.
    Studies on Polarised Light Spectroscopy2019Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis project focuses on measurements of dermal microcirculation during vascular provocations with polarised light spectroscopy. This is done with a non-invasive method commercially available as Tissue viability imaging (TiVi) which measures concentration and oxygenation of red blood cells in the papillary dermis. Three studies were done with human subjects and one with an animal model, to validate and compare the TiVi technique with laser Doppler flowmetry, which is an established method of measuring dermal microcirculation.

    The TiVi consists of a digital camera with polarisation filters in front of the flash and lens, with software for analysis of the picture. When taking a picture with the TiVi, the polarised light that is reflected on the skin surface is absorbed by the second filter over the lens (which is perpendicular to the first filter) but a portion of light penetrates the surface of the skin and is scattered when it is reflected on tissue components. This makes the light depolarised, passes the second filter, and produces a picture for analysis. The red blood cell (RBC) has a distinct absorption pattern that differs between red and green colour compared to melanin and other components of tissue. This difference is used by the software that calculates differences in each picture element and produces a measure of output which is proportional to the concentration of red blood cells. The oxygenation of RBC can also be calculated, as there is a difference in absorption depending on oxygen state.

    The first paper takes up possible sources of error such as ambient light, and the angle and distance of the camera. The main experiment was to investigate how the local heating reaction is detected with TiVi compared to LDF.

    In the second paper arterial and venous stasis are examined in healthy subjects with TiVi.

    The Third paper is an animal study where skin flaps were raised on pigs, and the vascular pedicle is isolated to enable control of inflow and outflow of blood.The measurements were made during partial venous, total venous, and total arterial occlusion. The TiVi recorded changes in the concentration of RBC, oxygenation and heterogeneity and the results were compared with those of laser Doppler flowmetry.

    In the fourth paper oxygenation and deoxygenation of RBC: s was studied. Studies were made on the forearms of healthy subjects who were exposed to arterial and venous occlusion. Simultaneous measurements were made with TiVi and Enhanced perfusion and oxygen saturation or EPOS, which is a new device that combines laser Doppler flowmetry and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in one probe.

    With TiVi, one can measure RBC concentration and oxygenation in the area of an entire picture or in one or multiple user defined regions of interest (ROI). Methods such as laser Doppler flowmetry makes single point measurements, which is a potential source of error both because of the heterogeneity of the microcirculation, and that the circulation be insufficient in the margins of the investigated area. TiVi has been able to measure venous stasis more accurately than laser Doppler flowmetry, and venous stasis is the more common reason for flaps to fail.

    The TiVi is an accurate way to measure the concentration of RBC and trends in oxygenation of the dermal microcirculation. It has interesting possible applications for microvascular and dermatological research, monitoring of flaps, and diagnosis of peripheral vascular disease. Future clinical studies are needed as well as development of the user interface.  

    List of papers
    1. Polarized Light Spectroscopy for Measurement of the Microvascular Response to Local Heating at Multiple Skin Sites
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Polarized Light Spectroscopy for Measurement of the Microvascular Response to Local Heating at Multiple Skin Sites
    2012 (English)In: Microcirculation, ISSN 1073-9688, E-ISSN 1549-8719, Vol. 19, no 8, p. 705-713Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: To evaluate whether TiVi, a technique based on polarized light, could measure the change in RBC concentration during local heating in healthy volunteers. Methods: Using a custom-made transparent heater, forearm skin was heated to 42 degrees C for 40 minutes while the change in RBC concentration was measured with TiVi. The perfusion response during local heating was measured at the same time with Laser Doppler flowmetry. Results: Mean RBC concentration increased (91 +/- 34 vs. 51 +/- 34 A.U. at baseline, p less than 0.001). The spatial heterogeneity of the RBC concentration in the measured skin areas was 26 +/- 6.4% at baseline, and 23 +/- 4.6% after 40 minutes of heating. The mean RBC concentrations in two skin sites were highly correlated (0.98 at baseline and 0.96 after 40 minutes of heating). The change in RBC concentration was less than the change in perfusion, measured with LDF. Unlike with LDF, a neurally mediated peak was not observed with TiVi in most of the test subjects. Conclusions: TiVi is a valuable technique for measuring the microvascular response to local heating in the skin, and offers a high reproducibility for simultaneous measurements at different skin sites, provided carefully controlled experiments are ensured.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Informa Healthcare / John Wiley and Sons, 2012
    Keywords
    tissue viability imaging; polarization light spectroscopy; local heating; red blood cell concentration; reproducibility
    National Category
    Medical and Health Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-87225 (URN)10.1111/j.1549-8719.2012.00203.x (DOI)000311373400004 ()
    Available from: 2013-01-14 Created: 2013-01-14 Last updated: 2024-01-10
    2. Assessment of microcirculation of the skin using Tissue Viability Imaging: A promising technique for detecting venous stasis in the skin
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Assessment of microcirculation of the skin using Tissue Viability Imaging: A promising technique for detecting venous stasis in the skin
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    2015 (English)In: Microvascular Research, ISSN 0026-2862, E-ISSN 1095-9319, Vol. 101, p. 20-25Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Background: : Venous occlusion in the skin is difficult to detect by existing measurement techniques. Our aim was to find out whether Tissue Viability Imaging (TiVi) was better at detecting venous occlusion by comparing it with results of laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) during graded arterial and venous stasis in human forearm skin. Methods: : Arterial and venous occlusions were simulated in 10 healthy volunteers by inflating a blood pressure cuff around the upper right arm. Changes in the concentration of red blood cells (RBC) were measured using TiVi, while skin perfusion and concentration of moving red blood cells (CMBC) were measured using static indices of LDF during exsanguination and subsequent arterial occlusion, postocclusive reactive hyperaemia, and graded increasing and decreasing venous stasis. Results: : During arterial occlusion there was a significant reduction in the mean concentration of RBC from baseline, as well as in perfusion and CMBC (p less than 0.008). Venous occlusion resulted in a significant 28% increase in the concentration of RBC (p = 0.002), but no significant change in perfusion (mean change -14%) while CMBC decreased significantly by 24% (p = 0.02). With stepwise increasing occlusion pressures there was a significant rise in the TiVi index and reduction in perfusion (p = 0.008), while the reverse was seen when venous flow was gradually restored. Conclusion: : The concentration of RBC measured with TiVi changes rapidly and consistently during both total and partial arterial and venous occlusions, while the changes in perfusion, measured by LDF, were less consistent This suggests that TiVi could be a more useful, non-invasive clinical monitoring tool for detecting venous stasis in the skin than LDF.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Elsevier, 2015
    Keywords
    Tissue viability imaging; Laser Doppler flowmetry; Post-occusive hyperaemia; Venous occlusion; Arterial occlusion
    National Category
    Clinical Medicine
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-121302 (URN)10.1016/j.mvr.2015.06.002 (DOI)000360028500004 ()26092681 (PubMedID)
    Note

    Funding Agencies|County Council of Ostergotland, Sweden [2014JZ0004]

    Available from: 2015-09-16 Created: 2015-09-14 Last updated: 2024-01-10Bibliographically approved
    3. Vascular Occlusion in a Porcine Flap Model: Effects on Blood Cell Concentration and Oxygenation.
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Vascular Occlusion in a Porcine Flap Model: Effects on Blood Cell Concentration and Oxygenation.
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    2017 (English)In: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open, E-ISSN 2169-7574, Vol. 5, no 11, article id e1531Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Venous congestion in skin flaps is difficult to detect. This study evaluated the ability of tissue viability imaging (TiVi) to measure changes in the concentration of red blood cells (CRBC), oxygenation, and heterogeneity during vascular provocations in a porcine fasciocutaneous flap model.

    Methods: In 5 pigs, cranial gluteal artery perforator flaps were raised (8 flaps in 5 pigs). The arterial and venous blood flow was monitored with ultrasonic flow probes. CRBC, tissue oxygenation, and heterogeneity in the skin were monitored with TiVi during baseline, 50% and 100% venous occlusion, recovery, 100% arterial occlusion and final recovery, thereby simulating venous and arterial occlusion of a free fasciocutaneous flap. A laser Doppler probe was used as a reference for microvascular perfusion in the flap.

    Results: During partial and complete venous occlusion, increases in CRBC were seen in different regions of the flap. They were more pronounced in the distal part. During complete arterial occlusion, CRBC decreased in all but the most distal parts of the flap. There were also increases in tissue oxygenation and heterogeneity during venous occlusion.

    Conclusions: TiVi measures regional changes in CRBC in the skin of the flap during arterial and venous occlusion, as well as an increase in oxygenated hemoglobin during venous occlusion that may be the result of reduced metabolism and impaired delivery of oxygen to the tissue. TiVi may provide a promising method for measuring flap viability because it is hand-held, easy to-use, and provides spatial information on venous congestion.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Wolters Kluwer, 2017
    National Category
    Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging Surgery
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-145391 (URN)10.1097/GOX.0000000000001531 (DOI)29263951 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85038559789 (Scopus ID)
    Available from: 2018-02-27 Created: 2018-02-27 Last updated: 2024-01-17Bibliographically approved
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    Studies on Polarised Light Spectroscopy
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  • 24.
    Björneld, Olle
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering.
    Optisk instrument för Laparoskopisk Kärldetektion1996Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Rapporten behandlar utvecklingen och konstruktionen av ett laparoskopiskt blodkärlsidentifierande instrument. Identifiering sker med hjälp av fotopletysmografi. Fotopletysmografi betyder ungefär "detektion av volymförändrings med hjälp av ljus". Laparoskopi kan översättas med titthålskirurgi. Laparoskopioperationer sker med små runda instrument som förs in i kroppen. Rapporten diskuterar olika probmodeller, det vill säga hur sensorn skall konstrueras för att erhålla en bra mätsignal. Konkurrerande tekniker och framtida applikationer redovisas på flera ställen i rapporten. Vid mätningar på blodmodell studerades och analyserades signalkvaliten. Till slut skall tilläggas att proben fungerade tillfredsställande. Proben kunde detektera pulsationer i blodmodellen.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Optisk instrument för Laparoskopisk Kärldetektion
  • 25. Order onlineBuy this publication >>
    Boito, Deneb
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Diffusion MRI with generalised gradient waveforms: methods, models, and neuroimaging applications2023Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The incessant, random motion of water molecules within biological tissues reveals unique information about the tissues’ structural and functional characteristics. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging is sensitive to this random motion, and since the mid-1990s it has been extensively employed for studying the human brain. Most notably, measurements of water diffusion allow for the early detection of ischaemic stroke and for the unveiling of the brain’s wiring via reconstruction of the neuronal connections. Ultimately, the goal is to employ this imaging technique to perform non-invasive, in vivo virtual histology to directly characterise both healthy and diseased tissue. 

    Recent developments in the field have introduced new ways to measure the diffusion process in clinically feasible settings. These new measurements, performed by employing generalised magnetic field gradient waveforms, grant access to specific features of the cellular composition and structural organisation of the tissue. Methods based on them have already proven beneficial for the assessment of different brain diseases, sparking interest in translating such techniques into clinical practice. This thesis focuses on improving the methods currently employed for the analysis of such diffusion MRI data, with the aim of facilitating their clinical adoption. 

    The first two publications introduce constrained frameworks for the estimation of parameters from diffusion MRI data acquired with generalised gradient waveforms. The constraints are dictated by mathematical and physical properties of a multi-compartment model used to represent the brain tissue, and can be efficiently enforced by employing a relatively new optimisation scheme called semidefinite programming. The developed routines are demonstrated to improve robustness to noise and imperfect data collection. Moreover, constraining the fit is shown to relax the requirements on the number of points needed for the estimation, thus allowing for faster data acquisition. 

    In the third paper, the developed frameworks are employed to study the brain’s white matter in patients previously hospitalised for COVID-19 and who still suffer from neurological symptoms months after discharge. The results show widespread alterations to the structural integrity of their brain, with the metrics available through the advanced diffusion measurements providing new insights into the damage to the white matter. 

    The fourth paper revisits the modelling paradigm currently adopted for the analysis of diffusion MRI data acquired with generalised gradient waveforms. Hitherto, the assumption of free diffusion has been employed to represent each domain in a multi-compartmental picture of the brain tissue. In this work, a model for restricted diffusion is considered instead to alleviate the paradoxical assumption of free but compartmentalised diffusion. The model is shown to perfectly capture restricted diffusion as measured with the generalised diffusion gradient waveforms, thus endorsing its use for representing each domain in the multi-compartmental model of the tissue. 

    List of papers
    1. Q-space trajectory imaging with positivity constraints (QTI plus )
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Q-space trajectory imaging with positivity constraints (QTI plus )
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    2021 (English)In: NeuroImage, ISSN 1053-8119, E-ISSN 1095-9572, Vol. 238, article id 118198Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Q-space trajectory imaging (QTI) enables the estimation of useful scalar measures indicative of the local tissue structure. This is accomplished by employing generalized gradient waveforms for diffusion sensitization alongside a diffusion tensor distribution (DTD) model. The first two moments of the underlying DTD are made available by acquisitions at low diffusion sensitivity (b-values). Here, we show that three independent conditions have to be fulfilled by the mean and covariance tensors associated with distributions of symmetric positive semidefinite tensors. We introduce an estimation framework utilizing semi-definite programming (SDP) to guarantee that these conditions are met. Applying the framework on simulated signal profiles for diffusion tensors distributed according to non-central Wishart distributions demonstrates the improved noise resilience of QTI+ over the commonly employed estimation methods. Our findings on a human brain data set also reveal pronounced improvements, especially so for acquisition protocols featuring few number of volumes. Our methods robustness to noise is expected to not only improve the accuracy of the estimates, but also enable a meaningful interpretation of contrast in the derived scalar maps. The techniques performance on shorter acquisitions could make it feasible in routine clinical practice.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Elsevier, 2021
    Keywords
    Diffusion; MRI; Constrained; Positive definite; QTI; Multidimensional; mddMRI; Covariance; Microscopic anisotropy
    National Category
    Medical Image Processing
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-178287 (URN)10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118198 (DOI)000677954600012 ()34029738 (PubMedID)
    Note

    Funding Agencies|Linkoping University (LiU) Center for Industrial Information Technology (CENIIT); LiU Cancer; Analytic Imaging Diagnostic Arena (AIDA); Swedish Foundation for Strategic ResearchSwedish Foundation for Strategic Research [RMX180056]; Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research CouncilEuropean Commission [201604482]; Center for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging - Villum Foundation (Denmark); VINNOVA/ITEA3 [17021]

    Available from: 2021-08-18 Created: 2021-08-18 Last updated: 2024-01-10
    2. Diffusivity-limited q-space trajectory imaging
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Diffusivity-limited q-space trajectory imaging
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    2023 (English)In: Magnetic Resonance Letters, ISSN 2772-5162, Vol. 3, no 2, p. 187-196Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Q-space trajectory imaging (QTI) allows non-invasive estimation of microstructural features of heterogeneous porous media via diffusion magnetic resonance imaging performed with generalised gradient waveforms. A recently proposed constrained estimation framework, called QTI+, improved QTI’s resilience to noise and data sparsity, thus increasing the reliability of the method by enforcing relevant positivity constraints. In this work we consider expanding the set of constraints to be applied during the fitting of the QTI model. We show that the additional conditions, which introduce an upper bound on the diffusivity values, further improve the retrieved parameters on a publicly available human brain dataset as well as on data acquired from healthy volunteers using a scanner-ready protocol.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    KeAi Publishing Communications, 2023
    Keywords
    Diffusion; Diffusion MRI; q-space trajectory imaging; QTI; Microstructure; Microscopic anisotropy; QTI+Constrained
    National Category
    Medical Engineering Mathematics
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-198025 (URN)10.1016/j.mrl.2022.12.003 (DOI)
    Funder
    Swedish Foundation for Strategic ResearchVinnova
    Note

    Funding agencies: This research was funded by Sweden’s Innovation Agency (VINNOVA) ASSIST, Analytic Imaging Diagnostic Arena (AIDA), Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (RMX18-0056), Linköping University Center for Industrial Information Technology (CENIIT), LiU Cancer Barncancerfonden, and a research grant (00028384) from VILLUM FONDEN.

    Available from: 2023-09-22 Created: 2023-09-22 Last updated: 2024-01-10Bibliographically approved
    3. MRI with generalized diffusion encoding reveals damaged white matter in patients previously hospitalized for COVID-19 and with persisting symptoms at follow-up
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>MRI with generalized diffusion encoding reveals damaged white matter in patients previously hospitalized for COVID-19 and with persisting symptoms at follow-up
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    2023 (English)In: Brain Communications, E-ISSN 2632-1297, Vol. 5, no 6, article id fcad284Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    There is mounting evidence of the long-term effects of COVID-19 on the central nervous system, with patients experiencing diverse symptoms, often suggesting brain involvement. Conventional brain MRI of these patients shows unspecific patterns, with no clear connection of the symptomatology to brain tissue abnormalities, whereas diffusion tensor studies and volumetric analyses detect measurable changes in the brain after COVID-19. Diffusion MRI exploits the random motion of water molecules to achieve unique sensitivity to structures at the microscopic level, and new sequences employing generalized diffusion encoding provide structural information which are sensitive to intravoxel features. In this observational study, a total of 32 persons were investigated: 16 patients previously hospitalized for COVID-19 with persisting symptoms of post-COVID condition (mean age 60 years: range 41–79, all male) at 7-month follow-up and 16 matched controls, not previously hospitalized for COVID-19, with no post-COVID symptoms (mean age 58 years, range 46–69, 11 males). Standard MRI and generalized diffusion encoding MRI were employed to examine the brain white matter of the subjects. To detect possible group differences, several tissue microstructure descriptors obtainable with the employed diffusion sequence, the fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, radial diffusivity, microscopic anisotropy, orientational coherence (Cc) and variance in compartment’s size (CMD) were analysed using the tract-based spatial statistics framework. The tract-based spatial statistics analysis showed widespread statistically significant differences (P < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons using the familywise error rate) in all the considered metrics in the white matter of the patients compared to the controls. Fractional anisotropy, microscopic anisotropy and Cc were lower in the patient group, while axial diffusivity, radial diffusivity, mean diffusivity and CMD were higher. Significant changes in fractional anisotropy, microscopic anisotropy and CMD affected approximately half of the analysed white matter voxels located across all brain lobes, while changes in Cc were mainly found in the occipital parts of the brain. Given the predominant alteration in microscopic anisotropy compared to Cc, the observed changes in diffusion anisotropy are mostly due to loss of local anisotropy, possibly connected to axonal damage, rather than white matter fibre coherence disruption. The increase in radial diffusivity is indicative of demyelination, while the changes in mean diffusivity and CMD are compatible with vasogenic oedema. In summary, these widespread alterations of white matter microstructure are indicative of vasogenic oedema, demyelination and axonal damage. These changes might be a contributing factor to the diversity of central nervous system symptoms that many patients experience after COVID-19.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Oxford University Press, 2023
    Keywords
    MRI; Q-space trajectory imaging; microscopic fractional anisotropy; fractional anisotropy; COVID-19
    National Category
    Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging Neurosciences Medical Image Processing
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-199215 (URN)10.1093/braincomms/fcad284 (DOI)001103246200003 ()37953843 (PubMedID)
    Funder
    Vinnova, 2021-01954Wallenberg Foundations
    Note

    Funding: Analytic Imaging Diagnostic Arena (AIDA), a Medtech4Health initiative; ITEA/ VINNOVA (The Swedish Innovation Agency) project ASSIST (Automation, Surgery Support and Intuitive 3D visualization to optimize workflow in IGT SysTems) [2021-01954]; Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine

    Available from: 2023-11-19 Created: 2023-11-19 Last updated: 2024-03-11Bibliographically approved
    4. Multidimensional Diffusion MRI Methods With Confined Subdomains
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multidimensional Diffusion MRI Methods With Confined Subdomains
    2022 (English)In: Frontiers in Physics, E-ISSN 2296-424X, Vol. 10, article id 830274Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI) is an imaging technique with exquisite sensitivity to the microstructural properties of heterogeneous media. The conventionally adopted acquisition schemes involving single pulsed field gradients encode the random motion of water molecules into the NMR signal, however typically conflating the effects of different sources contributing to the water motion. Time-varying magnetic field gradients have recently been considered for disentangling such effects during the data encoding phase, opening to the possibility of adding specificity to the recovered information about the mediums microstructure. Such data is typically represented via a diffusion tensor distribution (DTD) model, thus assuming the existence of several non-exchanging compartments in each of which diffusion is unrestricted. In this work, we consider a model that takes confinement into account and possesses a diffusion time-dependence closer to that of restricted diffusion, to replace the free diffusion assumption in multidimensional diffusion MRI methods. We first demonstrate how the confinement tensor model captures the relevant signal modulations impressed by water diffusing in both free and closed spaces, for data simulated with a clinically feasible protocol involving time-varying magnetic field gradients. Then, we provide the basis for incorporating this model into two multidimensional dMRI methods, and attempt to recover a confinement tensor distribution (CTD) on a human brain dataset.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Frontiers Media SA, 2022
    Keywords
    confinement; anisotropy; microstructure; restricted; tensor; distribution
    National Category
    Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-184540 (URN)10.3389/fphy.2022.830274 (DOI)000780312100001 ()
    Available from: 2022-04-29 Created: 2022-04-29 Last updated: 2024-01-10
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  • 26.
    Borga, Magnus
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Informatics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Knutsson, Hans
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Informatics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    An Adaptive Stereo Algorithm Based on Canonial Correlation Analysis1998Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents a novel algorithm that uses CCA and phase analysis to detect the disparity in stereo images. The algorithm adapts filters in each local neighbourhood of the image in a way which maximizes the correlation between the filtered images. The adapted filters are then analysed to find the disparity. This is done by a simple phase analysis of the scalar product of the filters. The algorithm can even handle cases where the images have different scales. The algorithm can also handle depth discontinuities and give multiple depth estimates for semitransparent images.

    Download full text (pdf)
    An Adaptive Stereo Algorithm Based on Canonical Correlation Analysis
  • 27.
    Borga, Magnus
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Informatics. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV). Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Rydell, Joakim
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Informatics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Signal and Anatomical Constraints in Adaptive Filtering of fMRI Data2007In: Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro, 2007. ISBI 2007: From Nano to Macro, IEEE , 2007, p. 432-435Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An adaptive filtering method for fMRI data is presented. The method is related to bilateral filtering, but with a range filter that takes into account local similarities in signal as well as in anatomy. Performance is demonstrated on simulated and real data. It is shown that using both these similarity constraints give better performance than if only one of them is used, and clearly better than standard low-pass filtering.

  • 28.
    Brandberg, Joakim
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Janerot Sjöberg, Birgitta
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Clinical Physiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Ask, Per
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Increased accuracy of echocardiographic measurement of flow using automated spherical integration of multiple plane velocity vectors1999In: Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, ISSN 0301-5629, E-ISSN 1879-291X, Vol. 25, no 2, p. 249-257Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The calculation of blood flow in the heart by surface integration of velocity vectors (SIVV) using Doppler ultrasound is independent of the angle. Flow is normally calculated from velocity in a spherical thick shell with its center located at the ultrasound transducer. In a numerical simulation, we have shown that the ratio between minor and major axes of an elliptic flow area substantially influences the accuracy of the estimation of flow in a single scan plane. The accuracy of flow measurements by SIVV can be improved by calculating the mean of the values from more than one scan plane. We have produced an automated computer program that includes an antialiasing procedure. We confirmed an improvement of flow measurements in a pulsatile hydraulic flow model, the 95% confidence interval for single estimations being reduced from 20% to 10% (p < 0.05) using the newly developed software. We think that the SIVV method has important implications for clinical transthoracic echocardiography.

  • 29.
    Bransky, Avishay
    et al.
    PixCell Med Technol Ltd, Israel.
    Larsson, Anders
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Aardal, Elisabeth
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Chemistry.
    Ben-Yosef, Yaara
    PixCell Med Technol Ltd, Israel.
    Christenson, Robert H.
    Univ Maryland, MD 21201 USA.
    A Novel Approach to Hematology Testing at the Point of Care2021In: JOURNAL OF APPLIED LABORATORY MEDICINE, ISSN 2576-9456, Vol. 6, no 2, p. 532-542Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: The need for rapid point-of-care (POC) diagnostics is now becoming more evident due to the increasing need for timely results and improvement in healthcare service. With the recent COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, POC has become critical in managing the spread of disease. Applicable diagnostics should be readily deployable, easy to use, portable, and accurate so that they fit mobile laboratories, pop-up treatment centers, field hospitals, secluded wards within hospitals, or remote regions, and can be operated by staff with minimal training. Complete blood count (CBC), however, has not been available at the POC in a simple-to-use device until recently. The HemoScreen, which was recently cleared by the FDA for POC use, is a miniature, easy-to-use instrument that uses disposable cartridges and may fill this gap. Content: The HemoScreens analysis method, in contrast to standard laboratory analyzers, is based on machine vision (image-based analysis) and artificial intelligence (AI). We discuss the different methods currently used and compare their results to the vision-based one. The HemoScreen is found to correlate well to laser and impedance-based methods while emphasis is given to mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), and platelets (PLT) that demonstrate better correlation when the vision-based method is compared to itself due to the essential differences between the underlying technologies. Summary: The HemoScreen analyzer demonstrates lab equivalent performance, tested at different clinical settings and sample characteristics, and might outperform standard techniques in the presence of certain interferences. This new approach to hematology testing has great potential to improve quality of care in a variety of settings.

  • 30. Order onlineBuy this publication >>
    Brun, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Informatics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Manifolds in Image Science and Visualization2007Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    A Riemannian manifold is a mathematical concept that generalizes curved surfaces to higher dimensions, giving a precise meaning to concepts like angle, length, area, volume and curvature. A glimpse of the consequences of a non-flat geometry is given on the sphere, where the shortest path between two points – a geodesic – is along a great circle. Different from Euclidean space, the angle sum of geodesic triangles on the sphere is always larger than 180 degrees.

    Signals and data found in applied research are sometimes naturally described by such curved spaces. This dissertation presents basic research and tools for the analysis, processing and visualization of such manifold-valued data, with a particular emphasis on future applications in medical imaging and visualization.

    Two-dimensional manifolds, i.e. surfaces, enter naturally into the geometric modelling of anatomical entities, such as the human brain cortex and the colon. In advanced algorithms for processing of images obtained from computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound imaging (US), images themselves and derived local structure tensor fields may be interpreted as two- or three-dimensional manifolds. In diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI), the natural description of diffusion in the human body is a second-order tensor field, which can be related to the metric of a manifold. A final example is the analysis of shape variations of anatomical entities, e.g. the lateral ventricles in the brain, within a population by describing the set of all possible shapes as a manifold.

    Work presented in this dissertation include: Probabilistic interpretation of intrinsic and extrinsic means in manifolds. A Bayesian approach to filtering of vector data, removing noise from sampled manifolds and signals. Principles for the storage of tensor field data and learning a natural metric for empirical data.

    The main contribution is a novel class of algorithms called LogMaps, for the numerical estimation of logp (x) from empirical data sampled from a low-dimensional manifold or geometric model embedded in Euclidean space. The logp (x) function has been used extensively in the literature for processing data in manifolds, including applications in medical imaging such as shape analysis. However, previous approaches have been limited to manifolds where closed form expressions of logp (x) have been known. The introduction of the LogMap framework allows for a generalization of the previous methods. The application of LogMaps to texture mapping, tensor field visualization, medial locus estimation and exploratory data analysis is also presented.

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  • 31.
    Brynolfsson, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Radiation Physics. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, CMIV.
    Using radial k-space sampling and temporal filters in MRI to improve temporal resolution2010Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    In this master thesis methods for increasing temporal resolution when reconstructing radially sampled MRI data have been developed and evaluated. This has been done in two steps; first the order in which data is sampled in k-space has been optimized, and second; temporal filters have been developed in order to utilize the high sampling density in central regions of k-space as a result of the polar sampling geometry to increase temporal resolution while maintaining image quality.By properly designing the temporal filters the temporal resolution is increased by a factor 3–20 depending on other variables such as imageresolution and the size of the time varying areas in the image. The results are obtained from simulated raw data and subsequent reconstruction. The next step should be to acquire and reconstruct raw data to confirm the results.

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  • 32.
    Bäck, Sophia
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).
    Henriksson, Lilian
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Radiology in Linköping.
    Bolger, Ann F
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Univ Calif San Francisco, CA USA.
    Carlhäll, Carljohan
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV). Region Östergötland, Heart Center, Department of Clinical Physiology in Linköping.
    Persson, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Radiology in Linköping. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).
    Karlsson, Matts
    Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Applied Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).
    Ebbers, Tino
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV).
    Assessment of transmitral and left atrial appendage flow rate from cardiac 4D-CT2023In: Communications Medicine, E-ISSN 2730-664X, Vol. 3, no 1, article id 22Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Plain language summaryAssessing the blood flow inside the heart is important in diagnosis and treatment of various cardiovascular diseases, such as atrial fibrillation or heart failure. We developed a method to accurately track the motion of the heart walls over the course of a heartbeat in three-dimensional Computed Tomography (CT) images. Based on the motion, we calculated the amount of blood passing through the mitral valve and the left atrial appendage orifice, which are markers used in the diagnostic of heart failure and assessment of stroke risk in atrial fibrillation. The results agreed well with measurements from 4D flow MRI, an imaging technique that measures blood velocities. Our method could broaden the use of CT and make additional exams redundant. It can even be used to calculate the blood flow inside the heart. BackgroundCardiac time-resolved CT (4D-CT) acquisitions provide high quality anatomical images of the heart. However, some cardiac diseases require assessment of blood flow in the heart. Diastolic dysfunction, for instance, is diagnosed by measuring the flow through the mitral valve (MV), while in atrial fibrillation, the flow through the left atrial appendage (LAA) indicates the risk for thrombus formation. Accurate validated techniques to extract this information from 4D-CT have been lacking, however.MethodsTo measure the flow rate though the MV and the LAA from 4D-CT, we developed a motion tracking algorithm that performs a nonrigid deformation of the surface separating the blood pool from the myocardium. To improve the tracking of the LAA, this region was deformed separately from the left atrium and left ventricle. We compared the CT based flow with 4D flow and short axis MRI data from the same individual in 9 patients.ResultsFor the mitral valve flow, good agreement was found for the time span between the early and late diastolic peak flow (bias: &lt;0.1 s). The ventricular stroke volume is similar compared to short-axis MRI (bias 3 ml). There are larger differences in the diastolic peak flow rates, with a larger bias for the early flow rate than the late flow rate. The peak LAA outflow rate measured with both modalities matches well (bias: -6 ml/s).ConclusionsOverall, the developed algorithm provides accurate tracking of dynamic cardiac geometries resulting in similar flow rates at the MV and LAA compared to 4D flow MRI. Back et al. describe a motion tracking algorithm to measure the flow rate through the mitral valve (MV) and the left atrial appendage (LAA) from 4D-CT data. The developed algorithm provided accurate tracking of dynamic cardiac geometries resulting in similar flow rates at the MV and LAA to those measured by 4D flow MRI.

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  • 33.
    Cederberg, Erik
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Informatics. Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, CMIV.
    Adipose tissue segmentation in whole-body MRI2010Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Adipose tissue volume and distribution is related to metabolic diseases such as diabetes and atherosclerosis. This relationship is in focus for much research, much due to a worldwide increase in obesity. It is in many cases of interest to calculate the amount of adipose tissue in different compartments within the body. Commonly used methods are however prone to introduce errors due to partial volume effects.

    Previous studies have successfully segmented three adipose tissue compartments from abdominal two-point Dixon fat-water MRI volumes using Morphon registration and atlas segmentation. This thesis extends upon the previous work by enabling segmentation of whole-body MRI volumes and by improving the registration with the use of both fat and water data. Possible methods for bone marrow segmentation are also tested and evaluated.

    The methods presented seem to be sufficient for creating whole-body volumes from a set of smaller volumes. The adipose tissue segmentation was adequate for subjects with relatively small volumes of adipose tissue, whereas segmentation of subjects with large amounts of adipose tissue require further improvement. Of the evaluated methods for bone marrow segmentation one seemed to perform adequately on all the tested datasets. Due to the few datasets available for testing it was not possible to draw any general conclusions as to how well the presented methods perform.

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  • 34.
    Chen, Peng
    et al.
    Nanyang Technol Univ, Singapore.
    Liu, Xiaohu
    Nanyang Technol Univ, Singapore; Tsinghua Univ, Peoples R China.
    Goyal, Garima
    Nanyang Technol Univ, Singapore.
    Tran, Nhung Thi
    Nanyang Technol Univ, Singapore; Ho Chi Minh City Univ Technol and Educ, Vietnam.
    Ho, James Chin Shing
    Nanyang Technol Univ, Singapore.
    Wang, Yi
    Nanyang Technol Univ, Singapore; Wenzhou Med Univ, Peoples R China.
    Aili, Daniel
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Molecular Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Liedbereg, Bo
    Nanyang Technol Univ, Singapore; Nanyang Technol Univ, Singapore.
    Nanoplasmonic Sensing from the Human Vision Perspective2018In: Analytical Chemistry, ISSN 0003-2700, E-ISSN 1520-6882, Vol. 90, no 7, p. 4916-4924Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) constitutes a versatile technique for biodetection, exploiting the sensitivity of plasmonic nanostructures to small changes in refractive index. The optical shift in the LSPR band caused by molecular interactions in the vicinity of the nanostructures are typically amp;lt;5 nm and can readily be detected by a spectrophotometer. Widespread use of LSPR-based sensors require cost-effective devices and would benefit from sensing schemes that enables use of very simple spectrophotometers or even naked-eye detection. This paper describes a new strategy facilitating visualization of minute optical responses in nanoplasmonic bioassays by taking into account the physiology of human color vision. We demonstrate, using a set of nine different plasmonic nanoparticles, that the cyan to green transition zone at similar to 500 nm is optimal for naked-eye detection of color changes. In this wavelength range, it is possible to detect a color change corresponding to a wavelength shift of similar to 2-3 nm induced by refractive index changes in the medium or by molecular binding to the surface of the nanoparticles. This strategy also can be utilized to improve the performance of aggregation-based nanoplasmonic colorimetric assays, which enables semiquantitative naked-eye detection of matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7) activity at concentrations that are at least 5 times lower than previously reported assays using spherical gold nanoparticles. We foresee significant potential of this strategy in medical diagnostic and environmental monitoring, especially in situations where basic laboratory infrastructure is sparse or even nonexistent. Finally, we demonstrate that the developed concept can be used in combination with cell phone technology and red-green-blue (RGB) analysis for sensitive and quantitative detection of MMP7.

  • 35.
    Chen, Rong
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Informatics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Georgii-Hemming, Patrik
    Department of Oncology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Åhlfeldt, Hans
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Informatics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Representing a chemotherapy guideline using openEHR and rules2009In: Medical Informatics in a United and Healthy Europe / [ed] Klaus-Peter Adlassnig, Bernd Blobel, John Mantas, Izet Masic, IOS Press, 2009, Vol. 150, p. 653-657Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Computerized guidelines can provide decision support and facilitate the use of clinical guidelines. Several computerized guideline representation models (GRMs) exist but the poor interoperability between the guideline systems and the Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems limits their clinical usefulness. In this study we analyzed the clinical use of a published lymphoma chemotherapy guideline. We found that existing GRMs have limitations that can make it difficult to meet the clinical requirements. We hypothesized that guidelines could be represented as data and logic using openEHR archetypes, templates and rules. The design was tested by implementing the lymphoma guideline. We conclude that using the openEHR models and rules to represent chemotherapy guidelines is feasible and confers several advantages both from a clinical and from an informatics perspective.

  • 36. Order onlineBuy this publication >>
    Cherian, Dennis
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Expanding the versatility and functionality of iontronic devices2021Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Biological systems rarely use electrons as signal regulators, most of the transport and communication in these system utilize ions. The discovery of conjugated polymers and polyelectrolytes and their unique properties of mixed ionic electronic properties opened the possibility of using these in the domain of bioelectronics, which paved the way for the field of organic bioelectronics. After the introduction of the organic electronic ion pump (OEIP) in 2007, which utilizes both the ionic properties of conjugated polymers and polyelectrolytes, the new field of “iontronics” evolved. TheOEIP is an organic polymer-based delivery system based on electrophoretic transport of biologically relevant and ionically charged species, without fluid flow and with high spatial, temporal, and dosage precision. These devices have been extensivelystudied for the past 14 years and have found numerous demonstrations in in vivo and in vitro delivery of bio-relevant ions for therapeutic application. This has, in parallel, resulted in the development of custom materials for ion exchange membranes (IEMs) within the OEIP.

    This thesis focuses on IEMs and device development of OEIPs. Specific focus is given to process development through device design and fabrication through conventional and unconventional technologies. Conventional technologies include microfabrication through photolithography, etching, and thin-film evaporation. Unconventional fabrication techniques include screen printing, inkjet printing, stencil, and laser patterning. In this thesis, we have also scouted a new area of research to utilize the ion-selective properties of polyelectrolytes. Here we discuss a new ion detection technique using IEMs and ion transport based on diffusion coefficients and impedance measurement at a specific frequency using impedance spectroscopy for faster ion detection with low voltage (1–40 V) and liquid-flow-free transport. Further exploring the area of IEMs, we have realized that less attention has been given to stretchable IEMs, even though such materials could find enormous applications in the field of organic bioelectronics and can be used in association with many stretchable electronics applications like stretchable displays and energy storage devices. Current IEMs lack the conformability and stretchability to be used for implantable applications, e.g., including lungs, heart, muscle, soft or brain implants, joints, etc. Keeping this in mind we also discuss our approach for the development of a stretchable IEM. Finally, we focus on developing a hybrid fabrication protocol of flexible OEIPs with micropatterning techniques and inkjet-printed membranes. These OEIPs were fabricated and the functionality was validated by the cell response after the delivery of a nerve-blocking agent to cells in vitro. To date, OEIPs have been fabricated by micropatterning and labor-intensive manual techniques, impeding the budding application areas of this propitious technology. To address this issue, a novel approach to the fabrication of the OEIPs using screen-printing technology is also explored in this thesis. 

    In summary, we were able to successfully explore the field of ion-exchange membranesand put forward a new technique for ion detection and stretchable IEMs for future applications. Fabrication of OEIPs was also examined which resulted in the development of a hybrid fabrication protocol with inkjet printing for OEIPs and a robust fully screen printed OEIPs with high manufacturing yield (>90%) for industrial-scale manufacturing.

    List of papers
    1. Large-area printed organic electronic ion pumps
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Large-area printed organic electronic ion pumps
    Show others...
    2019 (English)In: FLEXIBLE AND PRINTED ELECTRONICS, ISSN 2058-8585, Vol. 4, no 2, article id 022001Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Biological systems use a large variety of ions and molecules of different sizes for signaling. Precise electronic regulation of biological systems therefore requires an interface which translates the electronic signals into chemically specific biological signals. One technology for this purpose that has been developed during the last decade is the organic electronic ion pump (OEIP). To date, OEIPs have been fabricated by micropatterning and labor-intensive manual techniques, hindering the potential application areas of this promising technology. Here we show, for the first time, fully screen-printed OEIPs. We demonstrate a large-area printed design with manufacturing yield amp;gt;90%. Screen-printed cation- and anion-exchange membranes are both demonstrated with promising ion selectivity and performance, with transport verified for both small ions (Na+,K+,Cl-) and biologically-relevant molecules (the cationic neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and the anionic anti-inflammatory salicylic acid). These advances open the iontronics toolbox to the world of printed electronics, paving the way for a broader arena for applications.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2019
    Keywords
    bioelectronics; drug delivery; organic electronics; electrophoresis; printed electronics
    National Category
    Analytical Chemistry
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-157521 (URN)10.1088/2058-8585/ab17b1 (DOI)000466753600001 ()
    Note

    Funding Agencies|Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research; Vinnova; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Advanced Functional Materials at Linkoping University (Faculty Grant SFO-Mat-LiU) [200900971]

    Available from: 2019-06-23 Created: 2019-06-23 Last updated: 2021-09-22
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  • 37.
    Chew, Michelle
    et al.
    Departments of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Institute of Experimental Clinical Research, Skejby Sygehus, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
    Brandberg, Joakim
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Bjarum, Steinar
    Department of Biomerical Engineering, Trondheim University, Norway.
    Baek-Jensen, Katrine
    Institute of Experimental Clinical Research, Skejby Sygehus, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
    Sloth, Erik
    Departments of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Skejby Sygehus, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
    Ask, Per
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Hasenkam, J. Michael
    Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Skejby Sygehus, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
    Janerot Sjöberg, Birgitta
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Clinical Physiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Pediatric cardiac output measurement using surface integration of velocity vectors: an in vivo validation study2000In: Critical Care Medicine, ISSN 0090-3493, E-ISSN 1530-0293, Vol. 28, no 11, p. 3664-3671Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: To test the accuracy and reproducibility of systemic cardiac output (CO) measurements using surface integration of velocity vectors (SIVV) in a pediatric animal model with hemodynamic instability and to compare SIVV with traditional pulsed-wave Doppler measurements.

    Design: Prospective, comparative study.

    Setting: Animal research laboratory at a university medical center.

    Subjects: Eight piglets weighing 10-15 kg.

    Interventions: Hemodynamic instability was induced by using inhalation of isoflurane and infusions of colloid and dobutamine.

    Measurements: SIVV CO was measured at the left ventricular outflow tract, the aortic valve, and ascending aorta. Transit time CO was used as the reference standard.

    Results: There was good agreement between SIVV and transit time CO. At high frame rates, the mean difference ± 2 sd between the two methods was 0.01 ± 0.27 L/min for measurements at the left ventricular outflow tract, 0.08 ± 0.26 L/min for the ascending aorta, and 0.06 ± 0.25 L/min for the aortic valve. At low frame rates, measurements were 0.06 ± 0.25, 0.19 ± 0.32, and 0.14 ± 0.30 L/min for the left ventricular outflow tract, ascending aorta, and aortic valve, respectively. There were no differences between the three sites at high frame rates. Agreement between pulsed-wave Doppler and transit time CO was poorer, with a mean difference ± 2 sd of 0.09 ± 0.93 L/min. Repeated SIVV measurements taken at a period of relative hemodynamic stability differed by a mean difference ±2 sd of 0.01 ± 0.22 L/min, with a coefficient of variation = 7.6%. Intraobserver coefficients of variation were 5.7%, 4.9%, and 4.1% at the left ventricular outflow tract, ascending aorta, and aortic valve, respectively. Interobserver variability was also small, with a coefficient of variation = 8.5%.

    Conclusions: SIVV is an accurate and reproducible flow measurement technique. It is a considerable improvement over currently used methods and is applicable to pediatric critical care.

  • 38.
    Colantonio, Sara
    et al.
    CNR, Italy.
    Germanese, Danila
    CNR, Italy.
    Moroni, Davide
    CNR, Italy.
    Giorgi, Daniela
    CNR, Italy.
    Pascali, Mariantonietta
    CNR, Italy.
    Righi, Marco
    CNR, Italy.
    Coppini, Giuseppe
    CNR, Italy.
    Aurora Morales, Maria
    CNR, Italy.
    Chiarugi, Franco
    FORTH, Greece.
    Pediaditis, Mattew
    FORTH, Greece.
    Larsson, Marcus
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Strömberg, Tomas
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Henriquez, Pedro
    University of Central Lancashire, England.
    Matuszewski, Bogdan
    University of Central Lancashire, England.
    Milanic, Matijia
    Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway.
    Randeberg, Lise
    Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway.
    SEMEOTICONS - READING THE FACE CODE OF CARDIO-METABOLIC RISK2015In: 2015 INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE FOR MULTIMEDIA UNDERSTANDING (IWCIM), IEEE , 2015Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    What if you could discover your health status by looking at yourself in the mirror? Since November 2013, the EU FP7 Project SEMEOTICONS is working to make this possible. The Project is building a multi-sensory device, having the form of a conventional mirror, able to read the semeiotic code of the face and detect possible evidence of the onset of cardio-metabolic diseases. The device, called Wize Mirror, integrates unobtrusive imaging sensors used to capture videos, images and 3D scans of the face. These are processed to assess the risk of a cardio-metabolic disease and thereby suggest possible strategies to prevent its onset.

  • 39.
    Coskun, Abdurrahman
    et al.
    EFLM Task & Finish Grp Pract Approach Measurement, Italy; Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar Univ, Turkey.
    Theodorsson, Elvar
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Chemistry. EFLM Task & Finish Grp Pract Approach Measurement, Italy.
    Oosterhuis, Wytze P.
    EFLM Task & Finish Grp Pract Approach Measurement, Italy; Reinier Haga Med Diagnost Ctr, Netherlands.
    Sandberg, Sverre
    EFLM Task & Finish Grp Pract Approach Measurement, Italy; Haraldsplass Diaconess Hosp, Norway; Univ Bergen, Norway.
    Measurement uncertainty for practical use2022In: Clinica Chimica Acta, ISSN 0009-8981, E-ISSN 1873-3492, Vol. 531, p. 352-360Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Uncertainty is an inseparable part of all kinds of measurements performed in clinical laboratories. Accreditation standards including the ISO/IEC 17025:2017 and ISO 15189:2012 require that laboratories have routines for calculating the measurement uncertainty of reported results. Various guidelines such as CLSI EP29, Nordest 537, and ISO 20914:2019 have proposed methods for this purpose. However, due to the conceived complexity of the proposed calculation methods, these guidelines have not been generally and effectively applied in clinical laboratories. High workload and measurand heterogeneity favor a pragmatic utilitarian approach. The purpose of this paper is to describe such an approach, including its advantages and disadvantages. Measurement uncertainty should include the most influential factors affecting patients test results. Since patients samples for the same measurand can be analyzed in one laboratory or several laboratories using different measuring systems, the measurement uncertainty should be calculated using results obtained from analyzing the same internal quality control material if commutable or patients pooled/split samples.

  • 40.
    Danbolt, Christina
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Neuroscience. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Pathology and Clinical Genetics.
    Hult, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Grahn, Lita Tibbling
    Ask, Per
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiological Measurements. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Validation and characterization of the computerized laryngeal analyzer (CLA) technique.1999In: Dysphagia (New York. Print), ISSN 0179-051X, E-ISSN 1432-0460, Vol. 14, no 4, p. 191-195Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study was to investigate the response characteristics of the Computerized Laryngeal Analyzer (CLA) and the validity of the noninvasive CLA method to detect swallowing-induced laryngeal elevation correctly. Two healthy adults and two experimental models were used in the study. The CLA technique identified all swallowing events but was unable to discriminate between swallowing and other movements of the tongue or the neck. The computer program produced a derivated response to a square wave signal. Stepwise bending increments of the sensor displayed a linear amplitude response. The degree of laryngeal elevation could not be estimated with the CLA technique, and it was not possible to draw any reliable conclusions from the recordings as to whether the larynx was moving upward or downward.

  • 41.
    Deniz, Daniel
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Informatics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Causes of multimodality of efficiency gain distributions in accelerated Monte Carlo based dose calculations for brachytherapy planning using correlated sampling2009Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Fixed-collision correlated sampling for Monte Carlo (MC) simulations is a method which can be used in order to shorten the simulation time for brachytherapy treatment planning in a 3D patient geometry. The increased efficiency compared to conventional MC simulation is measured by efficiency gain. However, a previous study showed that, in some cases, PDFs (probability density functions) of estimates of the efficiency gain, simulated using resampling and other MC methods, were multimodal with values below 1. This means that the method was less effective than conventional sampling for these cases. The aims of this thesis were to trace the causes of the multimodal distributions and to propose techniques to mitigate the problem caused by photons with high statistical weights.Two simulation environments were used for the study case, a homogeneous and a heterogeneous environment. The homogenous environment consisted of a water sphere with the radius 100mm. For the heterogeneous environment a cylindrical block of tungsten alloy (diameter 15 mm, height 2.5 mm) was placed in the water sphere. The sphere was divided into an array of cubic voxels of size 2.5 mm x 2.5 mm x 2.5 mm for dose calculations. A photon source was positioned in the middle of the water sphere and emitted photons with the energy 400 keV.It was found that the low values and multimodal PDFs for the efficiency gain estimates originated from photons depositing high values of energy in some voxels in the heterogeneous environment. The high energy deposits were due to extremely high statistical weights of photons interacting repeatedly in the highly attenuating tungsten cylinder. When photon histories contributing to the rare events of high energy deposits (outliers) were removed, the PDFs became uni-modal and efficiency gain increased. However, removing outliers will cause results to be biased calling for other techniques to handle the problem with high statistical weights.One way to resolve the problem in the current implementation of the fixed-collision correlated sampling scheme in PTRAN (the MC code used) could be to split photons with high statistical weights into several photons with the same sum weight as the initial photon. The splitting of photons will result in more time consuming simulations in areas with high attenuation coefficients, which may not be the areas of interest. This could be resolved by using Russian roulette, eliminating some of the photons with high statistical weight in such areas.Fixed-collision correlated sampling for Monte Carlo (MC) simulations is a method which can be used in order to shorten the simulation time for brachytherapy treatment planning in a 3D patient geometry. The increased efficiency compared to conventional MC simulation is measured by efficiency gain. However, a previous study showed that, in some cases, PDFs (probability density functions) of estimates of the efficiency gain, simulated using resampling and other MC methods, were multimodal with values below 1. This means that the method was less effective than conventional sampling for these cases. The aims of this thesis were to trace the causes of the multimodal distributions and to propose techniques to mitigate the problem caused by photons with high statistical weights.Two simulation environments were used for the study case, a homogeneous and a heterogeneous environment. The homogenous environment consisted of a water sphere with the radius 100mm. For the heterogeneous environment a cylindrical block of tungsten alloy (diameter 15 mm, height 2.5 mm) was placed in the water sphere. The sphere was divided into an array of cubic voxels of size 2.5 mm x 2.5 mm x 2.5 mm for dose calculations. A photon source was positioned in the middle of the water sphere and emitted photons with the energy 400 keV.It was found that the low values and multimodal PDFs for the efficiency gain estimates originated from photons depositing high values of energy in some voxels in the heterogeneous environment. The high energy deposits were due to extremely high statistical weights of photons interacting repeatedly in the highly attenuating tungsten cylinder. When photon histories contributing to the rare events of high energy deposits (outliers) were removed, the PDFs became uni-modal and efficiency gain increased. However, removing outliers will cause results to be biased calling for other techniques to handle the problem with high statistical weights.One way to resolve the problem in the current implementation of the fixed-collision correlated sampling scheme in PTRAN (the MC code used) could be to split photons with high statistical weights into several photons with the same sum weight as the initial photon. The splitting of photons will result in more time consuming simulations in areas with high attenuation coefficients, which may not be the areas of interest. This could be resolved by using Russian roulette, eliminating some of the photons with high statistical weight in such areas.

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  • 42.
    Deshpande, S.
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Biosensors and Bioelectronics.
    Tiwari, A.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Biosensors and Bioelectronics.
    Turner, A.P.F.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Biosensors and Bioelectronics.
    Smart auto-switchable cardiac troponin immunosensor for diagnosis of cardiac injury2012Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 43.
    Detert, Hedvig
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery.
    Karlernäs, Astrid
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery.
    Rubensson, Carin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery.
    Nyman, Erika
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery.
    Tesselaar, Erik
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Diagnostics and Specialist Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Medical radiation physics.
    Farnebo, Simon
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery.
    Microcirculatory response to cold stress test in the healthy hand2023In: Microvascular Research, ISSN 0026-2862, E-ISSN 1095-9319, Vol. 148, article id 104540Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: Cold sensitivity of the fingers is common in several conditions. It has been linked to digital vasospasm, microvascular dysfunction, and neural mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the normal digital micro-vascular response to a cold stress test in healthy individuals using Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI).Methods: Twenty-six healthy individuals, mean age 31 (SD 9) years were included. Skin perfusion of digits II-V was measured using Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging before and after a standardized cold stress test. Changes in skin perfusion from baseline were analyzed between hands, digits, and sexes.Results: Skin perfusion was significantly (p &lt; 0.0001) affected by cold provocation in both the cold exposed and the contralateral hands in all participants of the study. This effect was significantly different between the radial (digit II and III) and the ulnar (digit V) side of the hands (p &lt; 0.001). There was a trend towards a larger decrease in perfusion in men (ns), and a faster recovery to baseline values in women (ns). A larger inter subject variability was seen in perfusion values in women.Conclusions: The normal microvascular response to cold provocation may involve both centrally and regionally mediated processes. When exposing one hand to a cold stress test, the contralateral hand responds with simul-taneous but smaller decreases in perfusion.

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  • 44.
    Dickens, Erik
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology.
    Towards automatic detection and visualization of tissues in medical volume rendering2006Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The technique of volume rendering can be a powerful tool when visualizing 3D medical data sets. Its characteristic of capturing 3D internal structures within a 2D rendered image makes it attractive in the analysis. However, the applications that implement this technique fail to reach out to most of the supposed end-users at the clinics and radiology departments of today. This is primarily due to problems centered on the design of the Transfer Function (TF), the tool that makes tissues visually appear in the rendered image. The interaction with the TF is too complex for a supposed end-user and its capability of separating tissues is often insufficient. This thesis presents methods for detecting the regions in the image volume where tissues are contained. The tissues that are of interest can furthermore be identified among these regions. This processing and classification is possible thanks to the use of a priori knowledge, i.e. what is known about the data set and its domain in advance. The identified regions can finally be visualized using tissue adapted TFs that can create cleaner renderings of tissues where a normal TF would fail to separate them. In addition an intuitive user control is presented that allows the user to easily interact with the detection and the visualization.

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  • 45.
    Diczfalusy, Elin
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Didzar, Nil
    Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Neurology.
    Kullman, Anita
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Åström, Mattias
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Zsigmond, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurosurgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of Neurosurgery UHL.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Biochemical monitoring and simulation of the electric field during deep brain stimulation (oral)2010Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 46.
    Diczfalusy, Elin
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Åström, Mattias
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Didzar, Nil
    Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Neurology.
    Kullman, Anita
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Zsigmond, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurosurgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of Neurosurgery UHL.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    A finite element model for biochemical monitoring in the brain during deep brain stimulation (poster)2010Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 47.
    Diczfalusy, Elin
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Åström, Mattias
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Dizdar, Nil
    Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Neurology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of Neurosurgery UHL.
    Kullman, Anita
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of Neurosurgery UHL.
    Zsigmond, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurosurgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of Neurosurgery UHL.
    Wårdell, Karin
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    A Finite Model for Biochemical Monitoring in the Brain during Deep Brain Stimulation (oral)2010Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 48.
    Durke, Anna
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Lindfors, Lina
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    En jämförelse mellan svenska mammografer med film-skärm system och nivåer satta av europeiska kommissionen2005Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    För att ta reda på hur svenska mammografiavdelningar står sig mot det europeiska protokollet undersöks nio mammografiavdelningar. Till hjälp har ett CDMAM-fantom version 3.4 och fyra plexiglasskivor använts för att simulera ett normaltjockt bröst. Även ljusskåpen och filmens egenskaper har undersökts och jämförts med kraven i europeiska protokollet. Avgränsningar har gjorts då koncentreringen ligger på mammografer som använder sig av film-skärm system.

    Röntgenbilderna har studerats utan tekniska hjälpmedel. Efter bedömning och poängsättning av bilderna på CDMAM-fantomet har värdena förts in i ett Excel-program där värdena presenteras i grafer. Från graferna utvärderas om bildkvaliteten ligger inom

    gränserna som anges för bra bildkvalitet. Det är endast ett av sjukhusen som ligger inom gränsen för bra bildkvalitet.

    Jämförelser har gjorts för att undersöka hur filmens egenskaper påverkar bildkvaliteten och om stråldosen har betydelse för bildkvaliteten. Samma sjukhus som har den högsta stråldosen har också den bästa bildkvaliteten.

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  • 49.
    Dyverfeldt, Petter
    et al.
    Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, CMIV. Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Clinical Physiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Applied Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Sigfridsson, Andreas
    Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, CMIV. Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Clinical Physiology. Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical Informatics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Escobar Kvitting, John-Peder
    Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, CMIV. Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Clinical Physiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Ebbers, Tino
    Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, CMIV. Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Clinical Physiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Applied Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Quantification of intravoxel velocity standard deviation and turbulence intensity by generalizing phase-contrast MRI2006In: Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, ISSN 0740-3194, E-ISSN 1522-2594, Vol. 56, no 4, p. 850-858Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Turbulent flow, characterized by velocity fluctuations, is a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases. A clinical noninvasive tool for assessing turbulence is lacking, however. It is well known that the occurrence of multiple spin velocities within a voxel during the influence of a magnetic gradient moment causes signal loss in phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI). In this paper a mathematical derivation of an expression for computing the standard deviation (SD) of the blood flow velocity distribution within a voxel is presented. The SD is obtained from the magnitude of PC-MRI signals acquired with different first gradient moments. By exploiting the relation between the SD and turbulence intensity (TI), this method allows for quantitative studies of turbulence. For validation, the TI in an in vitro flow phantom was quantified, and the results compared favorably with previously published laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) results. This method has the potential to become an important tool for the noninvasive assessment of turbulence in the arterial tree.

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  • 50.
    Ebbers, Tino
    Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization, CMIV. Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Physiology. Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Applied Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart and Medicine Centre, Department of Clinical Physiology UHL.
    Flow Imaging: Cardiac Applications of 3D Cine Phase-Contrast MRI2011In: Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports, ISSN 1941-9074, Vol. 4, no 2, p. 127-133Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Global and regional blood flow dynamics are of pivotal importance to cardiac function. Fluid mechanical forces can affect hemolysis and platelet aggregation, as well as myocardial remodeling. In recent years, assessment of blood flow patterns based on time-resolved, three-dimensional, three-directional phase-contrast MRI (3D cine PC MRI) has become possible and rapidly gained popularity. Initially, this technique was mainly known for its intuitive and appealing visualizations of the cardiovascular blood flow. Most recently, the technique has begun to go beyond compelling images toward comprehensive and quantitative assessment of blood flow. In this article, cardiac applications of 3D cine PC MRI data are discussed, starting with a review of the acquisition and analysis techniques, and including descriptions of promising applications of cardiac 3D cine PC MRI for the clinical evaluation of myocardial, valvular, and vascular disorders.

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