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  • 1.
    Andersson, Maria
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för konstruktions- och produktionsteknik, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Shadow prices for heat generation in time-dependent and dynamic energy systems1994Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 19, nr 12, s. 1205-1211Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Shadow prices for heat generation are used to study the impact of changes in heat demand on the total system cost of an existing district-heating system in Sweden. The energy system may be considered to be both dynamic, because there is energy storage, and time-dependent since the electricity tariff is time-differentiated and the heat demand varies over the year and day. The energy system has been analysed with and without energy storage. The analysis shows that despite a reduction in system cost, the use of energy storage can result in higher shadow prices for heat generation in some time periods.

  • 2.
    Difs, Kristina
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Bennstam, Marcus
    Tekniska Verken Linköping AB.
    Trygg, Louise
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Nordenstam, Lena
    Tekniska Verken Linköping AB.
    Energy conservation measures in buildings heated by district heating - A local energy system perspective2010Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 35, nr 8, s. 3194-3203Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The extensive energy use in the European building sector creates opportunities for implementing energy conservation measures (ECMs) in residential buildings. If ECM are implemented in buildings that are connected to a district heating (DH) system, the operation of DH plants may be affected, which in turn may change both revenue and electricity production in cogeneration plants. In this study a local energy system, containing a DH supplier and its customer, has been analysed when implementing three ECMs: heat load control, attic insulation and electricity savings. This study is unique since it analyses economic and CO2 impacts of the ECMs in both a user and a supplier perspective in combination with a deregulated European electricity market. Results show that for the local energy system electricity savings should be prioritised over a reduction in DH use, both from an economic and a global CO2 perspective. For the DH supplier attic insulation demonstrates unprofitable results, even though this measure affects the expensive peak load boilers most. Heat load control is however financially beneficial for both the DH supplier and the residences. Furthermore, the relation between the fixed and variable DH costs is highlighted as a key factor for the profitability of the ECMs.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 3.
    Dutta, Anupam
    et al.
    Univ Vaasa, Finland.
    Bouri, Elie
    Lebanese Amer Univ, Lebanon; Kyung Hee Univ, South Korea.
    Rothovius, Timo
    Univ Vaasa, Finland.
    Azoury, Nehme
    Holy Spirit Univ Kaslik, Lebanon.
    Uddin, Gazi Salah
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Nationalekonomi. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Does oil price volatility matter for the US transportation industry?2024Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 290, artikkel-id 130194Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Although the US transport sector is one of the major users of fossil fuel (e.g., crude oil), the impact of energy price volatility on transport stock sector indexes remains under-researched. The present study addresses this research void by investigating the impact of energy implied volatility on transportation stock returns in the US. Using the crude oil volatility index (OVX), as a proxy of energy price volatility, and three Dow Jones indexes tracking the performance of the airlines, marine and trucking stock subsectors, we employ a GARCH-jump model. The main results show that the oil market sends volatility to the US transport subsector stock indexes, suggesting that oil implied volatility plays a role in pricing US transport stocks. The impact of OVX shocks is asymmetric, indicating that increases and decreases in oil implied volatility have a heterogeneous impact on the transport subsector stock markets. Jumps are significant in the three transport subsector stock indexes, and are time-dependent. Notably, the three transportation subsector stock indexes are more sensitive to OVX shocks than the S&P 500 index. These results have important implications for investors, policymakers, academics, and managers of the US transportation industry.

  • 4.
    Dutta, Anupam
    et al.
    Univ Vaasa, Finland.
    Bouri, Elie
    Lebanese Amer Univ, Lebanon.
    Rothovius, Timo
    Univ Vaasa, Finland.
    Uddin, Gazi Salah
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Nationalekonomi. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Univ Cambridge, England.
    Climate risk and green investments: New evidence2023Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 265, artikkel-id 126376Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The academic literature on green energy equity markets has increased extensively over the last decade due to growing concerns about climate change and the substantial flow of investments into alternative energy markets. This study contributes by investigating the effect of climate risk on the return and volatility of green energy assets. This is one of the first papers to assess such effects using the recently developed climate policy uncertainty index as an indicator of climate risk. In particular, we seek to answer the following research questions. Firstly, does rising climate risk lead to a significant increase in green energy asset returns? Secondly, does climate risk affect the volatility of green energy assets negatively? Employing various models, we provide statistical evidence in favour of our hypotheses. Rising climate risk seems to encourage investment in alternative energy, which leads to an upward demand for green energy, which in turn increases the prices of green energy investments and decreases their volatility levels. Our analysis further shows that when climate risk increases, the correlation between crude oil and green energy returns decreases. Furthermore, green energy assets are more effective than gold for hedging oil market risk, without ignoring the hedging ability of technology stock investment.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 5.
    Elie, Bouri
    et al.
    Holy Spirit Univ Kaslik, Lebanon.
    Naji, Jalkh
    Univ St Joseph, Lebanon.
    Dutta, Anupam
    Univ Vaasa, Finland.
    Uddin, Gazi Salah
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Nationalekonomi. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Gold and crude oil as safe-haven assets for clean energy stock indices: Blended copulas approach2019Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 178, s. 544-553Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study, we examine the potential roles of gold and crude oil as safe-haven assets against extreme down movements in clean energy stock indices. We employ copulas on daily data from November 21st, 2003 to March 30th, 2018 covering two clean energy stock indices, the Samp;P Global Clean Energy and the WilderHill Clean Energy. Instead of adopting a priori selection of the best copula function based on a single copula, we consider single and mixture copulas to better illustrate the dependence between the pairs of variables under study. We also apply parametric as well as non-parametric tail dependencies measures. Empirical results show that both crude oil and gold are no more than weak safe-haven assets for clean energy indices. However, the superiority of crude oil to gold is evidenced in case of infinitely extreme market movements. This superiority is validated for WilderHill Clean Energy Index but endorsed to gold when examined against Global Clean Energy Index, in extreme market movements. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 6.
    Feiz Aghaei, Roozbeh
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Industriell miljöteknik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Johansson, Maria
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Lindkvist, Emma
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Moestedt, Jan
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema Miljöförändring. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Tekniska Verken and Linkoping AB Publ, Dept Technol and Syst, Box 1500, SE-58183 Linkoping, Sweden.
    Nilsson Påledal, Sören
    Linköpings universitet, Biogas Research Center. Tekniska Verken and Linkoping AB Publ, Dept Technol and Syst, Box 1500, SE-58183 Linkoping, Sweden.
    Svensson, Niclas
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Industriell miljöteknik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Key performance indicators for biogas production: methodological insights on the life-cycle analysis of biogas production from source-separated food waste2020Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 200, artikkel-id 117462Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The anaerobic digestion of food waste can not only enhance the treatment of organic wastes, but also contributes to renewable energy production and the recirculation of nutrients. These multiple benefits are among the main reasons for the expansion of biogas production from food waste in many countries. We present methodological insights and recommendations on assessing the environmental and economic performance of these systems from a life-cycle perspective. We provide a taxonomy of the value chain of biogas from food waste which describes major activities, flows, and parameters across the value chain with a relatively high detail. By considering the multiple functions of biogas production from food waste, we propose a few key performance indicators (KPI) to allow comparison of different biogas production systems from the perspectives of climate impact, primary energy use, nutrients recycling, and cost. We demonstrate the operational use of our method through an example, where alternatives regarding the heat supply of the biogas plant are investigated. We demonstrate how global and local sensitivity analyses can be combined with the suggested taxonomy and KPIs for uncertainty management and additional analyses. The KPIs provide useful input into decision-making processes regarding the future development of biogas solutions from food waste. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 7.
    Gong, Mei
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Optimization of industrial energy systems by incorporating feedback loops into the MIND method2003Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 28, nr 15, s. 1655-1669Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The MIND (Method for analysis of INDustrial energy system) method has been developed for multi-period cost optimization of industrial energy systems. Existing industrial processes can be represented at the desired level of accuracy, i.e. one modeling unit may represent a part of the production process or the whole plant. The optimization method includes both energy and material flows. Nonlinear relations, energy conversion efficiencies and investment costs are linearized by mixed-integer linear programming. A flexible time-scale facilitates the performance of long- and short-term analyses. In order to meet the requirements with regard to sustainable development, the recycling of energy and material flows is becoming more common in many industrial processes. The recycling or reuse of energy and material is managed by feedback loops, which are incorporated into the original MIND method to improve the model and reduce the calculation time. The improved MIND/F method (MIND method with feedback loops) model is applied to a pulp and paper mill in Sweden. A comparison between the original MIND method with manual handling of the feedback loops and the MIND/F method gives highly satisfactory results. Cost optimization using the improved MIND method is well within the given accuracy and computer time and manual calculation time are both reduced considerably. The reuse of energy and material resources is not only an economic advantage, but also implies a reduction of the environmental impact.

  • 8.
    Gustafsson, Mattias
    et al.
    Gavle Energi AB, Sweden; University of Gavle, Sweden.
    Ronnelid, Mats
    Dalarna University, Sweden.
    Trygg, Louise
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Karlsson, Bjorn
    University of Gavle, Sweden.
    CO2 emission evaluation of energy conserving measures in buildings connected to a district heating system - Case study of a multi-dwelling building in Sweden2016Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 111, s. 341-350Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    When taking action to fulfill the directives from the European Union, energy conserving measures will be implemented in the building sector. If buildings are connected to district heating systems, a reduced heat demand will influence the electricity production if the reduced heat demand is covered by combined heat and power plants. This study analyze five different energy conserving measures in a multi-dwelling building regarding how they affect the marginal production units in the district heating system in Gavle, Sweden. For CO2 emission evaluations, two different combinations of heat and electricity conserving measures are compared to an installation of an exhaust air heat pump. The different energy conserving measures affect the district heating system in different ways. The results show that installing an exhaust air heat pump affects the use/production of electricity in the district heating system most and electricity conserving measures result in reduced use of electricity in the building, reduced use of electricity for production of heat in the district heating system and an increase of electricity production. The conclusion is that electricity use in the building is the most important factor to consider when energy conserving measures are introduced in buildings within the district heating system in Gavle. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 9.
    Gustafsson, Stig-Inge
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling.
    Optimization of Building Retrofits in a Combined Heat and Power Network1992Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 17, nr 2, s. 161-171Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 10.
    Gustafsson, Stig-Inge
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Andersson, Susanne
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Karlsson, Björn G
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Factorial design for energy System Models1994Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 19, nr 8, s. 905-910Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Mathematical models are extensively used in energy analysis and have increased in scope as better and faster computers have become available. With complicated systems, it is difficult to predict accurate results if doubtful input data are changed. Traditionally, sensitivity analysis with a change of one or more of the parameters is used. If the influence of a change is very small, the first result is believed to be accurate. Problems may arise when sensitivity analysis is applied to a vast amount of data. The aim of this paper is to examine whether the calculation effort can be decreased by using factorial design. Our model, called Opera (Optimal Energy Retrofit Advisory), is used to find the optimal retrofit strategy for a multi-family building. The optimal solution is characterised by the lowest possible life-cycle cost. Three parameters have been studied here: length of the optimisation period, real interest rate and existing U-value for an attic floor. The first two parameters are found to influence the life-cycle cost significantly, while the last is of minor importance for this cost. We also show that factorial analysis must be used with great care because the method does not reflect the complete situation.

  • 11.
    Gustafsson, Stig-Inge
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för konstruktions- och produktionsteknik, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Bojic, Milorad
    University of Kragujevac, Yugoslavia.
    Optimal heating-system retrofits in residential buildings1997Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 22, nr 9, s. 867-874Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The optimal heating-system-retrofit strategy for existing buildings differs due to varying prices of energy, building and installation features, climate conditions, etc. We have examined a test building situated in Linköping, Sweden. By using the OPERA model, we were able to arrive at the optimal retrofit strategy, which includes a ground-coupled heat pump using electricity to run the compressor. Unfortunately, the price of electricity differs according to the time of day, month, etc. These variations are not included in the OPERA model. In OPERA, the price should be divided into 12 segments, one for each month of the year since climate data are divided in this manner. Fine tuning of a dual-fuel system (an oil-fired boiler handles the peak load and a heat pump the base thermal load) is optimized using the Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) method. Adding a hot-water accumulator also makes it possible to use low electricity prices for space and domestic hot-water heating. This system competes in the model with traditional heating devices such as district heating. The optimal method of heating the building was found for using the heat pump alone.

  • 12.
    Gustafsson, Stig-Inge
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Karlsson, Björn G
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Natural gas in Optimized Bivalent Heating Sytems1990Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 15, nr 11, s. 993-999Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In accordance with a public referendum held in 1980, Sweden will phase out nuclear power completely by 2010. One way to compensate for an immediate, appreciable scarcity of electric power is to construct new fossil-fuel power stations. Another is to reduce the burden on electric power by converting some end-user facilities to operate on natural gas (NG) imported from Denmark through a new pipeline to southern Sweden. We show how an optimal solution can be found for NG operation of a system incorporating an NG boiler and an electric heat pump. Electricity is priced by a time-of-use tariff (TOU) requiring a discrete optimization method. The optimal solution is characterized by the lowest life cycle cost (LCC) for the building as an energy system.

  • 13.
    Hasan, A. S. M. Monjurul
    et al.
    Univ Technol Sydney, Australia.
    Tuhin, Rashedul Amin
    East West Univ, Bangladesh.
    Ullah, Mahfuz
    Bangladesh Army Int Univ Sci & Technol, Bangladesh.
    Sakib, Taiyeb Hasan
    Islamic Univ Technol, Bangladesh.
    Thollander, Patrik
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten. Univ Gavle, Sweden.
    Trianni, Andrea
    Univ Technol Sydney, Australia.
    A comprehensive investigation of energy management practices within energy intensive industries in Bangladesh2021Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 232, artikkel-id 120932Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Industrial energy efficiency is acknowledged as a cost-effective mean contributing to sustainable development and industrial competitiveness. Implementing energy management practices becomes even more imperative for developing countries, considering their energy usage trends and economic development forecasts. Based on the circumstances, an empirical investigation is conducted on energy efficiency and management practices, as well as barriers and drivers to energy efficiency in the energy intensive industries of Bangladesh. The study finds that majority of the companies barely implement the energy management practices. Energy audits represent the mostly implemented energy management practice at the industries, though a comprehensive approach on a detailed level is still lacking. In addition, this study finds that the number of dedicated and specialised energy professionals employed in the industries is yet negligible. The cumulated results show that energy efficiency is mostly disrupted due to inadequate support from preeminent administration and bureaucratic intricacy. Energy blueprint cost-saving due to less use of energy and rules and regulations were distinctively signified as most imperative drivers for energy efficiency. On the other hand, lack of information is found to be the most significant barrier to consult energy service companies. Analysis of the countrys energy usage and supply-demand relationship points towards insufficient energy efficiency measures and energy management practices in the country. The study also finds that energy efficiency could be improved by 8%-10% through the practice of energy management. Our findings, besides pointing out specific issues to be tackled in the specific context of investigation, pave the way for further research over industrial energy efficiency in developing countries. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 14.
    Johansson, B.
    et al.
    Dept. Environ. Ener. Syst. Studs., Lund Univ., Gerdagatan 13, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden.
    Mårtensson, Anders
    Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Industriell miljöteknik.
    Energy and environmental costs for electric vehicles using CO2-neutral electricity in Sweden2000Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 25, nr 8, s. 777-792Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Electric vehicles (EVs) may provide an alternative for CO2-neutral transportation services. This article analyses the cost of energy and emissions from using electricity produced from Swedish renewable energy sources in electric vehicles, and compares it with the cost of an alternative in which biomass-based methanol is used in internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). These costs do not include vehicle and battery costs. Cost estimates of electricity, calculated using a marginal cost perspective, include production costs as well as the cost of distribution and vehicle recharging. The energy cost per km for vehicles using electricity is calculated to be 30-70% of the cost of biomass-based methanol, depending on the general level of electricity demand, the need for grid upgrading, and the assumed cost of biomass-based methanol. A high general electricity demand in society would require expensive condensing plants to supply the vehicles, whereas with a lower demand, cheaper cogeneration and wind power plants could be utilised. An electric vehicle, used as the average Swedish car, would, during its lifetime, have energy and environmental costs 30 000-40 000 SEK ($4000-5400) lower than the current state-of-the art ICEVs using biomass-based methanol. An electric vehicle used mainly in the city centre might have energy and environmental costs which are 130 000-140 000 SEK ($17 000-19 000) lower than a current methanol-fuelled car. With future improvements in the energy efficiency and environmental performance of ICEVs the difference will be significantly reduced. If battery costs were included in the cost calculations, EVs would not be cost competitive with future ICEVs, even if battery costs are reduced to $100/kWh. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.Electric vehicles (EVs) may provide an alternative for CO2-neutral transportation services. This article analyses the cost of energy and emissions from using electricity produced from Swedish renewable energy sources in electric vehicles, and compares it with the cost of an alternative in which biomass-based methanol is used in internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). These costs do not include vehicle and battery costs. Cost estimates of electricity, calculated using a marginal cost perspective, include production costs as well as the cost of distribution and vehicle recharging. The energy cost per km for vehicles using electricity is calculated to be 30-70% of the cost of biomass-based methanol, depending on the general level of electricity demand, the need for grid upgrading, and the assumed cost of biomass-based methanol. A high general electricity demand in society would require expensive condensing plants to supply the vehicles, whereas with a lower demand, cheaper cogeneration and wind power plants could be utilized. An electric vehicle, used as the average Swedish car, would, during its lifetime, have energy and environmental costs 30 000-40 000 SEK ($4000-5400) lower than the current state-of-the art ICEVs using biomass-based methanol. An electric vehicle used mainly in the city centre might have energy and environmental costs which are 130 000-140 000 SEK ($17 000-19 000) lower than a current methanol-fuelled car. With future improvements in the energy efficiency and environmental performance of ICEVs the difference will be significantly reduced. If battery costs were included in the cost calculations, EVs would not be cost competitive with future ICEVs, even if battery costs are reduced to $100/kWh.

  • 15.
    Johansson, Maria
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan. Högskolan i Gävle.
    Bio-synthetic natural gas as fuel in steel industry reheating furnaces: A case study of economic performance and effects on global COemissions2013Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 57, s. 699-708Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Climate change is of great concern for society today. Manufacturing industries and construction account for approximately 20% of global CO2 emissions and, consequently, it is important that this sector investigate options to reduce its CO2 emissions. One option could be to substitute fossil fuels with renewable alternatives. This paper describes a case study in which four future energy market scenarios predicting 2030 were used to analyse whether it would be profitable for a steel plant to produce bio-SNG (bio-synthetic natural gas) in a biomass gasifier and to substitute LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) with bio-SNG as fuel in reheating furnaces. The effects on global CO2 emissions were analysed from a perspective in which biomass is considered a limited resource. The results from the analysis show that investment in a biomass gasifier and fuel conversion would not be profitable in any of the scenarios. Depending on the scenario, the production cost for bio-SNG ranged between 22 and 36 EUR/GJ. Fuel substitution would reduce global CO2 emission if the marginal biomass user is a producer of transportation fuel. However, if the marginal user of biomass is a coal power plant with wood co-firing, the result would be increased global CO2 emissions

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    Bio-synthetic natural gas as fuel in steel industry reheating furnaces – a case study of economic performance and effects on global CO2 emissions
  • 16.
    Johansson, Maria
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Söderström, Mats
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Options for the Swedish steel industry - Energy efficiency measures and fuel conversion2011Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 36, nr 1, s. 191-198Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The processes of iron and steel making are energy intensive and consume large quantities of electricity and fossil fuels. In order to meet future climate targets and energy prices, the iron and steel industry has to improve its energy and resource efficiency. For the iron and steel industry to utilize its energy resources more efficiently and at the same time reduce its CO2 emissions a number of options are available. In this paper, opportunities for both integrated and scrap-based steel plants are presented and some of the options are electricity production, fuel conversion, methane reforming of coke oven gas and partnership in industrial symbiosis. The options are evaluated from a system perspective and more specific measures are reported for two Swedish case companies: SSAB Strip Products and Sandvik AB. The survey shows that both case companies have great potentials to reduce their CO2 emissions.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 17.
    Johansson, Viktor
    et al.
    Chalmers Univ Technol, Sweden.
    Lehtveer, Mariliis
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema Miljöförändring. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning, CSPR. Chalmers Univ Technol, Sweden.
    Goransson, Lisa
    Chalmers Univ Technol, Sweden.
    Biomass in the electricity system: A complement to variable renewables or a source of negative emissions?2019Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 168, s. 532-541Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Biomass is often assigned a central role in future energy system scenarios as a carbon sink, making negative greenhouse gas emissions possible through carbon capture and storage of biogenic carbon dioxide from biomass-fuelled power plants. However, biomass could also serve as a strategic complement to variable renewables by supplying electricity during hours of high residual load. In this work, we investigate the role of biomass in electricity systems with net zero or negative emissions of carbon dioxide and with different levels of biomass availability. We show that access to biomass corresponding to ca. 20% of the electricity demand in primary energy terms, is of high value to the electricity system. Biomass for flexibility purposes can be a cost-efficient support to reach a carbon neutral electricity system with the main share of electricity from wind and solar power. Biomass-fired power plants equipped with carbon capture and storage in combination with natural gas combined cycle turbines are identified as being the cost-effective choice to supply the electricity system with flexibility if the availability of biomass within the electricity system is low. In contrast, in the case of excess biomass, flexibility is supplied by biomethane-fired combined cycle turbines or by biomass-fired power plants. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 18.
    Johnsson, Simon
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Andersson, Elias
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Thollander, Patrik
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Karlsson, Magnus
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Energy savings and greenhouse gas mitigation potential in the Swedish wood industry2019Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 187, artikkel-id 115919Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Improving energy efficiency in industry is recognized as one of the most crucial actions for mitigating climate change. The lack of knowledge regarding energy end-use makes it difficult for companies to know in which processes the highest energy efficiency potential is located. Using a case study design, the paper provides a taxonomy for energy end-use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on a process and energy carrier level. It can be seen that drying of wood is the largest energy using and GHG emitting process in the studied companies. The paper also investigates applied and potentially viable energy key performance indicators (KPIs). Suggestions for improving energy KPIs within the wood industry include separating figures for different wood varieties and different end-products and distinguishing between different drying kiln technologies. Finally, the paper presents the major energy saving and carbon mitigating measures by constructing conservation supply curves and marginal abatement cost curves. The energy saving potential found in the studied companies indicates that significant improvements might be achieved throughout the Swedish wood industry. Even though the scope of this paper is the Swedish wood industry, several of the findings are likely to be relevant in other countries with a prominent wood industry.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 19.
    Karlsson, Magnus
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för konstruktions- och produktionsteknik, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    A systems approach to the reduction of oil demand in a Swedish board mill2004Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 29, nr 1, s. 103-124Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The possibility of reducing oil demand in the board mill at Skoghall, operated by Stora Enso, is analysed from a systems perspective. Identification of different key factors influencing the potential for reducing oil demand includes measures within the mill, e.g. steam reduction measures, and boundary conditions, such as electricity prices. Different key factors influence each other to different extents, indicating that an analysis concerning interactions between the different factors is also vital. A survey of these factors influencing oil demand has been carried out and a sensitivity analysis, including a factorial design method, has been applied to the subject.

  • 20.
    Lawrence, Akvile
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Karlsson, Magnus
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Thollander, Patrik
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Effects of firm characteristics and energy management for improving energy efficiency in the pulp and paper industry2018Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 153, s. 825-835Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The Swedish pulp and paper industry (PPI) must increase energy efficiency to remain competitive on the global market, which has experienced entries from countries with cheaper energy and raw material supplies. Interactions among variables for energy use, production, energy management, electricity price and firm characteristics (FC), in different types of mills, i.e., pulp, paper and integrated mills, in Sweden from 2006 to 2015 indicate that correlations among the studied variables were different in different types of mills. This difference between types of mills seemed to originate partly from varying accessibility to production residue that could be used for energy. For all types of mills, variation of electricity prices did not correlate significantly with energy efficiency during the study period. The studied FC were firms age, number of employees, number of companies in company group, net sales and profit for the year. Energy efficiency was more affected by the variables characterizing energy and production compared to the variables representing FC. This study also suggested presence of possible discrepancies between FC that were perceived as barriers to energy management towards energy efficiency, according to previous studies, and what was shown by the data combining variables representing energy use, production and FC. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 21.
    Lehtveer, Mariliis
    et al.
    Energy Technology, Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Fridahl, Mathias
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, Tema Miljöförändring. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Centrum för klimatpolitisk forskning, CSPR.
    Managing variable renewables with biomass in the European electricity system: Emission targets and investment preferences2020Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, Vol. 213, artikkel-id 118786Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Biomass can help reaching climate goals in many sectors. In electricity generation it can complement variable renewables or, if coupled with carbon capture and storage (CCS), also provide negative emissions. This paper adds to the existing literature by focusing on the cost-efficiency of balancing variable renewables with biomass and by providing an indication on acceptance of these technologies. A dynamic optimization model is used to analyse the role of biomass in the European electricity system pending different emission targets for 2050. The results are compared with survey data on investment preferences for biomass technologies, and wind and solar power. The formulation of the emission target greatly influences the cost-efficient use of biomass, with more concentrated use observed, if bioenergy with CCS is allowed. This indicates that a Europe-wide emission target could be more cost-efficient than separate national targets. Both governmental and nongovernmental actors tend to be negative towards investing in biomass technologies, although with greater variation if combined with CCS, indicating possible challenges for implementation. Their attitudes towards wind and solar power are much more positive in all countries, supporting the continuation of the existing trend of an increasing share of variable renewables in the European electricity system.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 22.
    Li, Kai
    et al.
    Jilin Univ, Peoples R China.
    Chen, Hong
    Jilin Univ, Peoples R China; Tongji Univ, Peoples R China.
    Hou, Shengyan
    Jilin Univ, Peoples R China.
    Eriksson, Lars
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för systemteknik, Fordonssystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Gao, Jinwu
    Jilin Univ, Peoples R China.
    A novel engine and battery coupled thermal management strategy for connected HEVs based on switched model predictive control under low temperature2023Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 278, artikkel-id 127726Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Under a low-temperature environment, electric vehicles face serious environmental adaptability problems, and efficient vehicle thermal management strategies are urgently needed. This paper presents a novel engine- battery coupled thermal management strategy for connected hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). An improved system structure for an engine-battery coupled thermal management system (engine-battery CTMS) is designed to avoid unnecessary heat loss. The control requirements of the engine-battery CTMS include minimum engine fuel consumption, minimum power battery aging damage and minimum system energy consumption, which constitutes a multi-objective optimal control problem in a finite time domain. Based on model predictive control (MPC) theory, a switched nonlinear MPC (NMPC) control strategy is proposed to solve the optimal control problem of the complex coupled multi-input multi-output system. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy, three comparative experiments of the centralized NMPC-based and rule-based methods combined with the improved system structure and the unimproved system structure are designed. The results of the cosimulation experiment between MATLAB/Simulink and AMEsim under various driving cycles and different ambient temperatures show that the improved structure and switched control strategy confer great advantages in reducing the controller computation burden, engine fuel consumption, and power battery aging damage.

  • 23.
    Mardan, Nawzad
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Klahr, Roger
    Swerea SWECAST AB, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Combining optimisation and simulation in an energy systems analysis of a Swedish iron foundry2012Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 44, nr 1, s. 410-419Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    To face global competition, and also reduce environmental and climate impact, industry-wide changes are needed, especially regarding energy use, which is closely related to global warming. Energy efficiency is therefore an essential task for the future as it has a significant impact on both business profits and the environment. For the analysis of possible changes in industrial production processes, and to choose what changes should be made, various modelling tools can be used as a decision support. This paper uses two types of energy analysis tool: Discrete Event Simulation (DES) and Energy Systems Optimisation (ESO). The aim of this study is to describe how a DES and an ESO tool can be combined. A comprehensive five-step approach is proposed for reducing system costs and making a more robust production system. A case study representing a new investment in part of a Swedish iron foundry is also included to illustrate the method's use. The method described in this paper is based on the use of the DES program QUEST and the ESO tool reMIND. The method combination itself is generic, i.e. other similar programs can be used as well with some adjustments and adaptations.

    The results from the case study show that when different boundary conditions are used the result obtained from the simulation tools is not optimum, in other words, the result shows only a feasible solution and not the best way to run the factory. It is therefore important to use the optimisation tool in such cases in order to obtain the optimum operating strategy. By using the optimisation tool a substantial amount of resources can be saved. The results also show that the combination of optimisation and simulation tools is useful to provide very detailed information about how the system works and to predict system behaviour as well as to minimise the system cost.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 24.
    Rohdin, Patrik
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Thollander, Patrik
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Barriers to and driving forces for energy efficiency in the non-energy-intensive manufacturing industry in Sweden2006Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 31, nr 12, s. 1836-1844Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The manufacturing industry is facing tougher competition which increases the demand to implement cost-effective energy efficiency measures. However, studies have indicated that obvious cost-efficient measures are not always undertaken. This is explained by the existence of barriers to energy efficiency. The aim of this study is to investigate the existence and importance of different barriers to the implementation of energy efficiency measures in the Swedish non energy intensive manufacturing industry. Results from this study highlight a number of factors that inhibit the degree of implementation, such as the cost and risk associated with production disruptions, lack of time and other priorities, lack of sub-metering in larger organizations, etc. The study also finds a number of drivers, such as the existence of people with real ambition and a long-term energy strategy at site level.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT02
  • 25.
    Sundberg, Gunnel
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling.
    Karlsson, Björn
    Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem.
    Interaction effects in optimising a municipal energy system2000Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 25, nr 9, s. 877-891Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    A study is presented where factorial design is used to find how some selected economic and technical factors affect the profitability of an investment in a combined heat and power plant. The study is performed on a Swedish district heating system. The minimal cost for supplying the demanded heat is calculated with a developed energy system optimisation model, MODEST. The effects on the resulting parameters, such as system cost and optimal size of steam cycle, are calculated from a series of experiments performed using high and low levels of the most relevant factors. The conclusion of the study is that both the main factors and the interactions between them have to be analysed to establish an accurate ranking of the technical and economic factors. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 26.
    Tang, Ou
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Produktionsekonomi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Rehme, Jakob
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Industriell ekonomi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Cerin, Pontus
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Industriell miljöteknik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Levelized cost of hydrogen for refueling stations with solar PV and wind in Sweden: On-grid or off-grid?2022Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 241, artikkel-id 122906Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The European Union expects that hydrogen will play a vital role in future energy systems. Fuel cell electric vehicles currently present a key development path for electrification of the transport sector, which requires infrastructure investments of hydrogen refueling stations, preferably powered by renewables such as solar and wind energy. The economic feasibility of refueling stations depends on geographical locations. This study introduces a model to identify the key cost components of renewable hydrogen for refueling stations, and simulates the performance using solar radiation, wind speed, and electricity price data in a selection of Swedish cities. The study demonstrates the importance of integrating the electricity grid in green hydrogen production. Wind speed is crucial in reducing the cost, whereas solar radiation has less influence. In addition, a combination of solar and wind brings better performance in an off-grid scenario. The most encouraging finding is the cost of 35-72 SEK/kg (3.5-7.2 V/kg), which is competitive with reported costs in other EUcountries, especially since this cost excludes any government support scheme. The study provides a reference for investors and policy makers foreseeing the industrial landscape for hydrogen energy development. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 27.
    Thollander, Patrik
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Svensson, Inger-Lise
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Trygg, Louise
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Analyzing variables for district heating collaborations between energy utilities and industries2010Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 35, nr 9, s. 3649-3656Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    One vital means of raising energy efficiency is to introduce district heating in industry. The aim of this paper is to study factors which promote and inhibit district heating collaborations between industries and utilities. The human factors involved showed to affect district heating collaborations more than anything else does. Particularly risk, imperfect and asymmetric information, credibility and trust, inertia and values are adequate variables when explaining the establishment or failure of industry-energy utility collaborations, while heterogeneity, access to capital and hidden costs appear to be of lower importance. A key conclusion from this study is that in an industry-energy utility collaboration, it is essential to nurture the business relationship. In summary, successful collaboration depends more on the individuals and organizations involved in the relationship between the two parties than on the technology used in the collaboration.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 28.
    Wetterlund, Elisabeth
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Leduc, Sylvain
    International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg A-2361, Austria.
    Dotzauer, Erik
    Mälardalen University, P.O. Box 883, SE-721 23 Västerås, Sweden.
    Kindermann, Georg
    International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg A-2361, Austria.
    Optimal localisation of biofuel production on a European scale2012Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 41, nr 1, s. 462-472Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents the development and use of an optimisation model suitable for analysis of biofuel production scenarios in the EU, with the aim of examining second generation biofuel production. Two policy instruments are considered – targeted biofuel support and a CO2 cost. The results show that over 3% of the total transport fuel demand can be met by second generation biofuels at a cost of approximately 65-73 EUR/MWh. With current energy prices, this demands biofuel support comparable to existing tax exemptions (around 30 EUR/MWh), or a CO2 cost of around 60 EUR/tCO2. Parameters having large effect on biofuel production include feedstock availability, fossil fuel price and capital costs. It is concluded that in order to avoid suboptimal energy systems, heat and electricity applications should also be included when evaluating optimal bioenergy use. It is also concluded that while forceful policies promoting biofuels may lead to a high biofuel share at reasonable costs, this is not a certain path towards maximised CO2 emission mitigation. Policies aiming to promote the use of bioenergy thus need to be carefully designed in order to avoid conflicts between different parts of the EU targets for renewable energy and CO2 emission mitigation.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 29.
    Wetterlund, Elisabeth
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Energisystem. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Pettersson, Karin
    Chalmers.
    Harvey, Simon
    Chalmers.
    Systems analysis of integrating biomass gasification with pulp and paper production - Effects on economic performance, CO2 emissions and energy use2011Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 36, nr 2, s. 932-941Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper evaluates system aspects of biorefineries based on biomass gasification integrated with pulp and paper production. As a case the Billerud Karlsborg mill is used. Two biomass gasification concepts are considered: BIGDME (biomass integrated gasification dimethyl ether production) and BIGCC (biomass integrated gasification combined cycle). The systems analysis is made with respect to economic performance, global CO2 emissions and primary energy use. As reference cases. BIGDME and BIGCC integrated with district heating are considered. Biomass gasification is shown to be potentially profitable for the mill. The results are highly dependent on assumed energy market parameters, particularly policy support. With strong policies promoting biofuels or renewable electricity, the calculated opportunity to invest in a gasification-based biorefinery exceeds investment cost estimates from the literature. When integrated with district heating the BIGDME case performs better than the BIGCC case, which shows high sensitivity to heat price and annual operating time. The BIGCC cases show potential to contribute to decreased global CO2 emissions and energy use, which the BIGDME cases do not, mainly due to high biomass demand. As biomass is a limited resource, increased biomass use due to investments in gasification plants will lead to increased use of fossil fuels elsewhere in the system.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 30.
    Yahya, Muhammad
    et al.
    Univ Stavanger, Norway.
    Ghosh, Sajal
    Management Dev Inst Gurgaon, India.
    Kanjilal, Kakali
    Int Management Inst New Delhi, India.
    Dutta, Anupam
    Univ Vaasa, Finland.
    Uddin, Gazi Salah
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, Nationalekonomi. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
    Evaluation of cross-quantile dependence and causality between nonferrous metals and clean energy indexes2020Inngår i: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 202, artikkel-id 117777Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper analyzes the cross-quantile dependence and causality between non-ferrous metals and clean energy indices by employing data from November 2003 to May 2019. Specifically, we utilize the time-varying copulas to examine the asymmetric connectedness among the assets. Based on the assessed dependence, we utilize the time-static and time-varying cross-quantilogram approach to evaluate the asymmetric dependence across different quantiles. Finally, we employ a Granger-causality in quantiles analysis to assess the causal relationship across different quantiles of the return distributions of the underlying assets. By utilizing time-varying copulas, we report that the conditional dependence between the assets is time-varying and asymmetric with the potential for tail dependence. Our results from the cross-quantilogram analysis provide further evidence that the interconnectedness is asymmetric across quantiles, and it increases with the increase in lags. In addition, we report that extreme market conditions positively influence the dependence structure. Finally, our findings from Granger-causality in quantiles indicate bidirectional causality among assets that intensifies with the increase in lag order. These findings are important for governmental policies that aim at mitigating the impact of climate change by transforming the global energy landscape towards clean and renewable energy sources. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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