We present a two-dimensional model describing the elastic behaviour of the wall of a curved flexible pipe. The wall has a laminate structure consisting of several anisotropic layers of varying thickness and is assumed to be much smaller in thickness than the radius of the channel which itself is allowed to vary. Our two-dimensional model takes the interaction of the wall with any surrounding or supporting material and the fluid flow into account and is obtained via a dimension reduction procedure. The curvature and twist of the pipes axis as well as the anisotropy of the laminate wall present the main challenges in applying the dimension reduction procedure so plenty of examples of canonical shapes of pipes and their walls are supplied with explicit systems of differential equations at the end.
Steady, free-surface, vortical flows of an inviscid, incompressible, heavy fluid over a horizontal, rigid bottom are considered. All flows of constant depth are described for any Lipschitz vorticity distribution. It is shown that the values of Bernoullis constant, for which such flows exist, are greater than or equal to some critical value depending on the vorticity. For the critical value, only one flow exists and it is unidirectional. Supercritical flows exist for all values of Bernoullis constant greater than the critical one; every such flow is also unidirectional and its depth is smaller than that of the critical flow. Furthermore, at least one flow other than supercritical does exist for every value of Bernoullis constant greater than the critical one. It is found that for some vorticity distributions, the number of constant depth flows increases unrestrictedly as Bernoullis constant tends to infinity. However, all these flows, except for one or two, have counter-currents; their number depends on Bernoullis constant and increases by at least two every time when this constant becomes greater than a critical value (the above mentioned is the smallest of them), belonging to a sequence defined by the vorticity. A classification of vorticity distributions is presented; it divides all of them into three classes in accordance with the behaviour of some integral of the distribution on the interval [0, 1]. For distributions in the first class, a unidirectional subcritical flow exists for all admissible values of Bernoullis constant. For vorticity distributions belonging to the other two classes such a flow exists only when Bernoullis constant is less than a certain value. If Bernoullis constant is greater than this value, then at least one flow with counter-currents does exist along with the unidirectional supercritical flow. The second and third classes of vorticity distributions are distinguished from one another by the character of the counter-currents. If a distribution is in the second class, then a near-bottom counter-current is always present for sufficiently large values of Bernoullis constant. For distributions in the third class, a near-surface counter-current is always present for such values of the constant. Several examples illustrating the results are considered.
The two-dimensional free-boundary problem describing steady gravity waves with vorticity on water of finite depth is considered. Bounds for stream functions as well as free-surface profiles and the total head are obtained under the assumption that the vorticity distribution is a locally Lipschitz function. It is also shown that wave flows have countercurrents in the case when the infimum of the free surface profile exceeds a certain critical value.
We analyse 1D-3D elastic multi-structures defined as solids involving finite-size three-dimensional elastic regions connected with thin rods. In the limit, when the thickness of the thin rods tends to zero, one has a union of a three-dimensional region and a set of thin rods. Classes of degenerate and non-degenerate multi-structures are specified, and asymptotic expansions of solutions of mixed boundary-value problems of linear elasticity are constructed. Asymptotic analysis, given in this work, provides rigorous justification of the existing engineering pile-structure models, and it also enables one to construct new models of high accuracy.
In this article we develop a simple model to describe the evolution of a depositional wax layer on the inner surface of a circular pipe transporting heated oil, which contains dissolved wax. When the outer pipe surface is cooled sufficiently, the growth of a wax layer is initiated on the inner pipe wall, and this evolves to a saturated steady state thickness. The model proposed is based on fundamental balances of heat flow from the oil, into the wax layer, and across the pipe wall. We present an analysis of the model, examine a relevant asymptotic limit in which the full details of the solution to the model are available and develop an efficient numerical method (based on the method of fundamental solutions) for producing approximations of the model solution. The mathematical structure of the model is that of a free boundary evolution problem of generalised Stefan type.