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  • 1.
    Amandusson, Åsa
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cell Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Blomqvist, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cell Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Estrogen receptor-α expression in nociceptive-responsive neurons in the medullary dorsal horn of the female rat2010In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 14, no 3, p. 245-248Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Estrogens exert a substantial influence on the transmission of nociceptive stimuli and the susceptibility to pain disorders as made evident by studies in both animals and human subjects. The estrogen receptor (ER) seems to be of crucial importance to the cellular mechanisms underlying such an influence. However, it has not been clarified whether nociceptive neurons activated by pain express ERs. In this study, a noxious injection of formalin was given into the lower lip of female rats, thereby activating nociceptive neurons in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis as demonstrated by immunohistochemical labeling of Fos. Using a dual-label immunohistochemistry protocol ERα-containing cells were visualized in the same sections. In the superficial layers of the medullary dorsal horn, 12 % of ERα-labeled cells, mainly located in lamina II, also expressed noxious-induced Fos. These findings show that nociceptive-responsive neurons in the medullary dorsal horn express ERα, thus providing a possible morphological basis for the hypothesis that estrogens directly regulate pain transmission at this level.

  • 2.
    Andre, Malin
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, General Practice. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Lofvander, M
    Uppsala University, Sweden .
    A study of primary care physicians rating their immigrant patients pain intensity2013In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 17, no 1, p. 132-139Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background Few studies focus on how physicians evaluate pain in foreign-born patients with varying cultural backgrounds. This study aimed to compare pain ratings [visual analogue scale (VAS) 0100] done by Swedish primary care physicians and their patients, and to analyse which factors predicted physicians higher ratings of pain in patients aged 1845 years with long-standing disabling back pain. Methods The two physicians jointly carried out the somatic and psychiatric diagnostic evaluations and alternated as consulting doctor or observer. One-third of the consultations were interpreted. Towards the end of the consultations, the patients rated their pain intensity right now (patients VAS). After the patient had left, the two physicians independently rated how much pain they thought the patient had, without looking at the patients VAS score. The mean of the two doctors VAS values (physicians VAS) for each patient was used in the logistic regression calculations of odds ratios (OR) in main effect models for physicians VAS above median (md) with patients sex, education, origin, depression, psychosocial stress and pain sites as explanatory variables. Results Physicians VAS values were significantly lower (md 15) than patients VAS (md 66; women md 73, men md 52). The ratings showed no significant association with whether the physician was acting as consultant or observer. The higher physician VAS was only predicted by findings of multiple pain sites. Conclusions Physicians appear to overlook psychological and emotional aspects when rating the pain of patients from other cultural backgrounds. This finding highlights a potential problem in multicultural care settings.

  • 3.
    Boivie, Jörgen
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Neurology.
    Central pain and the role of quantitative sensory testing (QST) in research and diagnosis2003In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 7, no 4, p. 339-343Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    [No abstract available]

  • 4.
    Buhrman, M
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Sweden .
    Fredriksson, A
    Uppsala University, Sweden .
    Edstrom, G
    Uppsala University, Sweden .
    Shafiei, D
    Uppsala University, Sweden .
    Tarnqvist, C
    Uppsala University, Sweden .
    Ljotsson, B
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden .
    Hursti, T
    Uppsala University, Sweden .
    Gordh, T
    Uppsala University, Sweden .
    Andersson, Gisela
    Linköping University, Department of Social and Welfare Studies, NISAL - National Institute for the Study of Ageing and Later Life. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Guided Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for chronic pain patients who have residual symptoms after rehabilitation treatment: Randomized controlled trial2013In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 17, no 5, p. 753-765Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background Chronic pain can be treated with cognitive behavioural therapy delivered in multidisciplinary settings. However, relapse is likely, and there is a need for cost-effective secondary interventions for persons with residual problems after rehabilitation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a guided Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural intervention for patients who had completed multidisciplinary treatment at a pain management unit. Methods A total of 72 persons with residual pain problems were included in the study and were randomized to either treatment for 8 weeks or to a control group who were invited to participate in a moderated online discussion forum. The participants had different chronic pain conditions, and a majority were women (72%). Twenty-two percent of the participants dropped out of the study before the post-treatment assessment. Results Intent-to-treat analyses demonstrated differences on the catastrophizing subscale of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (Cohens d=0.70), in favour of the treatment group but a small within-group effect. Differences were also found on other measures of pain-related distress, anxiety and depressive symptoms. A 6-month follow-up exhibited maintenance of improvements. Conclusions We conclude that Internet-delivered treatment can be partly effective for persons with residual problems after completed pain rehabilitation.

  • 5.
    Bäckryd, Emmanuel
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Heilig, Markus
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Psykiatricentrum, Psykiatriska kliniken i Linköping.
    Hoffmann, Mikael
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Society and Health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Comment on Hauser et al.: Medical use of opioids in Europe - Methodological concerns about data from the International Narcotics Control Board2022In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 26, no 4, p. 937-938Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    n/a

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  • 6.
    Bäckryd, Emmanuel
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Do the potential benefits outweigh the risks? An update on the use of ziconotide in clinical practice2018In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 22, no 7, p. 1193-1202Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ziconotide is a selective and potent blocker of N-type voltage-gated calcium channels. It was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2004 and by the European Medicines Agency in 2005 for the treatment of severe chronic pain in patients needing intrathecal analgesia (ITA). The aim of this paper is to provide a practitioner-oriented, educational, narrative, up-to-date review on the use of ziconotide in clinical pain medicine. Of special concern regarding safety is the partial incongruity between dosing statements in the Summary ofProduct Characteristics and novel low-dosage, slow uptitration recommendations. Even though ziconotide has obvious advantages compared to opioids, pain practitioners pondering the use of ziconotide nonetheless have to balance its proved potential analgesic effect against its neurological side effects, with special consideration being given to dosing and neuropsychiatric dangers. Using a seesaw analogy, the paper discusses what factors pain physicians should weigh in when considering ziconotide as ITA drug, the non-opioid advantages of ziconotide being counterbalanced by its potential psychiatric side effects. Ziconotide is an important part of the armamentarium of modern interventional pain medicine. If ITA is deemed necessary, ziconotide is a rational alternative, at least in chronic (neuropathic) non-cancer pain. However, in many European countries, ziconotide treatment is only available in a few (if any) centres. The safety profile of ziconotide is not fundamentally more worrying than that of opioids or cannabinoids; it is just different. This paper provides a concise, up-to-date and clinically-oriented summary of the use of ziconotide in clinical practice, not least concerning safety and dosage issues.

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  • 7.
    Cöster, Lars
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Medicine, Department of Rheumatology in Östergötland.
    Kendall, Sally
    Multidisciplinary Pain Centre Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Gerdle, Björn
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rehabilitation Medicine . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Medicine, Pain and Rehabilitation Centre.
    Henriksson, Chris
    Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Linköping University.
    Henriksson, Karl-Gösta
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rehabilitation Medicine . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Medicine, Pain and Rehabilitation Centre.
    Bengtsson, Ann
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Medicine, Department of Rheumatology in Östergötland.
    Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain - A comparison of those who meet criteria for fibromyalgia and those who do not2008In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 12, no 5, p. 600-610Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Fibromyalgia is currently classified as chronic widespread pain with widespread allodynia to pressure pain. There are few data describing pain characteristics, quality of life, consequences for daily living, and psychosocial status in patients who meet the classification criteria for fibromyalgia proposed by the American College of Rheumatology compared with patients with chronic widespread pain but not widespread allodynia. This study used a randomly selected sample from the general population. A postal questionnaire and a pain mannequin were sent to 9952 people. The response rate was 76.7%. The pain drawings showed that 345 people had widespread pain, that is, they noted pain in all four extremities and axially. Clinical examination, which included a manual tender point examination, was performed in 125 subjects. These people answered commonly used questionnaires on pain, quality of life, coping strategies, depression, and anxiety. Compared with chronic widespread pain without widespread allodynia, fibromyalgia was associated with more severe symptoms/consequences for daily life and higher pain severity. Similar coping strategies were found. Chronic widespread pain without widespread allodynia to pressure pain was found in 4.5% in the population and fibromyalgia in 2.5%. © 2007 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain.

  • 8.
    Dong, Huan-Ji
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Larsson, Britt
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Fischer, Marcelo Rivano
    Lund Univ, Sweden; Skane Univ Hosp, Sweden.
    Gerdle, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Maintenance of quality of life improvement for patients with chronic pain and obesity after interdisciplinary multimodal pain rehabilitation - A study using the Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation2019In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 23, no 10, p. 1839-1849Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background Throughout the world many people have both obesity and chronic pain, comorbidities that decrease Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL). It is uncertain whether patients with comorbid obesity can maintain improved HRQoL after Interdisciplinary Multimodal Pain Rehabilitation (IMMPR). Methods Data from 2016, 2017, and 2018 were obtained from a national pain database for Swedish specialized pain clinics and collected at three time points: Pre-IMMPR; Post- IMMPR; and 12-month follow-up (FU-IMMPR). Participants (N = 872) reported body weight, height, pain aspects, and HRQoL (RAND 36-Item Health Survey). Severe obesity (Body Mass Index, BMI amp;gt;= 35 kg/m(2)) was defined according to WHO classifications. We used linear mixed regression models to examine BMI group differences in HRQoL over time. Results More than 25% of patients (224/872) were obese and nearly 30% (63/224) of these were severely obese. All BMI groups improved significantly in both physical and mental composites of HRQoL after IMMPR (Pre- vs. Post-IMMPR, p amp;lt; .001). The improvements were maintained at a 12-month follow-up (Post- vs. FU-IMMPR, p amp;gt; .05). The severe obesity group had the lowest physical health score and least improvement (pre- vs. FU-IMMPR, Cohens d = o.422, small effect size). Severe obesity had negative impact on physical health (beta = -4.39, p amp;lt; .05) after controlling for sociodemographic factors and pain aspects. Conclusion Improvements in HRQoL after IMMPR were achieved and maintained across all weights, including patients with comorbid obesity. Only severe obesity was negatively associated with physical health aspects of HRQoL. Significance Patients with chronic pain and comorbid obesity achieve sustained Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) improvements from Interdisciplinary Multimodal Pain Rehabilitation (IMMPR). This finding suggests that rehabilitation professionals should consider using IMMPR for patients with comorbid obesity even though their improvement may not reach the same level as for non-obese patients.

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  • 9.
    Dragioti, Elena
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Bernfort, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Health Care Analysis. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Larsson, Britt
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Gerdle, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Levin, Lars-Åke
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Health Care Analysis. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Association of insomnia severity with well-being, quality of life and health care costs: A cross-sectional study in older adults with chronic pain (PainS65+)2018In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 22, no 2, p. 414-425Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BackgroundInsomnia is one of the most common complaints in chronic pain. This study aimed to evaluate the association of insomnia with well-being, quality of life and health care costs. MethodsThe sample included 2790 older individuals (median age=76; interquartile range [IQR]=70-82) with chronic pain. The participants completed a postal survey assessing basic demographic data, pain intensity and frequency, height, weight, comorbidities, general well-being, quality of life and the insomnia severity index (ISI). Data on health care costs were calculated as costs per year (Euro prices) and measured in terms of outpatient and inpatient care, pain drugs, total drugs and total health care costs. ResultsThe overall fraction of clinical insomnia was 24.6% (moderate clinical insomnia: 21.9% [95% CI: 18.8-23.3]; severe clinical insomnia: 2.7% [95% CI: 1.6-3.2]). Persons who reported clinical insomnia were more likely to experience pain more frequently with higher pain intensity compared to those reported no clinically significant insomnia. Mean total health care costs were Euro 8469 (95% CI: Euro4029-Euro14,271) for persons with severe insomnia compared with Euro 4345 (95% CI: Euro4033-Euro4694) for persons with no clinically significant insomnia. An association between severe insomnia, well-being, quality of life, outpatient care, total drugs costs and total health care costs remained after controlling for age, sex, pain intensity, frequency, body mass index and comorbidities using linear regression models. ConclusionsOur results determine an independent association of insomnia with low health-related quality of life and increased health care costs in older adults with chronic pain. SignificanceThe concurrence and the severity of insomnia among older adults with chronic pain were associated with decreased well-being and quality of life, and increased health care costs to society.

  • 10.
    Dunn, James S.
    et al.
    Western Sydney Univ, Australia.
    Nagi, Saad
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Western Sydney Univ, Australia.
    Mahns, David A.
    Western Sydney Univ, Australia.
    Minocycline reduces experimental muscle hyperalgesia induced by repeated nerve growth factor injections in humans: A placebo-controlled double-blind drug-crossover study2020In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 24, no 6, p. 1138-1150Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background Hyperalgesia is a heightened pain response to a noxious stimulus and is a hallmark of many common neuropathic and chronic pain conditions. In a double-blind placebo-controlled drug-crossover trial, the effects of concomitant and delayed minocycline treatment on the initiation and resolution of muscle hyperalgesia were tested. Methods An initial cohort (n = 10) received repeated injections (5 mu g: days 0, 2 and 4) of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle of the forearm and pressure pain thresholds were collected at day 0 (control), day 7 (peak) and day 14 (recovery). A second cohort (n = 18) underwent an identical procedure, however, half received a placebo between days 0 and 7 before switching to minocycline from days 7 to 14 (P1/M2), while the remaining subjects received minocycline (day 0: 200mg then 100mg b.i.d. for 7 days) before switching to placebo (M1/P2). Results The initial cohort exhibited a diffuse muscular pain hypersensitivity with a decrease in pressure pain thresholds at day 7 before a partial return to normalcy at day 14. The P1/M2 treatment group exhibited an identical peak in hypersensitivity at day 7, however, after switching to minocycline in week 2 showed a significant reduction in muscle hyperalgesia compared with the initial cohort at day 14. The M1/P2 treatment group had significantly less (similar to 43%) hyperalgesia at day 7 compared with the other groups. Conclusions The study indicates that the administration of minocycline can reduce experimentally induced muscle pain regardless of the time of administration. Significance In a double-blind placebo-controlled drug-crossover study, the common antibiotic minocycline was found to reduce the muscle hyperalgesia induced by intramuscular injection of nerve growth factor. The results of the study showed that both concomitant (pre-emptive) and delayed administration of minocycline can ameliorate the onset and facilitate the resolution of experimentally induced muscle hyperalgesia.

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  • 11.
    Ernberg, M.
    et al.
    Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
    Castrillon, E.E.
    Aarhus University, Denmark.
    Ghafouri, Bijar
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Sinnescentrum, Pain and Rehabilitation Centre. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart and Medicine Centre, Occupational and Environmental Medicine Centre.
    Larsson, Britt
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Sinnescentrum, Pain and Rehabilitation Centre.
    Gerdle, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Sinnescentrum, Pain and Rehabilitation Centre.
    List, T.
    Malmö University, Sweden.
    Svensson, P.
    Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
    Experimental myalgia induced by repeated infusion of acidicsaline into the human masseter muscle does not cause the release of algesic substances2013In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 17, no 4, p. 539-550Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND:

    Animal studies have shown that two repeated intramuscular injections of acidic saline induce mechanical allodynia that lasts for 4 weeks with spread to the contralateral side. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that two repeated intramuscular infusions of acidic saline into the human masseter muscle is associated with pain, mechanical allodynia and release of algesic substances. Eighteen healthy volunteers participated. On day 1, 2.5 mL of acidic saline (pH 3.3) was infused into one of the masseter muscles and isotonic saline (pH 6.0) into the other (randomized and single-blind). Two days later, intramuscular microdialysis was performed to sample serotonin, glutamate, pyruvate, lactate and glucose, during which the saline infusions were repeated. Pain and pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were recorded before and after infusions on both days.

    RESULTS:

    Pain intensity induced by the infusions was higher after acidic than that after isotonic saline (p < 0.05). PPTs were decreased on both sides after microdialysis compared with baseline day 1 (p's < 0.05), but there were no differences in PPTs between sides at any time point. The levels of serotonin, glutamate, pyruvate, lactate or glucose did not change significantly during microdialysis.

    CONCLUSION:

    Infusion of acidic saline caused low levels of muscle pain, but no mechanical allodynia and no increased release of algesic substances. The value of this model appears modest, but future studies could be performed with larger sample size and higher flow rate before definite conclusions about the validity of the model for craniofacial myalgia can be drawn.

  • 12.
    Falla, D.
    et al.
    University Hospital Gottingen, Germany; University of Birmingham, England.
    Peolsson, Anneli
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Peterson, Gunnel
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Landén Ludvigsson, Maria
    Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy. Region Östergötland, Local Health Care Services in West Östergötland, Department of Rehabilitation in Motala.
    Soldini, E.
    University of Appl Science and Arts Southern Switzerland SUPSI, Switzerland.
    Schneebeli, A.
    University of Appl Science and Arts Southern Switzerland, Switzerland.
    Barbero, M.
    University of Appl Science and Arts Southern Switzerland, Switzerland.
    Perceived pain extent is associated with disability, depression and self-efficacy in individuals with whiplash-associated disorders2016In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 20, no 9, p. 1490-1501Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BackgroundCompletion of a pain drawing is a familiar task in those presenting with whiplash-associated disorders (WAD). Some people report pain almost over their entire body. Yet the reasons for larger pain extent have not been fully explored. MethodsA novel method was applied to quantify pain extent from the pain drawings of 205 individuals with chronic WAD. Pain extent was evaluated in relation to sex, age, educational level, insurance status and financial status. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to verify whether pain extent was associated with other health indicators including perceived pain and disability, health-related quality of life, pain catastrophizing, anxiety, depression and self-efficacy. ResultsPain extent was influenced by sex ((2):10.392, pamp;lt;0.001) with larger pain extent in women compared to men (7.887.66% vs. 5.406.44%). People with unsettled insurance claims ((2): 7.500, pamp;lt;0.05) and those with a worse financial situation ((2):12.223, pamp;lt;0.01) also had larger pain extent. Multiple linear regression models revealed that, when accounting for age, sex, education, insurance status, financial status and neck pain intensity, pain extent remained associated with perceived disability (pamp;lt;0.01), depression (pamp;lt;0.05) and self-efficacy (pamp;lt;0.001). ConclusionBy utilizing a novel method for pain extent quantification, this study shows that widespread pain is associated with a number of factors including perceived disability, depression and self-efficacy in individuals with chronic WAD. Widespread pain should alert the clinician to consider more specific psychological screening, particularly for depression and self-efficacy, in patients with WAD. What does this study add?Women with chronic WAD, those with unsettled insurance claims and those with poorer financial status perceive more widespread pain. When controlling for these factors, larger pain areas remain associated with perceived pain and disability, depression and self-efficacy. The pain drawing is useful to support psychological screening in people with chronic WAD.

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  • 13.
    Gerdle, Björn
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Björk, Mathilda
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Dahlström, Örjan
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Psychology. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Vixner, Linda
    School of Health and Welfare, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden.
    Ang, Bjorn O.
    School of Health and Welfare, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden; Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Research and Higher Education, Center for Clinical Research Dalarna, Uppsala University, Region Dalarna, Falun, Sweden.
    Senior authors' reply to the comment by Andréll et al2022In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 26, no 3, p. 766-767Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 14.
    Gerdle, Björn
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Björk, Mathilda
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Dahlström, Örjan
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Psychology. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Vixner, Linda
    Dalarna Univ, Sweden.
    Ang, Bjorn O.
    Dalarna Univ, Sweden; Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Senior authors reply to the comment by Rivano-Fischer and Stalnacke2022In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 26, no 2, p. 545-546Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    n/a

  • 15.
    Gerdle, Björn
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Forsgren, Mikael
    Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV). Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Radiation Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Center for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Radiation Physics.
    Bengtsson, Ann
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Rheumatology.
    Dahlqvist Leinhard, Olof
    Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV). Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Radiation Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Center for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Radiation Physics.
    Sören, B.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Rheumatology.
    Karlsson, Anette
    Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV). Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Instrumentation. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Brandejsky, Vaslav
    Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV). Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Radiation Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Center for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Radiation Physics.
    Lund, Eva
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Radiation Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Center for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Radiation Physics.
    Lundberg, Peter
    Linköping University, Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV). Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Radiological Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Center for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Radiation Physics. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Radiology in Linköping.
    Decreased muscle concentrations of ATP and PCR in the quadriceps muscle of fibromyalgia patients – A 31P-MRS study2013In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 17, no 8, p. 1205-1215Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND AND METHODS:

    Fibromyalgia (FMS) has a prevalence of approximately 2% in the population. Central alterations have been described in FMS, but there is not consensus with respect to the role of peripheral factors for the maintenance of FMS. 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) has been used to investigate the metabolism of phosphagens in muscles of FMS patients, but the results in the literature are not in consensus. The aim was to investigate the quantitative content of phosphagens and pH in resting quadriceps muscle of patients with FMS (n = 19) and in healthy controls (Controls; n = 14) using (31) P-MRS. It was also investigated whether the concentrations of these substances correlated with measures of pain and/or physical capacity.

    RESULTS:

    Significantly lower concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatinine (PCr; 28-29% lower) were found in FMS. No significant group differences existed with respect to inorganic phosphate (Pi), Pi/PCr and pH. The quadriceps muscle fat content was significantly higher in FMS than in Controls [FMS: 9.0 ± 0.5% vs. Controls: 6.6 ± 0.6%; (mean ± standard error); P = 0.005]. FMS had significantly lower hand and leg capacity according to specific physical test, but there were no group differences in body mass index, subjective activity level and in aerobic fitness. In FMS, the specific physical capacity in the leg and the hand correlated positively with the concentrations of ATP and PCr; no significant correlations were found with pain intensities.

    CONCLUSIONS:

    Alterations in intramuscular ATP, PCr and fat content in FMS probably reflect a combination of inactivity related to pain and dysfunction of muscle mitochondria.

  • 16.
    Gerdle, Björn
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rehabilitation Medicine . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Medicine, Pain and Rehabilitation Centre.
    Lemming, Dag
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rehabilitation Medicine . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Medicine, Pain and Rehabilitation Centre.
    Kristiansen, Jesper
    Cyncron A/S.
    Larsson, Britt
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rehabilitation Medicine . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Medicine, Pain and Rehabilitation Centre.
    Peolsson, Michael
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rehabilitation Medicine . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Rosendal, Lars
    National Research Centre for the Working Environment.
    Biochemical alterations in the trapezius muscle of patients with chronic whiplash associated disorders (WAD): A microdialysis study2008In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 12, no 1, p. 82-93Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The mechanisms behind the development of chronic trapezius myalgia in patients with whiplash associated disorders (WAD) appear to involve both peripheral and central components, but the specific contribution of alterations in muscle is not clear. Female patients with WAD and involvement of trapezius (N = 22) and female controls (N = 20; CON) were studied during an experiment compromised of rest (baseline), 20 min repetitive low-force exercise and 120 min recovery. Their interstitial concentrations of serotonin (5-HT), glutamate, lactate, pyruvate, potassium, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and blood flow were determined in the trapezius muscle using a microdialysis technique. Pressure pain thresholds (PPT) over trapezius and tibialis anterior muscles were also assessed. In WAD, we found signs of generalized hypersensitivity according to PPT. The WAD group had significantly higher interstitial [IL-6] and [5-HT] in the trapezius than the CON. [Pyruvate] was overall significantly lower in WAD, and with lactate it showed another time-pattern throughout the test. In the multivariate regression analysis of pain intensity [5-HT] was the strongest regressor and positively correlated with pain intensity in WAD. In addition, blood flow, [pyruvate], and [potassium] influenced the pain intensity in a complex time dependent way. These findings may indicate that peripheral nociceptive processes are activated in WAD with generalized hypersensitivity for pressure and they are not identical with those reported in chronic work-related trapezius myalgia, which could indicate different pain mechanisms.

  • 17.
    Grundström, Hanna
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Nursing Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics in Norrköping.
    Larsson, Britt
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Arendt-Nielsen, Lars
    Aalborg Univ, Denmark.
    Gerdle, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Kjölhede, Preben
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Children's and Women's health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center of Paediatrics and Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics in Linköping.
    Associations between pain thresholds for heat, cold and pressure, and Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire scores in healthy women and in women with persistent pelvic pain2019In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 23, no 9, p. 1631-1639Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background

    The Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire (PSQ) is a self‐rating instrument developed as a time‐ and cost‐saving alternative to quantitative sensory testing (QST). The aims of the study were to assess (a) the associations between PSQ scores and QST in women with persistent pelvic pain and in pain‐free controls and (b) to what extent demographic variables and psychological distress influenced PSQ scores.

    Methods

    Fifty‐five healthy women and 37 women with persistent pelvic pain participated. All filled in the PSQ and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and had QST (heat, cold and pressure pain thresholds) performed on six locations on the body. Information on age, body mass index, smoking habits and pain duration were collected. Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least square regressions were used.

    Results

    The patients scored significantly higher on PSQ than the controls. Significant multivariate correlations between pain thresholds and PSQ scores were found only in the patient group. In the patient group, the heat and cold pain thresholds correlated more strongly with PSQ scores than the pressure pain threshold.

    Conclusions

    The PSQ score was significantly higher in pelvic pain patients, and correlations between QSTs and the PSQ were only found for patients.

    Significance

    The PSQ reflects pain sensitivity in women with PPP and can be used as a non‐invasive and painless way to assess this condition in clinical practice.

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  • 18.
    Kalman, Sigga
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Anaesthesiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Österberg, Anders
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Neurology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Sörensen, Jan
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Anaesthesiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Boivie, Jörgen
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Neurology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Bertler, Åke
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Clinical Pharmacology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Morphine responsiveness in a group of well-defined multiple sclerosis patients: a study with i.v. morphine2002In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 6, no 1, p. 69-80Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Pain in multiple sclerosis (MS) is more common than has previously been believed. About 28% of all MS patients suffer from central pain (CP), a pain that is difficult to treat. In the present study we have investigated the responsiveness of this pain to morphine. Fourteen opioid-free patients (eight woman and six men) with constant, non-fluctuating, long-lasting CP caused by MS were investigated. Placebo (normal saline), morphine and naloxone were given intravenously in a standardized manner. The study design was non-randomized, single blind and placebo controlled. Ten patients experienced less than 50% pain reduction by placebo and less than 50% pain reduction by morphine. Four patients were opioid responders, i.e. had minimal or no effect on pain by placebo, >50% pain reduction after morphine and >25% pain increase after naloxone, given intravenously following morphine. However, this response was obtained after high doses of morphine (43 mg, 47 mg, 50 mg and 25 mg; mean 41 mg). Thus, compared with nociceptive pain, only a minority of the patients with CP due to MS responded to morphine and only at high doses. The present results are in accord with experimental studies indicating that neuropathic pain is poorly responsive but not totally unresponsive to opioids. The results do not support the routine use of strong opioids in MS patients with CP.

  • 19.
    Karlsson, Linn
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Gerdle, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Ghafouri, Bijar
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center.
    Bäckryd, Emmanuel
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Olausson, Patrik
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Ghafouri, Nazdar
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Larsson, Britt
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Intramuscular pain modulatory substances before and after exercise in women with chronic neck pain2015In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 19, no 8, p. 1075-1085Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BackgroundIn peripheral tissue, several substances influence pain and pain modulation. Exercise has been found to decrease pain and improve function for chronic pain conditions, but how and why exercise produces beneficial effects remains unclear. This study investigates whether aspects of pain and concentrations of substances with algesic, analgesic and metabolic functions differ between women with chronic neck shoulder pain (CNSP) and healthy women (CON) and whether changes are found after an exercise intervention for CNSP. MethodsForty-one women with CNSP and 24 CON subjects were included. The participants attended two microdialysis sessions with 4-6 months between the experiments. During this period, the CNSP subjects underwent an exercise intervention. Expression levels of substance P, beta-endorphin, cortisol, glutamate, lactate and pyruvate as well as pain intensity and pressure pain thresholds were analysed. ResultsAt baseline, higher concentrations of glutamate and beta-endorphin and lower concentrations of cortisol in CNSP than CON were found. After exercise, decreased levels of substance P and possibly of glutamate, increased levels of beta-endorphin and cortisol as well as decreased pain intensity and increased pain pressure thresholds were found for CNSP. ConclusionsThe findings at baseline indicated algesic and analgesic alterations in the painful trapezius muscles. The findings for CNSP after the exercise intervention, with changes in peripheral substances and decreased pain intensity and sensitivity, could reflect a long-term physiological effect of the exercise.

  • 20.
    Kemani, Mike
    et al.
    Karolinska University Hospital,Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden.
    Hesser, Hugo
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Psychology. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Olsson, Gunnar
    Karolinska University Hospital,Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden.
    Lekander, Mats
    Karolinska University Hospital,Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Wicksell, Rikard
    Karolinska University Hospital,Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Processes of change in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Applied Relaxation for longstanding pain2016In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 20, no 4, p. 521-531Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND:

    The utility of cognitive behavioural (CB) interventions for chronic pain has been supported in numerous studies. This includes Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), which has gained increased empirical support. Previous research suggests that improvements in pain catastrophizing and psychological inflexibility are related to improvements in treatment outcome in this type of treatment. Although a few studies have evaluated processes of change in CB-interventions, there is a particular need for mediation analyses that use multiple assessments to model change in mediators and outcome over time, and that incorporate the specified timeline between mediator and outcome in the data analytic model.

    METHODS:

    This study used session-to-session assessments to evaluate if psychological inflexibility, catastrophizing, and pain intensity mediated the effects of treatment on pain interference. Analyses were based on data from a previously conducted randomized controlled trial (n = 60) evaluating the efficacy of ACT and Applied Relaxation (AR). A moderated mediation model based on linear mixed models was used to analyse the data.

    RESULTS:

    Neither catastrophizing nor pain intensity mediated changes in pain interference for any of the treatments. In contrast, psychological inflexibility mediated effects on outcome in ACT but not in AR.

  • 21.
    Lafta, Muataz S.
    et al.
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Sokolov, Aleksandr V.
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Landtblom, Anne-Marie
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Neurobiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Ericson, Hans
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Schioeth, Helgi B.
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Abu Hamdeh, Sami
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden; Uppsala Univ Hosp, Sweden.
    Exploring biomarkers in trigeminal neuralgia patients operated with microvascular decompression: A comparison with multiple sclerosis patients and non-neurological controls2023In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BackgroundTrigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a severe facial pain condition often associated with a neurovascular conflict. However, neuroinflammation has also been implicated in TN, as it frequently co-occurs with multiple sclerosis (MS).MethodsWe analysed protein expression levels of TN patients compared to MS patients and controls. Proximity Extension Assay technology was used to analyse the levels of 92 proteins with the Multiplex Neuro-Exploratory panel provided by SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden. Serum and CSF samples were collected from TN patients before (n = 33 and n = 27, respectively) and after (n = 28 and n = 8, respectively) microvascular decompression surgery. Additionally, we included samples from MS patients (n = 20) and controls (n = 20) for comparison.ResultsIn both serum and CSF, several proteins were found increased in TN patients compared to either MS patients, controls, or both, including EIF4B, PTPN1, EREG, TBCB, PMVK, FKBP5, CD63, CRADD, BST2, CD302, CRIP2, CCL27, PPP3R1, WWP2, KLB, PLA2G10, TDGF1, SMOC1, RBKS, LTBP3, CLSTN1, NXPH1, SFRP1, HMOX2, and GGT5. The overall expression of the 92 proteins in postoperative TN samples seems to shift towards the levels of MS patients and controls in both serum and CSF, as compared to preoperative samples. Interestingly, there was no difference in protein levels between MS patients and controls.ConclusionsWe conclude that TN patients showed increased serum and CSF levels of specific proteins and that successful surgery normalizes these protein levels, highlighting its potential as an effective treatment. However, the similarity between MS and controls challenges the idea of shared pathophysiology with TN, suggesting distinct underlying mechanisms in these conditions.SignificanceThis study advances our understanding of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and its association with multiple sclerosis (MS). By analysing 92 protein biomarkers, we identified distinctive molecular profiles in TN patients, shedding light on potential pathophysiological mechanisms. The observation that successful surgery normalizes many protein levels suggests a promising avenue for TN treatment. Furthermore, the contrasting protein patterns between TN and MS challenge prevailing assumptions of similarity between the two conditions and point to distinct pathophysiological mechanisms.

  • 22.
    Landén Ludvigsson, Maria
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Local Health Care Services in West Östergötland, Department of Rehabilitation in Motala.
    Peterson, Gunnel
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Dedering, A.
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden; Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden.
    Falla, D.
    University Hospital Gottingen, Germany; University of Gottingen, Germany.
    Peolsson, Anneli
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Factors associated with pain and disability reduction following exercise interventions in chronic whiplash2016In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 20, no 2, p. 307-315Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BackgroundSome studies support the prescription of exercise for people with whiplash-associated disorders (WAD); however, the response is highly variable. Further research is necessary to identify factors which predict response. MethodsThis is a secondary analysis of a randomized, multicentre controlled clinical trial of 202 volunteers with chronic WAD (grades 2 and 3). They received either neck-specific exercise with, or without a behavioural approach, or prescription of physical activity for 12weeks. Treatment response, defined as a clinical important reduction in pain or disability, was registered after 3 and 12months, and factors associated with treatment response were explored using logistic regression. ResultsParticipation in the neck-specific exercise group was the only significant factor associated with both neck pain and neck disability reduction both at 3 and 12months. Patients in this group had up to 5.3 times higher odds of disability reduction and 3.9 times higher odds of pain reduction compared to those in the physical activity group. Different baseline features were identified as predictors of response depending on the time point examined and the outcome measure selected (pain vs. disability). ConclusionFactors associated with treatment response after exercise interventions differ in the short and long term and differ depending on whether neck pain or disability is considered as the primary outcome. Participation in a neck-specific exercise intervention, in contrast to general physical activity, was the only factor that consistently indicated higher odds of treatment success. These results support the prescription of neck-specific exercise for individuals with chronic WAD.

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  • 23.
    Larsson, B.
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Sinnescentrum, Pain and Rehabilitation Centre.
    Björk, J.
    Skåne University Hospital, Sweden .
    Börsbo, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Gerdle, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Sinnescentrum, Pain and Rehabilitation Centre.
    A systematic review of risk factors associated with transitioning from regional musculoskeletal pain to chronic widespread pain2012In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 16, no 8, p. 1084-1093Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Chronic widespread pain has limited treatment options and is associated with pronounced negative individual and socioeconomic consequences. Patients with local or regional pain may be at a risk for developing chronic widespread pain. Knowledge of such risk factors can help prevent chronic widespread pain. This study systematically reviews the literature that examines risk factors associated with developing chronic widespread after developing chronic regional pain. We conducted a three-step database search in Medline. Four articles from the authors files formed a core set of articles that were used to validate the search strategy. We conducted a systematic quality assessment of the included studies. Based on risk estimations reported in six prospective population-based studies and one retrospective study on pain, this study identified five risk factors: female sex, higher age, family history of pain, depressed mode and pain sites at baseline. As only a few studies were recovered, the impact of these factors is unclear. Spreading of pain from local or regional pain to widespread pain occurs in a large proportion of the general population. Few studies have addressed similar risk factors and the few risk factors associated with the transition from chronic regional pain to chronic widespread pain are inconsistent. Studies that focus on this transition have included few subjects and few possible risk factors. Future studies should explore more possible risk factors.

  • 24.
    Lemming, Dag
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rehabilitation Medicine . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Medicine, Pain and Rehabilitation Centre.
    Sörensen, Jan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rehabilitation Medicine . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Medicine, Pain and Rehabilitation Centre.
    Graven-Nielsen, Thomas
    Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Laboratory for Experimental Pain Research, Aalborg University, Denmark.
    Lauber, Rolf
    Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.
    Arendt-Nielsen, Lars
    Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Laboratory for Experimental Pain Research, Aalborg University, Denmark.
    Gerdle, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rehabilitation Medicine . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Medicine, Pain and Rehabilitation Centre.
    Managing chronic whiplash associated pain with a combination of low-dose opioid (remifentanil) and NMDA-antagonist (ketamine)2007In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 11, no 7, p. 719-732Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim was to investigate the efficacy of a combination of low-dose remifentanil (REMI) and ketamine (KET) compared to the single drugs and placebo (P) on whiplash associated pain (WAD) in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study.

    Twenty patients with chronic (>1 year) WAD were included. Four different drug combinations were tested in four sessions: placebo/placebo (P/P), placebo/remifentanil (P/REMI), ketamine/placebo (KET/P) and ketamine/remifentanil (KET/REMI). Target concentrations were 1 and 2 ng/ml (stepwise) for remifentanil and 100 ng/ml for ketamine.

    Habitual pain intensity was assessed on a visual analogue scale (VAS). Experimental pain was assessed with electrical stimulation (single and repeated) of tibialis anterior (TA) muscle, pressure pain algometry applied over infraspinatus (IS) and TA muscles and VAS scores after intramuscular hypertonic saline infusion in TA.

    KET/REMI significantly reduced habitual pain. KET/REMI infused at low REMI target concentration (1 ng/ml) significantly elevated electrical intramuscular pain thresholds (single and repeated). Pain thresholds to electrical stimulation were similarly increased by both P/REMI and KET/REMI at 2 ng/ml target concentration. Pressure pain thresholds were increased by both KET/REMI and P/REMI. VAS-scores after intramuscular saline were also similarly decreased by both REMI combinations. Seven out of 20 subjects were non-responders (<50% pain relief). No correlation was found between effects on spontaneous pain and experimental pain.

    KET/REMI showed an analgesic effect on habitual pain. Experimental pain was attenuated by both combinations containing the opioid, however, KET seemed to enhance the effect of REMI on electrical pain thresholds when a low REMI target concentration was used.

  • 25.
    Liew, Bernard X. W.
    et al.
    Univ Essex, England.
    Peolsson, Anneli
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Falla, Deborah
    Univ Birmingham, England.
    Cleland, Joshua A.
    Tufts Univ, MA 02111 USA.
    Scutari, Marco
    Ist Dalle Molle Studi Intelligenza Artificiale ID, Switzerland.
    Kierkegaard, Marie
    Karolinska Univ Hosp, Sweden; Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Dedering, Asa
    Karolinska Univ Hosp, Sweden; Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Mechanisms of recovery after neck-specific or general exercises in patients with cervical radiculopathy2021In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 25, no 5, p. 1162-1172Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background The mechanisms of action that facilitate improved outcomes after conservative rehabilitation are unclear in individuals with cervical radiculopathy (CR). This study aims to determine the pathways of recovery of disability with different exercise programs in individuals with CR. Methods We analysed a dataset of 144 individuals with CR undergoing conservative rehabilitation. Eleven variables collected at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months follow-up were used to build a Bayesian Network (BN) model: treatment group (neck-specific vs. general exercises), age, sex, self-efficacy, catastrophizing, kinesiophobia, anxiety, neck-arm pain intensity, headache pain intensity and disability. The model was used to quantify the contribution of different mediating pathways on the outcome of disability at 12th months. Results All modelled variables were conditionally independent from treatment groups. A one-point increase in anxiety at 3rd month was associated with a 2.45-point increase in 12th month disability (p &lt;.001). A one-point increase in head pain at 3rd month was associated with a 0.08-point increase in 12th month disability (p &lt;.001). Approximately 83% of the effect of anxiety on disability was attributable to self-efficacy. Approximately 88% of the effect of head pain on disability was attributable to neck-arm pain. Conclusions No psychological or pain-related variables mediated the different treatment programs with respect to the outcome of disability. Thus, the specific characteristics investigated in this study did not explain the differences in mechanisms of effect between neck-specific training and prescribed physical activity. The present study provides candidate modifiable mediators that could be the target of future intervention trials. Significance Psychological and pain characteristics did not differentially explain the mechanism of effect that two exercise regimes had on disability in individuals with cervical radiculopathy. In addition, we found that improvements in self-efficacy was approximately five times more important than that of neck-arm pain intensity in mediating the anxiety-disability relationship. A mechanistic understanding of recovery provides candidate modifiable mediators that could be the target of future intervention trials. Trials registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01547611.

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  • 26.
    Liew, Bernard X W
    et al.
    University of Essex, United Kingdom.
    Peolsson, Anneli
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Scutari, Marco
    IDSIA, Switzerland.
    Löfgren, Håkan
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Ryhov Hospital, Region Jönköping.
    Wibault, Johanna
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Activity and Health.
    Dedering, Åsa
    Karolinska Univ Hosp, Sweden; Karolinska Inst, Sweden..
    Öberg, Birgitta
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Zsigmond, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Neurosurgery.
    Falla, Deborah
    University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.
    Probing the mechanisms underpinning recovery in post-surgical patients with cervical radiculopathy using Bayesian networks2020In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 24, no 5, p. 909-920Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Rehabilitation approaches should be based on an understanding of the mechanisms underpinning functional recovery. Yet, the mediators that drive an improvement in post-surgical pain-related disability in individuals with cervical radiculopathy (CR) are unknown. The aim of the present study is to use Bayesian networks (BN) to learn the probabilistic relationships between physical and psychological factors, and pain-related disability in CR.

    METHODS: We analysed a prospective cohort dataset of 201 post-surgical individuals with CR. In all, 15 variables were used to build a BN model: age, sex, neck muscle endurance, neck range of motion, neck proprioception, hand grip strength, self-efficacy, catastrophizing, depression, somatic perception, arm pain intensity, neck pain intensity and disability.

    RESULTS: A one point increase in a change of self-efficacy at 6 months was associated with a 0.09 point decrease in a change in disability at 12 months (t = -64.09, p < .001). Two pathways led to a change in disability: a direct path leading from a change in self-efficacy at 6 months to disability, and an indirect path which was mediated by neck and arm pain intensity changes at 6 and 12 months.

    CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to apply BN modelling to understand the mechanisms of recovery in post-surgical individuals with CR. Improvements in pain-related disability was directly and indirectly driven by changes in self-efficacy levels. The present study provides potentially modifiable mediators that could be the target of future intervention trials. BN models could increase the precision of treatment and outcome assessment of individuals with CR.

    SIGNIFICANCE: Using Bayesian Network modelling, we found that changes in self-efficacy levels at 6-month post-surgery directly and indirectly influenced the change in disability in individuals with CR. A mechanistic understanding of recovery provides potentially modifiable mediators that could be the target of future intervention trials.

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  • 27.
    Liljencrantz, J.
    et al.
    University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Strigo, I.
    VA San Francisco Healthcare Syst, CA USA; University of Calif San Francisco, CA 94143 USA.
    Ellingsen, D. M.
    Harvard Medical Sch, MA USA; University of Oslo, Norway.
    Kraemer, H. H.
    Justus Liebig University, Germany.
    Lundblad, L. C.
    University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Nagi, Saad
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Western Sydney University, Australia.
    Leknes, S.
    University of Gothenburg, Sweden; University of Oslo, Norway.
    Olausson, Håkan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Slow brushing reduces heat pain in humans2017In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 21, no 7, p. 1173-1185Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: C-tactile (CT) afferents are unmyelinated low-threshold mechanoreceptors optimized for signalling affective, gentle touch. In three separate psychophysical experiments, we examined the contribution of CT afferents to pain modulation. Methods: In total, 44 healthy volunteers experienced heat pain and CT optimal (slow brushing) and CT sub-optimal (fast brushing or vibration) stimuli. Three different experimental paradigms were used: Concurrent application of heat pain and tactile (slow brushing or vibration) stimulation; Slow brushing, applied for variable duration and intervals, preceding heat pain; Slow versus fast brushing preceding heat pain. Results: Slow brushing was effective in reducing pain, whereas fast brushing or vibration was not. The reduction in pain was significant not only when the CT optimal touch was applied simultaneously with the painful stimulus but also when the two stimuli were separated in time. For subsequent stimulation, the pain reduction was more pronounced for a shorter time interval between brushing and pain. Likewise, the effect was more robust when pain was preceded by a longer duration of brush stimulation. Strong CT-related pain reduction was associated with low anxiety and high calmness scores obtained by a state anxiety questionnaire. Conclusions: Slow brushing - optimal for CT activation - is effective in reducing pain from cutaneous heating. The precise mechanisms for the pain relief are as yet unknown but possible mechanisms include inhibition of nociceptive projection neurons at the level of the dorsal horn as well as analgesia through cortical mechanisms.

  • 28.
    LoMartire, Riccardo
    et al.
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Björk, Mathilda
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Dahlström, Örjan
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Psychology. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Constan, Lea
    Konstfack Univ Arts Crafts & Design, Sweden.
    Frumento, Paolo
    Univ Pisa, Italy.
    Vixner, Linda
    Dalarna Univ, Sweden.
    Gerdle, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Äng, Björn O.
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Uppsala Univ, Sweden; Dalarna Univ, Sweden.
    The value of interdisciplinary treatment for sickness absence in chronic pain: A nationwide register-based cohort study2021In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 25, no 10, p. 2190-2201Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background Interdisciplinary treatment (IDT) is an internationally recommended intervention for chronic pain, despite inconclusive evidence of its effects on sickness absence. Methods With data from 25,613 patients in Swedish specialist healthcare, we compared sickness absence, in the form of both sick leave and disability pensions, over a 5-year period between patients either allocated to an IDT programme or to other/no interventions (controls). To obtain population-average estimates, a Markov multistate model with theory-based inverse probability weights was used to compute both the proportion of patients on sickness absence and the total sickness absence duration. Results IDT patients were more likely than controls to receive sickness absence benefits at any given time (baseline: 49% vs. 46%; 5-year follow-up: 36% vs. 35%), and thereby also had a higher total duration, with a mean (95% CI) of 67 (87, 48) more days than controls over the 5-year period. Intriguingly, sick leave was higher in IDT patients (563 [552, 573] vs. 478 [466, 490] days), whereas disability pension was higher in controls (152 [144, 160] vs. 169 [161, 178] days). Conclusion Although sickness absence decreased over the study period in both IDT patients and controls, we found no support for IDT decreasing sickness absence more than other/no interventions in chronic pain patients. Significance In this large study of chronic pain patients in specialist healthcare, sickness absence is compared over a 5-year period between patients in an interdisciplinary treatment programme and other/no interventions. Sickness absence decreased over the study period in bothgroups; however, there was no support forthat it decreased more with interdisciplinary treatment than alternative interventions.

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  • 29.
    Löfgren, Håkan
    et al.
    Department of Neuro-Orthopedic Surgery, Ryhov Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Larsson, Romy
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Orthopaedics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Larsson, Sven-Erik
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Orthopaedics. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Outcome of surgery for cervical radiculopathy evaluated by determination of trapezius muscle microcirculation and electromyography2001In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 5, no 1, p. 39-48Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Surgery for cervical radiculopathy was evaluated in 27 patients after anterior Cloward procedure (19 patients) or posterior decompression (eight patients). In addition, we examined 10 conservatively treated patients. Each patient was studied prospectively with regards to the effects on microcirculation in the local trapezius muscle during a fatiguing series of stepwise increased contractions. The right and left muscles were simultaneously examined pre-operatively and postoperatively after 9 months using laser-Doppler flowmetry and simultaneous surface electromyography (EMG). Preoperatively, a reduced microcirculation was found in the most painful side compared with the opposite side. This is in accordance with earlier reports on patients with chronic neurogenic neck pain, who also show reduced muscle tension on EMG. Postoperatively, the muscle blood flow became increased, but only in patients operated on via a posterior approach. A tendency at increased EMG-amplitude and reduced mean power frequency of the EMG was noted. These EMG signs of muscle fatigue suggest increased ability to exhaust the trapezius muscle postoperatively. The observed postoperative changes were consistently more frequent in the less painful side. We conclude from these objective measurements showing only a tendency at increased microcirculation and muscle tension postoperatively, that the effect on the trapezius muscle is limited. (C) 2001 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain.

  • 30.
    Morelius, Evalotte
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Theodorsson, Elvar
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry.
    Nelson, Nina
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatrics . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Paediatrics in Linköping.
    Stress at three-month immunization: Parents and infants salivary cortisol response in relation to the use of pacifier and oral glucose2009In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 13, no 2, p. 202-208Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aims of the present study were to investigate (1) whether the salivary cortisol response could be dampened during a routine three-month immunization if the infant received sweet-tasting solution in combination with a pacifier and (2) stress experienced by parents during immunization of the infant. Ninety-eight infants were included into one of four intervention groups: glucose and pacifier, water and pacifier, glucose, or water. Saliva was collected before and 30 min after the immunization. Infants crying-time and parents self-reported stress (VAS) were measured before and after immunization, Infants in the pacifier and glucose group had a significantly smaller change in salivary cortisol than infants in the other groups (F-3.72 = 3.1, p < 0.05). In the glucose and pacifier group the median salivary cortisol levels decreased 33% after the immunization. In the water and pacifier, glucose, and water group median cortisol increased with 50%, 42%, and 8%, respectively. No significant differences in crying-time were observed between the intervention groups. If the infant cried before the immunization, the crying-time during the immunization was longer (p < 0.01) and cortisol increased more (p < 0.05). Median cortisol levels for parents decreased after the immunization (p < 0.01). Median VAS increased 50% (p < 0.0001) after immunization. First time parents rated higher stress on VAS before immunization (p < 0.01). Parents change in cortisol and VAS were significantly related to infants crying time. In conclusion, the combination of oral glucose and pacifier dampen infants salivary cortisol in response to the three-month immunization.

  • 31.
    Shimada, A.
    et al.
    Aarhus University, Denmark; SCON, Denmark.
    Castrillon, E. E.
    Aarhus University, Denmark; SCON, Denmark.
    Baad-Hansen, L.
    Aarhus University, Denmark; SCON, Denmark.
    Ghafouri, Bijar
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Gerdle, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Wåhlén, Karin
    Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Ernberg, M.
    SCON, Denmark; Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
    Cairns, B. E.
    University of British Columbia, Canada.
    Svensson, P.
    Aarhus University, Denmark; SCON, Denmark.
    Increased pain and muscle glutamate concentration after single ingestion of monosodium glutamate by myofascial temporomandibular disorders patients2016In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 20, no 9, p. 1502-1512Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BackgroundA randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was conducted to investigate if single monosodium glutamate (MSG) administration would elevate muscle/serum glutamate concentrations and affect muscle pain sensitivity in myofascial temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients more than in healthy individuals. MethodsTwelve myofascial TMD patients and 12 sex- and age-matched healthy controls participated in two sessions. Participants drank MSG (150mg/kg) or NaCl (24mg/kg; control) diluted in 400mL of soda. The concentration of glutamate in the masseter muscle, blood plasma and saliva was determined before and after the ingestion of MSG or control. At baseline and every 15min after the ingestion, pain intensity was scored on a 0-10 numeric rating scale. Pressure pain threshold, pressure pain tolerance (PPTol) and autonomic parameters were measured. All participants were asked to report adverse effects after the ingestion. ResultsIn TMD, interstitial glutamate concentration was significantly greater after the MSG ingestion when compared with healthy controls. TMD reported a mean pain intensity of 2.8/10 at baseline, which significantly increased by 40% 30min post MSG ingestion. At baseline, TMD showed lower PPTols in the masseter and trapezius, and higher diastolic blood pressure and heart rate than healthy controls. The MSG ingestion resulted in reports of headache by half of the TMD and healthy controls, respectively. ConclusionThese findings suggest that myofascial TMD patients may be particularly sensitive to the effects of ingested MSG. What does this study add? Elevation of interstitial glutamate concentration in the masseter muscle caused by monosodium glutamate (MSG) ingestion was significantly greater in myofascial myofascial temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients than healthy individuals. This elevation of interstitial glutamate concentration in the masseter muscle significantly increased the intensity of spontaneous pain in myofascial TMD patients.

  • 32.
    Taneja, Pankaj
    et al.
    Aarhus Univ, Denmark; SCON, Denmark.
    Olausson, Håkan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology.
    Trulsson, Mats
    SCON, Denmark; Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Vase, Lene
    Aarhus Univ, Denmark.
    Svensson, Peter
    Aarhus Univ, Denmark; SCON, Denmark; Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Baad-Hansen, Lene
    Aarhus Univ, Denmark; SCON, Denmark.
    Assessment of experimental orofacial pain, pleasantness and unpleasantness via standardized psychophysical testing2019In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 23, no 7, p. 1297-1308Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background Somatosensory assessment within the orofacial region may be performed using highly standardized quantitative sensory testing (QST). However, the function of the C-tactile (CT) afferent, a nerve fibre linked to the perception of pleasant touch, is usually not evaluated. Furthermore, the perception of unpleasantness is also rarely assessed, a dimension not only limited to a painful experience. Therefore, the primary aim was to apply standardized QST stimuli as well as standardized pleasant stimuli and evaluate their potential capacity for evocation of perceived pain, pleasant and unpleasant sensations in the facial region. Methods Twenty-one female participants underwent QST as per the protocol derived from the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain. For the first time, two modified protocols were used to investigate stimuli for perceived pleasantness and unpleasantness. Results Thermal stimuli provided separate thresholds for each sensation. From certain mechanical stimuli (e.g., vibration), overlap between the perceived sensations of pleasantness and unpleasantness was identified. It was not possible to evoke only an unpleasant sensation without a painful contribution, and both these sensations increased significantly when utilizing an increasing pinprick force (p amp;lt; 0.011). Between dynamic stimuli, the brush was rated as significantly more pleasant than the cotton wool tip (p = 0.015). A quadratic model provided the best fit for velocity against mean pleasantness ratings (R-2 = 0.62 +/- 0.08), supporting previous CT afferent literature to some extent. Conclusion Stimuli were generally not isolated to one sensation, highlighting the multidimensional construct of stimulus perception and the need for scales to capture this. Significance The battery of QST tests from the DFNS protocol has been modified to investigate pleasant and unpleasant sensations. This allows the evaluation of psychophysical properties across standardized dimensions to provide a thorough view of somatosensory function and to better understand the affective spectrum of somatosensory function.

  • 33.
    Wahlund, Kerstin
    et al.
    Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of Oral Surgery UHL.
    List, Thomas
    Malmö University.
    Ohrbach, Richard
    University of Buffalo.
    The relationship between somatic and emotional stimuli: a comparison between adolescents with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and a control group2005In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 9, no 2, p. 219-227Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The overall purpose of this study was to determine whether adolescents with chronic temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain are more sensitive to all types of somatic and emotional stimuli compared with a matched healthy control group. Sixty adolescents, 8 boys and 52 girls ranging from 12 to 18 years, participated in the study. Thirty of the subjects exhibited TMD, reporting pain of at least 3 months duration. The age- and gender-matched control group consisted of 30 dental recall patients who reported TMD pain less than once a week. All participants completed a 40-item questionnaire comprising 10 items each of pleasant and aversive qualities crossed with somatic and emotional forms of stimuli The items, a selection of a broad range of familiar stimuli by a panel of experts, were rated based on intensity of experience (0-10, numerical rating scale). Well-fitting items that formed a valid construct within each of the four domains were selected using Rasch analysis The results showed that adolescents with TMD pain reported significantly greater sensitivity (p less than 0.05) to aversive somatic and pleasant somatic stimuli than the controls. The differences between groups for the aversive emotional and pleasant emotional stimuli were non-significant. These findings suggest that chronic TMD pain states in adolescents are accompanied by amplification of bodily, but not purely emotional stimuli and that cognitive systems are implicated, not only an alteration of the nociceptive systems.

  • 34.
    Wallin, Mia
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Social and Welfare Studies. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rehabilitation Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Raak, Ragnhild
    Linköping University, Department of Social and Welfare Studies. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Quality of life in subgroups of individuals with whiplash associated disorders2008In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 12, no 7, p. 842-849Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: The term whiplash associated disorders (WAD) includes a wide range of complaints, with neck pain as predominating symptom. Living with long term pain influences quality of life. In previous studies of other chronic pain patients, subgrouping has been made according to thermal pain thresholds measured in quantitative sensory testing (QST).

    Aims: The aims of the present study are threefold, (1) to evaluate thermal pain thresholds and health related quality of life in WAD patients compared to healthy pain-free individuals, (2) to explore whether subgrouping of the WAD patients is possible according to thermal pain thresholds over trapezius, and if so (3) to explore differences between the subgroups.

    Methods: Twenty-six patients with WAD and 18 healthy pain-free controls took part in the study. Thermal pain thresholds were measured in two sites (over the thenar and the trapezius muscle) using quantitative sensory testing (QST). Health related quality of life (HRQoL) was assessed using the SF-36. The visual analogue scale was used to rate pain intensity and unpleasantness related to the experimental situation.

    Results: WAD patients are more sensitive to thermal pain, and scored lower on the SF-36 in all scales when compared with healthy pain-free individuals. After analyzing clusters (K-means algorithm) two subgroups of WAD emerge, pain insensitive and pain sensitive. The pain insensitive group differed significantly from the pain sensitive group in the Role Emotional subscale of SF-36 (p=0.025).

    Conclusions: Thermal pain hyperalgesia, especially for cold, seems to be a determinant for subgrouping WAD patients. These results support that such a classification of a heterogenous group could be of importance in tailoring treatment and early interventions.

  • 35.
    Wiklund, Tobias
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Gerdle, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Linton, Steven J.
    Orebro Univ, Sweden.
    Dragioti, Elena
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Larsson, Britt
    Linköping University, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Division of Prevention, Rehabilitation and Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Insomnia is a risk factor for spreading of chronic pain: A Swedish longitudinal population study (SwePain)2020In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 24, no 7, p. 1348-1356Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background Recent evidence suggests that insomnia negatively influences the occurrence of generalized pain. This study examined whether insomnia is a risk factor for the transition from local pain (LP) to generalized pain (i.e. spreading of pain). Methods This longitudinal study, with a follow-up of 24 months, included 959 participants (mean age: 55.8 years;SD: 13.9) with local or regional pain at baseline. Participants were grouped by insomnia symptoms as measured by the Insomnia Severity Index. Spreading of pain was measured by body manikins based on the spatial distribution of pain on the body. We defined two outcome categories; one with relatively localized pain (i.e. LP and moderate regional pain [MRP]), and one with relatively generalized pain (i.e. substantial regional pain and widespread pain [WSP]). Baseline age, sex, education, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, catastrophizing, pain intensity and spread of pain were also included in the Generalized Linear Model analysis. Results The unadjusted model showed that the risk of spreading of pain increased with an increase in insomnia symptoms (no insomnia: 55.4%; subthreshold insomnia: 25.4% moderate insomnia: 16.5% and severe insomnia: 2.7%). The risk increased in a dose-dependent manner; moderate insomnia risk ratio (RR) 2.34 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.34-4.09) and severe insomnia RR 4.13 (95% CI: 1.56-10.92). The results were maintained in the fully adjusted model although MRP was the strongest predictor RR 6.95 (95% CI: 3.11-15.54). Conclusion Our findings show a strong prospective relationship between insomnia symptoms and the transition from relatively localized to generalized pain. Significance This study shows that people with LP conditions are at much higher risk of developing WSP if they also have significant insomnia symptoms. The elevated risk is evident after 24 months and increases in a dose-dependent manner regarding the degree of exposure to insomnia symptoms. Local pain conditions are quite common in primary care, and an evaluation of the insomnia symptoms is highly recommended since the most common sleep problems can be treated effectively if detected.

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  • 36.
    Österberg, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Boivie, Jörgen
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Central pain in multiple sclerosis: sensory abnormalities2010In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 14, no 1, p. 104-110Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Many patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) develop central neuropathic pain (CP). In the present study somatosensory abnormalities have been analysed in detail in 62 patients with MS and CP (42 women, 20 men; mean age 52 years) and in a control group of 10 women and 6 men (mean age 47 years) with MS and sensory symptoms, but without pain.

    Assessment included clinical testing and quantitative methods (QST) for the measurement of perception thresholds for touch, vibration, and temperatures.

    All CP patients except two (97%) had abnormal thresholds for innoxious and/or noxious temperatures, compared to 81% in the control group (p < 0.05). There was a tendency towards the opposite regarding sensibility to touch, which was decreased in 66% vs. 87% (n.s.), vibration (55% vs. 81%; n.s.) and to joint movement (32% vs. 62%; p < 0.04).

    Comparisons between painful and non-painful regions showed both the absolute threshold values and the index values to be significantly more abnormal, in the CP regions, for warmth (p < 0.001), cold (p < 0.05), difference limen (innoxious warmth and cold, p < 0.01), cold pain (p < 0.01) and heat pain/cold pain combined (p < 0.001).

    Also the comparisons between regions with central pain and regions with sensory symptoms in the controls showed significantly more abnormal thresholds in the CP patients for warmth (p < 0.05), cold (p < 0.01), difference limen (innoxious warmth and cold, p < 0.01) and heat pain/cold pain combined (p < 0.001).

    The results support the general hypothesis that only patients who have lesions affecting the spinothalamo-cortical pathways run the risk of developing central pain.

  • 37.
    Österberg, Anders
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Neurology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Boivie, Jörgen
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Neurology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Thoumas, K-Å
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Radiology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Central pain in multiple sclerosis: prevalence and clinical characteristics2005In: European Journal of Pain, ISSN 1090-3801, E-ISSN 1532-2149, Vol. 9, no 5, p. 531-542Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Pain is more common in multiple sclerosis (MS) than has previously been recognised. In the present study we have investigated the occurrence of central pain (CP) in MS and defined its characteristics. Questionnaires were sent to all 429 patients with definite MS in the patient register at our neurology department. All admitting to pain were interviewed and offered an extended interview and examination. Three hundred and sixty four patients responded (86%), of whom 57.5% reported pain during the course of their disease (21% nociceptive, 2% peripheral neuropathic and 1% related to spasticity). One hundred patients (27.5%) had CP, including 18 patients (4.9%) with trigeminal neuralgia.

    The non-trigeminal CP was, in 87%, located in the lower and in 31% in the upper extremities. It was mostly bilateral (76%) and constant, with 88% experiencing daily pain. Only 2% had paroxysmal attacks. Aching, burning, pricking were the commonest qualities. The pain was intense with small to moderate spontaneous variation. In 5.5% of all patients (20% of the patients with CP), pain was a presenting symptom, alone or in combination with other symptoms.

    The most common neurological symptoms/signs besides CP were sensory abnormalities (98%, dominated by abnormal sensibility to painful stimulus and temperature). Trigeminal neuralgia in MS started later in life and after longer disease duration than non-trigeminal pain. Both types of CP existed either chronically or as a feature of relapse. Central pain is thus an important symptom in MS (around 30%) and causes much suffering.

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