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  • 1.
    Abdulla, Parosh Aziz
    et al.
    Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Atig, Mohamed Faouzi
    Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Chen, Yu-Fang
    Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taiwan.
    Holik, Lukas
    Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic.
    Rezine, Ahmed
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Rümmer, Philipp
    Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Stenman, Jari
    Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
    String Constraints for Verification2014Ingår i: 26th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification (CAV 2014), Vienna, Austria, Jul. 9-12, 2014., Berlin: Springer, 2014, s. 150-166Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a decision procedure for a logic that combines (i) word equations over string variables denoting words of arbitrary lengths, together with (ii) constraints on the length of words, and on (iii) the regular languages to which words belong. Decidability of this general logic is still open. Our procedure is sound for the general logic, and a decision procedure for a particularly rich fragment that restricts the form in which word equations are written. In contrast to many existing procedures, our method does not make assumptions about the maximum length of words. We have developed a prototypical implementation of our decision procedure, and integrated it into a CEGAR-based model checker for the analysis of programs encoded as Horn clauses. Our tool is able to automatically establish the correctness of several programs that are beyond the reach of existing methods.

  • 2.
    Abdulla, Parosh Aziz
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Atig, Mohamed Faouzi
    Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Chen, Yu-Fang
    Academia Sinica, Taiwan.
    Leonardsson, Carl
    Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Rezine, Ahmed
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Automatic fence insertion in integer programs via predicate abstraction2012Ingår i: Static Analysis: 19th International Symposium, SAS 2012, Deauville, France, September 11-13, 2012. Proceedings / [ed] Antoine Miné, David Schmidt, Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, 2012, s. 164-180Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    We propose an automatic fence insertion and verification framework for concurrent programs running under relaxed memory. Unlike previous approaches to this problem, which allow only variables of finite domain, we target programs with (unbounded) integer variables. The problem is difficult because it has two different sources of infiniteness: unbounded store buffers and unbounded integer variables. Our framework consists of three main components: (1) a finite abstraction technique for the store buffers, (2) a finite abstraction technique for the integer variables, and (3) a counterexample guided abstraction refinement loop of the model obtained from the combination of the two abstraction techniques. We have implemented a prototype based on the framework and run it successfully on all standard benchmarks together with several challenging examples that are beyond the applicability of existing methods.

  • 3.
    Abdulla, Parosh Aziz
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Atig, Mohamed Faouzi
    Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Chen, Yu-Fang
    Academia Sinica, Taiwan.
    Leonardsson, Carl
    Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Rezine, Ahmed
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Memorax, a Precise and Sound Tool for Automatic Fence Insertion under TSO2013Ingår i: Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems: 19th International Conference, TACAS 2013, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2013, Rome, Italy, March 16-24, 2013. Proceedings, Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, 2013, s. 530-536Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    We introduce MEMORAX, a tool for the verification of control state reachability (i.e., safety properties) of concurrent programs manipulating finite range and integer variables and running on top of weak memory models. The verification task is non-trivial as it involves exploring state spaces of arbitrary or even infinite sizes. Even for programs that only manipulate finite range variables, the sizes of the store buffers could grow unboundedly, and hence the state spaces that need to be explored could be of infinite size. In addition, MEMORAX in- corporates an interpolation based CEGAR loop to make possible the verification of control state reachability for concurrent programs involving integer variables. The reachability procedure is used to automatically compute possible memory fence placements that guarantee the unreachability of bad control states under TSO. In fact, for programs only involving finite range variables and running on TSO, the fence insertion functionality is complete, i.e., it will find all minimal sets of memory fence placements (minimal in the sense that removing any fence would result in the reachability of the bad control states). This makes MEMORAX the first freely available, open source, push-button verification and fence insertion tool for programs running under TSO with integer variables.

  • 4.
    Abdulla, Parosh Aziz
    et al.
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Atig, Mohamed Faouzi
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Chen, Yu-Fang
    Acad Sinica, Taiwan.
    Phi Diep, Bui
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Holik, Lukas
    Brno Univ Technol, Czech Republic.
    Rezine, Ahmed
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Rummer, Philipp
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    TRAU : SMT solver for string constraints2018Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2018 18TH CONFERENCE ON FORMAL METHODS IN COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (FMCAD), IEEE , 2018, s. 165-169Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    We introduce TRAU, an SMT solver for an expressive constraint language, including word equations, length constraints, context-free membership queries, and transducer constraints. The satisfiability problem for such a class of constraints is in general undecidable. The key idea behind TRAU is a technique called flattening, which searches for satisfying assignments that follow simple patterns. TRAU implements a Counter-Example Guided Abstraction Refinement (CEGAR) framework which contains both an under- and an over-approximation module. The approximations are refined in an automatic manner by information flow between the two modules. The technique implemented by TRAU can handle a rich class of string constraints and has better performance than state-of-the-art string solvers.

  • 5.
    Abdulla, Parosh Aziz
    et al.
    Uppsala University.
    Atig, Mohammed Faouzi
    Uppsala University.
    Ganjei, Zeinab
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Rezine, Ahmed
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Zhu, Yunyun
    Uppsala University.
    Verification of Cache Coherence Protocols wrt. Trace Filters2015Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    We address the problem of parameterized verification of cache coherence protocols for hardware accelerated transactional memories. In this setting, transactional memories leverage on the versioning capabilities of the underlying cache coherence protocol. The length of the transactions, their number, and the number of manipulated variables (i.e., cache lines) are parameters of the verification problem. Caches in such systems are finite-state automata communicating via broadcasts and shared variables. We augment our system with filters that restrict the set of possible executable traces according to existing conflict resolution policies. We show that the verification of coherence for parameterized cache protocols with filters can be reduced to systems with only a finite number of cache lines. For verification, we show how to account for the effect of the adopted filters in a symbolic backward reachability algorithm based on the framework of constrained monotonic abstraction. We have implemented our method and used it to verify transactional memory coherence protocols with respect to different conflict resolution policies.

  • 6.
    Abdulla, Parosh Aziz
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Dwarkadas, Sandhya
    University of Rochester, U.S.A..
    Rezine, Ahmed
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Shriraman, Arrvindh
    Simon Fraser University, Canada.
    Zhu, Yunyun
    Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Verifying Safety and Liveness for the FlexTM Hybrid Transactional Memory2013Ingår i: Design, Automation & Test in Europe (DATE 2013), Grenoble, France, March 18-22, 2013., IEEE , 2013, s. 785-790Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    We consider the verification of safety (strict se- rializability and abort consistency) and liveness (obstruction and livelock freedom) for the hybrid transactional memory framework FLEXTM. This framework allows for flexible imple- mentations of transactional memories based on an adaptation of the MESI coherence protocol. FLEXTM allows for both eager and lazy conflict resolution strategies. Like in the case of Software Transactional Memories, the verification problem is not trivial as the number of concurrent transactions, their size, and the number of accessed shared variables cannot be a priori bounded. This complexity is exacerbated by aspects that are specific to hardware and hybrid transactional memories. Our work takes into account intricate behaviours such as cache line based conflict detection, false sharing, invisible reads or non-transactional instructions. We carry out the first automatic verification of a hybrid transactional memory and establish, by adopting a small model approach, challenging properties such as strict serializability, abort consistency, and obstruction freedom for both an eager and a lazy conflict resolution strategies. We also detect an example that refutes livelock freedom. To achieve this, our prototype tool makes use the latest antichain based techniques to handle systems with tens of thousands of states.

  • 7.
    Abdulla, Parosh Aziz
    et al.
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Haziza, Frederic
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Holik, Lukas
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden; Brno Univ Technol, Czech Republic.
    Jonsson, Bengt
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Rezine, Ahmed
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Correction: An integrated specification and verification technique for highly concurrent data structures (vol 19, pg 549, 2017)2021Ingår i: International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer, ISSN 1433-2779, E-ISSN 1433-2787, Vol. 23, artikel-id 825Artikel i tidskrift (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    n/a

  • 8.
    Abdulla, Parosh Aziz
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Haziza, Frédéric
    Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Holik, Lukas
    Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic.
    Jonsson, Bengt
    Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Rezine, Ahmed
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    An Integrated Specification and Verification Technique for Highly Concurrent Data Structures2013Ingår i: The 19th International Conference on Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems (TACAS 2013), Rome, Italy, March 16-24, 2013. / [ed] Piterman, Nir, Smolka, Scott, 2013Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    We present a technique for automatically verifying safety properties of concurrent programs, in particular programs which rely on subtle dependencies of local states of different threads, such as lock-free implementations of stacks and queues in an environment without garbage collection. Our technique addresses the joint challenges of infinite-state specifications, an unbounded number of threads, and an unbounded heap managed by explicit memory allocation. Our technique builds on the automata-theoretic approach to model checking, in which a specification is given by an automaton that observes the execution of a program and accepts executions that violate the intended specification.We extend this approach by allowing specifications to be given by a class of infinite-state automata. We show how such automata can be used to specify queues, stacks, and other data structures, by extending a data-independence argument. For verification, we develop a shape analysis, which tracks correlations between pairs of threads, and a novel abstraction to make the analysis practical. We have implemented our method and used it to verify programs, some of which have not been verified by any other automatic method before.

  • 9.
    Abraham, Michael
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system.
    Effektivare fordonsdiagnostik över CAN-bussen genom UDS2020Självständigt arbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen), 10,5 poäng / 16 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [sv]

    Bilar blir allt mer tekniskt avancerade och fler ECU:er har utvecklats som har medfört ökad säkerhet och komfort samt minskad miljöpåverkan. Det resulterar i ett komplext arbete med att testa och verifiera att alla olika ECU:er fungerar som de skall i olika situationer. Fordonsdiagnostik kräver ofta program-varor från olika aktörer där licenserna ofta är dyra. Idag använder Syntronic AB en programvara med en mycket större funktionalitet än de behöver för att utföra fordonsdiagnostik och all denna onödiga funktionalitet i programvaran har medfört onödigt långa körtider. Genom att studera CAN och UDS och genom att analysera hur de samverkar kunde jag skapa en programvara genom att systematiskt utveckla programvaran med två gränssnitt inkopplade i var sin dator och kontinuerligt testa implementationen mot den teoretiska grunden för att slutligen testa programvaran i en bil. Den skapade programvaran var bättre anpassad för företagets behov och den mer funktionalitetsanpassade programvaran kunde utföra samma diagnostik snabbare än företagets nuvarande programvara. Den UDS-tjänst företaget använde mest kunde implementeras och den skapade programvaran konstruerades så att fler UDS-tjänster kunde läggas till utan modifikation av huvudprogrammet eller dess funktioner.

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  • 10.
    Abrahamsson, Linn
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system.
    Melin Wenström, Peter
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system.
    Användning av prototyper som verktyg för kravhantering i agil mjukvaruutveckling: - En fallstudie2018Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [sv]

    Kravhantering vid agil mjukvaruutveckling är en utmaning som allt fler företag ställs inför.Prototyper, modeller som liknar tilltänkta slutprodukter, kan användas för att inhämtaviktig information om det som ska utvecklas. För att beskriva hur lik en prototyp är dentilltänkta slutprodukten används begreppet verklighetsfaktor. Studiens syfte är dels attöka kunskapen kring prototypanvändning i agil mjukvaruutveckling, dels att undersökavilken effekt en prototyps verklighetsfaktor har då prototyper används i diskussioner inomkravhantering. En fallstudie görs på företaget Exsitec där personal intervjuas angående prototypanvändning i mjukvaruprojekt. Två prototyper utvecklas sedan med låg respekti-ve hög verklighetsfaktor och används som diskussionsunderlag i intervjuer. Studien visar att användning av prototyper i mjukvaruprojekt kan bidra till ökat förtroende hos kun-der, förbättrad kommunikation med kunder och kan förenkla att uppnå konsensus mellan olika intressenter. Vidare kan de, beroende av hur de används, bidra till helhetsbilden avprodukten och fungera som dokumentation. Studien påvisar även några, om än subtila, skillnader i den information som samlas in med hjälp av prototyper med låg respekti-ve hög verklighetsfaktor. Hög verklighetsfaktor tycks medföra att fler krav samlas in, men göra respondenter mindre benägna att vilja komma med förslag på mer omfattandeförändringar.

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  • 11.
    Abrahamsson, Robin
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system.
    Berntsen, David
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system.
    Comparing modifiability of React Native and two native codebases2017Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    Creating native mobile application on multiple platforms generate a lot of duplicate code. This thesis has evaluated if the code quality attribute modifiability improves when migrating to React Native. One Android and one iOS codebase existed for an application and a third codebase was developed with React Native. The measurements of the codebases were based on the SQMMA-model. The metrics for the model were collected with static analyzers created specifically for this project. The results created consists of graphs that show the modifiability for some specific components over time and graphs that show the stability of the platforms. These graphs show that when measuring code metrics on applications over time it is better to do this on a large codebase that has been developed for some time. When calculating a modifiability value the sum of the metrics and the average value of the metrics between files should be used and it is shown that the React Native platform seems to be more stable than native.

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  • 12.
    Abualigah, Laith
    et al.
    Al al Bayt Univ, Jordan; Al Ahliyya Amman Univ, Jordan; Lebanese Amer Univ, Lebanon; Middle East Univ, Jordan; Appl Sci Private Univ, Jordan; Univ Sains Malaysia, Malaysia; Sunway Univ Malaysia, Malaysia.
    Oliva, Diego
    Univ Guadalajara, Mexico.
    Jia, Heming
    Sanming Univ, Peoples R China.
    Gul, Faiza
    Air Univ, Pakistan.
    Khodadadi, Nima
    Florida Int Univ, FL USA.
    Hussien, Abdelazim
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten. Fayoum Univ, Egypt.
    Al Shinwan, Mohammad
    Appl Sci Private Univ, Jordan.
    Ezugwu, Absalom E.
    North West Univ, South Africa.
    Abuhaija, Belal
    Wenzhou Kean Univ, Peoples R China.
    Abu Zitar, Raed
    Sorbonne Univ Abu Dhabi, U Arab Emirates.
    Improved prairie dog optimization algorithm by dwarf mongoose optimization algorithm for optimization problems2023Ingår i: Multimedia tools and applications, ISSN 1380-7501, E-ISSN 1573-7721Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Recently, optimization problems have been revised in many domains, and they need powerful search methods to address them. In this paper, a novel hybrid optimization algorithm is proposed to solve various benchmark functions, which is called IPDOA. The proposed method is based on enhancing the search process of the Prairie Dog Optimization Algorithm (PDOA) by using the primary updating mechanism of the Dwarf Mongoose Optimization Algorithm (DMOA). The main aim of the proposed IPDOA is to avoid the main weaknesses of the original methods; these weaknesses are poor convergence ability, the imbalance between the search process, and premature convergence. Experiments are conducted on 23 standard benchmark functions, and the results are compared with similar methods from the literature. The results are recorded in terms of the best, worst, and average fitness function, showing that the proposed method is more vital to deal with various problems than other methods.

  • 13.
    Adiththan, Arun
    et al.
    CUNY, NY 10019 USA.
    Ramesh, S.
    Gen Motors RandD, MI 48090 USA.
    Samii, Soheil
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten. Gen Motors RandD, MI 48090 USA.
    Cloud-assisted Control of Ground Vehicles using Adaptive Computation Offloading Techniques2018Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2018 DESIGN, AUTOMATION and TEST IN EUROPE CONFERENCE and EXHIBITION (DATE), IEEE , 2018, s. 589-592Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The existing approaches to design efficient safety critical control applications is constrained by limited in-vehicle sensing and computational capabilities. In the context of automated driving, we argue that there is a need to leverage resources "out-of-the-vehicle" to meet the sensing and powerful processing requirements of sophisticated algorithms (e.g., deep neural networks). To realize the need, a suitable computation offloading technique that meets the vehicle safety and stability requirements, even in the presence of unreliable communication network, has to be identified. In this work, we propose an adaptive offloading technique for control computations into the cloud. The proposed approach considers both current network conditions and control application requirements to determine the feasibility of leveraging remote computation and storage resources. As a case study, we describe a cloud-based path following controller application that leverages crowdsensed data for path planning.

  • 14.
    Adolfsson, Fredrik
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system.
    A Model-Based Approach to Hands Overlay for Augmented Reality2021Självständigt arbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen), 10,5 poäng / 16 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    Augmented Reality is a technology where the user sees the environment mixed with a virtual reality containing things such as text, animations, pictures, and videos. Remote guidance is a sub-field of Augmented Reality where guidance is given remotely to identify and solve problems without being there in person. Using hands overlay, the guide can use his or her hand to point and show gestures in real-time. To do this one needs to track the hands and create a video stream that represents them. The video stream of the hands is then overlaid on top of the video from the individual getting help. A solution currently used in the industry is to use image segmentation, which is done by segmenting an image to foreground and background to decide what to include. This requires distinct differences between the pixels that should be included and the ones that should be discarded to work correctly. This thesis instead investigates a model-based approach to hand tracking, where one tracks points of interest on the hands to build a 3D model of them. A model-based solution is based on sensor data, meaning that it would not have the limitations that image segmentation has. A prototype is developed and integrated into the existing solution. The hand modeling is done in a Unity application and then transferred into the existing application. The results show that there is a clear but not too significant overhead, so it can run on a normal computer. The prototype works as a proof of concept and shows the potential of a model-based approach.

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  • 15.
    Aghaee Ghaleshahi, Nima
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, ESLAB - Laboratoriet för inbyggda system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system.
    Peng, Zebo
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, ESLAB - Laboratoriet för inbyggda system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Eles, Petru
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, ESLAB - Laboratoriet för inbyggda system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Adaptive Temperature-Aware SoC Test Scheduling Considering Process Variation2011Ingår i: Digital System Design (DSD), 2011 14th Euromicro Conference on, IEEE, 2011, s. 197-204Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    High temperature and process variation areundesirable effects for modern systems-on-chip. The hightemperature is a prominent issue during test and should be takencare of during the test process. Modern SoCs, affected by largeprocess variation, experience rapid and large temperaturedeviations and, therefore, a traditional static test schedule which isunaware of these deviations will be suboptimal in terms of speedand/or thermal-safety. This paper presents an adaptive testscheduling method which addresses the temperature deviationsand acts accordingly in order to improve the test speed andthermal-safety. The proposed method is divided into acomputationally intense offline-phase, and a very simple online-phase.In the offline-phase a schedule tree is constructed, and inthe online-phase the appropriate path in the schedule tree istraversed, step by step and based on temperature sensor readings.Experiments have demonstrated the efficiency of the proposedmethod.

  • 16.
    Aghaee Ghaleshahi, Nima
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, ESLAB - Laboratoriet för inbyggda system. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Peng, Zebo
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, ESLAB - Laboratoriet för inbyggda system. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Eles, Petru
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, ESLAB - Laboratoriet för inbyggda system. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    An Efficient Temperature-Gradient Based Burn-In Technique for 3D Stacked ICs2014Ingår i: Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition (DATE), 2014, IEEE conference proceedings, 2014Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Burn-in is usually carried out with high temperature and elevated voltage. Since some of the early-life failures depend not only on high temperature but also on temperature gradients, simply raising up the temperature of an IC is not sufficient to detect them. This is especially true for 3D stacked ICs, since they have usually very large temperature gradients. The efficient detection of these early-life failures requires that specific temperature gradients are enforced as a part of the burn-in process. This paper presents an efficient method to do so by applying high power stimuli to the cores of the IC under burn-in through the test access mechanism. Therefore, no external heating equipment is required. The scheduling of the heating and cooling intervals to achieve the required temperature gradients is based on thermal simulations and is guided by functions derived from a set of thermal equations. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method.

  • 17.
    Aghaee Ghaleshahi, Nima
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Peng, Zebo
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Eles, Petru
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    An Integrated Temperature-Cycling Acceleration and Test Technique for 3D Stacked ICs2015Ingår i: 20th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC 2015), Chiba/Tokyo, Japan, Jan. 19-22, 2015., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2015, s. 526-531Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    In a modern 3D IC, electrical connections between vertically stacked dies are made using through silicon vias. Through silicon vias are subject to undesirable early-life effects such as protrusion as well as void formation and growth. These effects result in opens, resistive opens, and stress induced carrier mobility reduction, and consequently circuit failures. Operating the ICs under extreme temperature cycling can effectively accelerate such early-life failures and make them detectable at the manufacturing test process. An integrated temperature-cycling acceleration and test technique is introduced in this paper that integrates a temperature-cycling acceleration procedure with pre-, mid-, and post-bond tests for 3D ICs. Moreover, it reduces the need for costly temperature chamber based temperature-cycling acceleration procedures. All these result in a reduction in the overall test costs. The proposed method is a schedule-based solution that creates the required temperature cycling effect along with performing the tests. Experimental results demonstrate its efficiency.

  • 18.
    Aghaee Ghaleshahi, Nima
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Peng, Zebo
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Eles, Petru
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Efficient Test Application for Rapid Multi-Temperature Testing2015Ingår i: Proceedings of the 25th edition on Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2015, s. 3-8Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    Different defects may manifest themselves at different temperatures. Therefore, the tests that target such temperature-dependent defects must be applied at different temperatures appropriate for detecting them. Such multi-temperature testing scheme applies tests at different required temperatures. It is known that a test's power dissipation depends on the previously applied test. Therefore, the same set of tests when organized differently dissipates different amounts of power. The technique proposed in this paper organizes the tests efficiently so that the resulted power levels lead to the required temperatures. Consequently a rapid multi-temperature testing is achieved. Experimental studies demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed technique.

  • 19.
    Aghaee Ghaleshahi, Nima
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, ESLAB - Laboratoriet för inbyggda system. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Peng, Zebo
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, ESLAB - Laboratoriet för inbyggda system. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Eles, Petru
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, ESLAB - Laboratoriet för inbyggda system. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Heuristics for Adaptive Temperature-Aware SoC Test Scheduling Considering Process Variation2011Ingår i: The 11th Swedish System-on-Chip Conference, Varberg, Sweden, May 2-3, 2011, 2011Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    High working temperature and process variation are undesirable effects for modern systems-on-chip. The high temperature should be taken care of during the test. On the other hand, large process variations induce rapid and large temperature deviations causing the traditional static test schedules to be suboptimal in terms of speed and/or thermal-safety. A remedy to this problem is an adaptive test schedule which addresses the temperature deviations by reacting to them. Our adaptive method is divided into a computationally intense offline-phase, and a very simple online-phase. In this paper, heuristics are proposed for the offline phase in which the optimized schedule tree is found. In the online-phase, based on the temperature sensor readings the appropriate path in the schedule tree is traversed. Experiments are made to tune the proposed heuristics and to demonstrate their efficiency.

  • 20.
    Aghaee Ghaleshahi, Nima
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Peng, Zebo
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Eles, Petru
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Process-variation and Temperature Aware SoC Test Scheduling Technique2013Ingår i: Journal of electronic testing, ISSN 0923-8174, E-ISSN 1573-0727, Vol. 29, nr 4, s. 499-520Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    High temperature and process variation are undesirable phenomena affecting modern Systems-on-Chip (SoC). High temperature is a well-known issue, in particular during test, and should be taken care of in the test process. Modern SoCs are affected by large process variation and therefore experience large and time-variant temperature deviations. A traditional test schedule which ignores these deviations will be suboptimal in terms of speed or thermal-safety. This paper presents an adaptive test scheduling method which acts in response to the temperature deviations in order to improve the test speed and thermal safety. The method consists of an offline phase and an online phase. In the offline phase a schedule tree is constructed and in the online phase the appropriate path in the schedule tree is traversed based on temperature sensor readings. The proposed technique is designed to keep the online phase very simple by shifting the complexity into the offline phase. In order to efficiently produce high-quality schedules, an optimization heuristic which utilizes a dedicated thermal simulation is developed. Experiments are performed on a number of SoCs including the ITC'02 benchmarks and the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed technique significantly improves the cost of the test in comparison with the best existing test scheduling method.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 21.
    Aghaee Ghaleshahi, Nima
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, ESLAB - Laboratoriet för inbyggda system. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Peng, Zebo
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, ESLAB - Laboratoriet för inbyggda system. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Eles, Petru
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, ESLAB - Laboratoriet för inbyggda system. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Process-Variation Aware Multi-temperature Test Scheduling2014Ingår i: 27th International Conference on VLSI Design and 13th International Conference on Embedded Systems, IEEE conference proceedings, 2014, s. 32-37Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Chips manufactured with deep sub micron technologies are prone to large process variation and temperature-dependent defects. In order to provide high test efficiency, the tests for temperature-dependent defects should be applied at appropriate temperature ranges. Existing static scheduling techniques achieve these specified temperatures by scheduling the tests, specially developed heating sequences, and cooling intervals together. Because of the temperature uncertainty induced by process variation, a static test schedule is not capable of applying the tests at intended temperatures in an efficient manner. As a result the test cost will be very high. In this paper, an adaptive test scheduling method is introduced that utilizes on-chip temperature sensors in order to adapt the test schedule to the actual temperatures. The proposed method generates a low cost schedule tree based on the variation statistics and thermal simulations in the design phase. During the test, a chip selects an appropriate schedule dynamically based on temperature sensor readings. A 23% decrease in the likelihood that tests are not applied at the intended temperatures is observed in the experimental studies in addition to 20% reduction in test application time.

  • 22.
    Aghaee Ghaleshahi, Nima
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, ESLAB - Laboratoriet för inbyggda system. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Peng, Zebo
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, ESLAB - Laboratoriet för inbyggda system. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Eles, Petru
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, ESLAB - Laboratoriet för inbyggda system. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Temperature-Gradient Based Burn-In for 3D Stacked ICs2013Ingår i: The 12th Swedish System-on-Chip Conference (SSoCC 2013), Ystad, Sweden, May 6-7, 2013 (not reviewed, not printed)., 2013Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    3D Stacked IC fabrication, using Through-Silicon-Vias, is a promising technology for future integrated circuits. However, large temperature gradients may exacerbate early-life-failures to the extent that the commercialization of 3D Stacked ICs is challenged. The effective detection of these early-life-failures requires that burn-in is performed when the IC’s temperatures comply with the thermal maps that properly specify the temperature gradients. In this paper, two methods that efficiently generate and maintain the specified thermal maps are proposed. The thermal maps are achieved by applying heating and cooling intervals to the chips under test through test access mechanisms. Therefore, no external heating system is required. The scheduling of the heating and cooling intervals is based on thermal simulations. The schedule generation is guided by functions that are derived from the temperature equations. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method.

  • 23.
    Aghaee Ghaleshahi, Nima
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, ESLAB - Laboratoriet för inbyggda system. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Peng, Zebo
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, ESLAB - Laboratoriet för inbyggda system. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Eles, Petru
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, ESLAB - Laboratoriet för inbyggda system. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Temperature-Gradient Based Test Scheduling for 3D Stacked ICs2013Ingår i: 2013 IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems, IEEE conference proceedings, 2013, s. 405-408Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Defects that are dependent on temperature-gradients (e.g., delay-faults) introduce a challenge for achieving an effective test process, in particular for 3D ICs. Testing for such defects must be performed when the proper temperature gradients are enforced on the IC, otherwise these defects may escape the test. In this paper, a technique that efficiently heats up the IC during test so that it complies with the specified temperature gradients is proposed. The specified temperature gradients are achieved by applying heating sequences to the cores of the IC under test trough test access mechanism; thus no external heating mechanism is required. The scheduling of the test and heating sequences is based on thermal simulations. The schedule generation is guided by functions derived from the IC's temperature equation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed technique offers considerable test time savings.

  • 24.
    Aghaee, Nima
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Peng, Zebo
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Eles, Petru
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Temperature-Gradient-Based Burn-In and Test Scheduling for 3-D Stacked ICs2015Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (vlsi) Systems, ISSN 1063-8210, E-ISSN 1557-9999, Vol. 23, nr 12, s. 2992-3005Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Large temperature gradients exacerbate various types of defects including early-life failures and delay faults. Efficient detection of these defects requires that burn-in and test for delay faults, respectively, are performed when temperature gradients with proper magnitudes are enforced on an Integrated Circuit (IC). This issue is much more important for 3-D stacked ICs (3-D SICs) compared with 2-D ICs because of the larger temperature gradients in 3-D SICs. In this paper, two methods to efficiently enforce the specified temperature gradients on the IC, for burn-in and delay-fault test, are proposed. The specified temperature gradients are enforced by applying high-power stimuli to the cores of the IC under test through the test access mechanism. Therefore, no external heating mechanism is required. The tests, high power stimuli, and cooling intervals are scheduled together based on temperature simulations so that the desired temperature gradients are rapidly enforced. The schedule generation is guided by functions derived from a set of thermal equations. The experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed methods.

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  • 25. Beställ onlineKöp publikationen >>
    Aghighi, Meysam
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Computational Complexity of some Optimization Problems in Planning2017Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    Automated planning is known to be computationally hard in the general case. Propositional planning is PSPACE-complete and first-order planning is undecidable. One method for analyzing the computational complexity of planning is to study restricted subsets of planning instances, with the aim of differentiating instances with varying complexity. We use this methodology for studying the computational complexity of planning. Finding new tractable (i.e. polynomial-time solvable) problems has been a particularly important goal for researchers in the area. The reason behind this is not only to differentiate between easy and hard planning instances, but also to use polynomial-time solvable instances in order to construct better heuristic functions and improve planners. We identify a new class of tractable cost-optimal planning instances by restricting the causal graph. We study the computational complexity of oversubscription planning (such as the net-benefit problem) under various restrictions and reveal strong connections with classical planning. Inspired by this, we present a method for compiling oversubscription planning problems into the ordinary plan existence problem. We further study the parameterized complexity of cost-optimal and net-benefit planning under the same restrictions and show that the choice of numeric domain for the action costs has a great impact on the parameterized complexity. We finally consider the parameterized complexity of certain problems related to partial-order planning. In some applications, less restricted plans than total-order plans are needed. Therefore, a partial-order plan is being used instead. When dealing with partial-order plans, one important question is how to achieve optimal partial order plans, i.e. having the highest degree of freedom according to some notion of flexibility. We study several optimization problems for partial-order plans, such as finding a minimum deordering or reordering, and finding the minimum parallel execution length.

    Delarbeten
    1. Oversubscription planning: Complexity and compilability
    Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Oversubscription planning: Complexity and compilability
    2014 (Engelska)Ingår i: Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AI Access Foundation , 2014, Vol. 3, s. 2221-2227Konferensbidrag, Publicerat paper (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Many real-world planning problems are oversubscription problems where all goals are not simultaneously achievable and the planner needs to find a feasible subset. We present complexity results for the so-called partial satisfaction and net benefit problems under various restrictions; this extends previous work by van den Briel et al. Our results reveal strong connections between these problems and with classical planning. We also present a method for efficiently compiling oversubscription problems into the ordinary plan existence problem; this can be viewed as a continuation of earlier work by Keyder and Geffner.

    Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
    AI Access Foundation, 2014
    Nationell ämneskategori
    Data- och informationsvetenskap
    Identifikatorer
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-116727 (URN)000485439702031 ()2-s2.0-84908192348 (Scopus ID)9781577356790 (ISBN)
    Konferens
    28th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI 2014, 26th Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference, IAAI 2014 and the 5th Symposium on Educational Advances in Artificial Intelligence, EAAI 2014
    Tillgänglig från: 2015-04-09 Skapad: 2015-04-02 Senast uppdaterad: 2020-06-29
    2. Tractable Cost-Optimal Planning over Restricted Polytree Causal Graphs
    Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Tractable Cost-Optimal Planning over Restricted Polytree Causal Graphs
    2015 (Engelska)Ingår i: Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI Press, 2015Konferensbidrag, Publicerat paper (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Causal graphs are widely used to analyze the complexity of planning problems. Many tractable classes have been identified with their aid and state-of-the-art heuristics have been derived by exploiting such classes. In particular, Katz and Keyder have studied causal graphs that are hourglasses (which is a generalization of forks and inverted-forks) and shown that the corresponding cost-optimal planning problem is tractable under certain restrictions. We continue this work by studying polytrees (which is a generalization of hourglasses) under similar restrictions. We prove tractability of cost-optimal planning by providing an algorithm based on a novel notion of variable isomorphism. Our algorithm also sheds light on the k-consistency procedure for identifying unsolvable planning instances. We speculate that this may, at least partially, explain why merge-and-shrink heuristics have been successful for recognizing unsolvable instances.

    Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
    AAAI Press, 2015
    Serie
    Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, ISSN 2159-5399, E-ISSN 2374-3468
    Nyckelord
    automated planning, causal graph, polynomial-time algorithm, cost-optimal planning, polytree
    Nationell ämneskategori
    Datorsystem
    Identifikatorer
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-118729 (URN)000485625503038 ()978-1-57735-703-2 (ISBN)
    Konferens
    29th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-15), January 25–30, Austin, TX, USA
    Forskningsfinansiär
    CUGS (National Graduate School in Computer Science)
    Tillgänglig från: 2015-06-03 Skapad: 2015-06-03 Senast uppdaterad: 2022-02-18
    3. Cost-optimal and Net-benefit Planning: A Parameterised Complexity View
    Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Cost-optimal and Net-benefit Planning: A Parameterised Complexity View
    2015 (Engelska)Ingår i: 24th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-15), IJCAI-INT JOINT CONF ARTIF INTELL, ALBERT-LUDWIGS UNIV FREIBURG GEORGES-KOHLER-ALLEE, INST INFORMATIK, GEB 052, FREIBURG, D-79110, GERMANY , 2015, s. 1487-1493Konferensbidrag, Publicerat paper (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Cost-optimal planning (COP) uses action costs and asks for a minimum-cost plan. It is sometimes assumed that there is no harm in using actions with zero cost or rational cost. Classical complexity analysis does not contradict this assumption; planning is PSPACE-complete regardless of whether action costs are positive or non-negative, integer or rational. We thus apply parameterised complexity analysis to shed more light on this issue. Our main results are the following. COP is W[2]-complete for positive integer costs, i.e. it is no harder than finding a minimum-length plan, but it is para-NPhard if the costs are non-negative integers or positive rationals. This is a very strong indication that the latter cases are substantially harder. Net-benefit planning (NBP) additionally assigns goal utilities and asks for a plan with maximum difference between its utility and its cost. NBP is para-NP-hard even when action costs and utilities are positive integers, suggesting that it is harder than COP. In addition, we also analyse a large number of subclasses, using both the PUBS restrictions and restricting the number of preconditions and effects.

    Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
    IJCAI-INT JOINT CONF ARTIF INTELL, ALBERT-LUDWIGS UNIV FREIBURG GEORGES-KOHLER-ALLEE, INST INFORMATIK, GEB 052, FREIBURG, D-79110, GERMANY, 2015
    Nationell ämneskategori
    Transportteknik och logistik
    Identifikatorer
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-128181 (URN)000442637801080 ()9781577357384 (ISBN)
    Konferens
    24th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-15), Buenos Aires, Argentina, Jul 25-31, 2015
    Forskningsfinansiär
    CUGS (National Graduate School in Computer Science), 1054Vetenskapsrådet, 621- 2014-4086
    Tillgänglig från: 2016-05-20 Skapad: 2016-05-20 Senast uppdaterad: 2019-07-03Bibliografiskt granskad
    4. A Multi-parameter Complexity Analysis of Cost-optimal and Net-benefit Planning
    Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>A Multi-parameter Complexity Analysis of Cost-optimal and Net-benefit Planning
    2016 (Engelska)Ingår i: Twenty-Sixth International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling King's College, London June 12, 2016 – June 17, 2016 / [ed] Amanda Coles, Andrew Coles, Stefan Edelkamp, Daniele Magazzeni, Scott Sanner, AAAI Press, 2016, s. 2-10Konferensbidrag, Publicerat paper (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Aghighi and Bäckström have previously studied cost-optimal planning (COP) and net-benefit planning (NBP) for three action cost domains: the positive integers (Z_+), the non-negative integers (Z_0) and the positive rationals (Q_+). These were indistinguishable under standard complexity analysis for both problems, but separated for COP using parameterised complexity analysis. With the plan cost, k, as parameter, COP was W[2]-complete for Z_+, but para-NP-hard for both Z_0 and Q_+, i.e. presumably much harder. NBP was para-NP-hard for all three domains, thus remaining unseparable. We continue by considering combinations with several additional parameters and also the non-negative rationals (Q_0). Examples of new parameters are the plan length, l, and the largest denominator of the action costs, d. Our findings include: (1) COP remains W[2]-hard for all domains, even if combining all parameters; (2) COP for Z_0 is in W[2] for the combined parameter {k,l}; (3) COP for Q_+ is in W[2] for {k,d} and (4) COP for Q_0 is in W[2] for {k,d,l}. For NBP we consider further additional parameters, where the most crucial one for reducing complexity is the sum of variable utilities. Our results help to understand the previous results, eg. the separation between Z_+ and Q_+ for COP, and to refine the previous connections with empirical findings.

    Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
    AAAI Press, 2016
    Nyckelord
    cost-optimal planning, parameterised complexity, numeric domains
    Nationell ämneskategori
    Datorsystem
    Identifikatorer
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-136278 (URN)000492982200001 ()9781577357575 (ISBN)
    Konferens
    Twenty-Sixth International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling (ICAPS-16), London, UK, June 12–17, 2016
    Tillgänglig från: 2017-04-05 Skapad: 2017-04-05 Senast uppdaterad: 2020-06-29Bibliografiskt granskad
    5. Plan Reordering and Parallel Execution -- A Parameterized Complexity View
    Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Plan Reordering and Parallel Execution -- A Parameterized Complexity View
    2017 (Engelska)Konferensbidrag, Publicerat paper (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Bäckström has previously studied a number of optimization problems for partial-order plans, like finding a minimum deordering (MCD) or reordering (MCR), and finding the minimum parallel execution length (PPL), which are all NP-complete. We revisit these problems, but applying parameterized complexity analysis rather than standard complexity analysis. We consider various parameters, including both the original and desired size of the plan order, as well as its width and height. Our findings include that MCD and MCR are W[2]-hard and in W[P] when parameterized with the desired order size, and MCD is fixed-parameter tractable (fpt) when parameterized with the original order size. Problem PPL is fpt if parameterized with the size of the non-concurrency relation, but para-NP-hard in most other cases. We also consider this problem when the number (k) of agents, or processors, is restricted, finding that this number is a crucial parameter; this problem is fixed-parameter tractable with the order size, the parallel execution length and k as parameter, but para-NP-hard without k as parameter.

    Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
    AAAI Press, 2017
    Nyckelord
    Partially ordered plan, Parameterized complexity, Complexity of planning, Plan reordering, Parallel plan execution
    Nationell ämneskategori
    Datorsystem
    Identifikatorer
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-136279 (URN)000485630703082 ()
    Konferens
    Thirty-First AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-17)
    Tillgänglig från: 2017-04-05 Skapad: 2017-04-05 Senast uppdaterad: 2020-06-29Bibliografiskt granskad
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  • 26.
    Aghighi, Meysam
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Bäckström, Christer
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    A Multi-parameter Complexity Analysis of Cost-optimal and Net-benefit Planning2016Ingår i: Twenty-Sixth International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling King's College, London June 12, 2016 – June 17, 2016 / [ed] Amanda Coles, Andrew Coles, Stefan Edelkamp, Daniele Magazzeni, Scott Sanner, AAAI Press, 2016, s. 2-10Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Aghighi and Bäckström have previously studied cost-optimal planning (COP) and net-benefit planning (NBP) for three action cost domains: the positive integers (Z_+), the non-negative integers (Z_0) and the positive rationals (Q_+). These were indistinguishable under standard complexity analysis for both problems, but separated for COP using parameterised complexity analysis. With the plan cost, k, as parameter, COP was W[2]-complete for Z_+, but para-NP-hard for both Z_0 and Q_+, i.e. presumably much harder. NBP was para-NP-hard for all three domains, thus remaining unseparable. We continue by considering combinations with several additional parameters and also the non-negative rationals (Q_0). Examples of new parameters are the plan length, l, and the largest denominator of the action costs, d. Our findings include: (1) COP remains W[2]-hard for all domains, even if combining all parameters; (2) COP for Z_0 is in W[2] for the combined parameter {k,l}; (3) COP for Q_+ is in W[2] for {k,d} and (4) COP for Q_0 is in W[2] for {k,d,l}. For NBP we consider further additional parameters, where the most crucial one for reducing complexity is the sum of variable utilities. Our results help to understand the previous results, eg. the separation between Z_+ and Q_+ for COP, and to refine the previous connections with empirical findings.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
    A Multi-parameter Complexity Analysis of Cost-optimal and Net-benefit Planning
  • 27.
    Aghighi, Meysam
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Bäckström, Christer
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Cost-optimal and Net-benefit Planning: A Parameterised Complexity View2015Ingår i: 24th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-15), IJCAI-INT JOINT CONF ARTIF INTELL, ALBERT-LUDWIGS UNIV FREIBURG GEORGES-KOHLER-ALLEE, INST INFORMATIK, GEB 052, FREIBURG, D-79110, GERMANY , 2015, s. 1487-1493Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Cost-optimal planning (COP) uses action costs and asks for a minimum-cost plan. It is sometimes assumed that there is no harm in using actions with zero cost or rational cost. Classical complexity analysis does not contradict this assumption; planning is PSPACE-complete regardless of whether action costs are positive or non-negative, integer or rational. We thus apply parameterised complexity analysis to shed more light on this issue. Our main results are the following. COP is W[2]-complete for positive integer costs, i.e. it is no harder than finding a minimum-length plan, but it is para-NPhard if the costs are non-negative integers or positive rationals. This is a very strong indication that the latter cases are substantially harder. Net-benefit planning (NBP) additionally assigns goal utilities and asks for a plan with maximum difference between its utility and its cost. NBP is para-NP-hard even when action costs and utilities are positive integers, suggesting that it is harder than COP. In addition, we also analyse a large number of subclasses, using both the PUBS restrictions and restricting the number of preconditions and effects.

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  • 28.
    Aghighi, Meysam
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Bäckström, Christer
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Plan Reordering and Parallel Execution -- A Parameterized Complexity View2017Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Bäckström has previously studied a number of optimization problems for partial-order plans, like finding a minimum deordering (MCD) or reordering (MCR), and finding the minimum parallel execution length (PPL), which are all NP-complete. We revisit these problems, but applying parameterized complexity analysis rather than standard complexity analysis. We consider various parameters, including both the original and desired size of the plan order, as well as its width and height. Our findings include that MCD and MCR are W[2]-hard and in W[P] when parameterized with the desired order size, and MCD is fixed-parameter tractable (fpt) when parameterized with the original order size. Problem PPL is fpt if parameterized with the size of the non-concurrency relation, but para-NP-hard in most other cases. We also consider this problem when the number (k) of agents, or processors, is restricted, finding that this number is a crucial parameter; this problem is fixed-parameter tractable with the order size, the parallel execution length and k as parameter, but para-NP-hard without k as parameter.

  • 29.
    Aghighi, Meysam
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Bäckström, Christer
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Jonsson, Peter
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Ståhlberg, Simon
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Analysing Approximability and Heuristics in Planning Using the Exponential-Time Hypothesis2016Ingår i: ECAI 2016: 22ND EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, IOS Press, 2016, Vol. 285, s. 184-192Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Cost-optimal planning has become a very well-studied topic within planning. Needless to say, cost-optimal planning has proven to be computationally hard both theoretically and in practice. Since cost-optimal planning is an optimisation problem, it is natural to analyse it from an approximation point of view. Even though such studies may be valuable in themselves, additional motivation is provided by the fact that there is a very close link between approximability and the performance of heuristics used in heuristic search. The aim of this paper is to analyse approximability (and indirectly the performance of heuristics) with respect to lower time bounds. That is, we are not content by merely classifying problems into complexity classes - we also study their time complexity. This is achieved by replacing standard complexity-theoretic assumptions (such as P not equal NP) with the exponential time hypothesis (ETH). This enables us to analyse, for instance, the performance of the h(+) heuristic and obtain general trade-off results that correlate approximability bounds with bounds on time complexity.

  • 30.
    Aghighi, Meysam
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Bäckström, Christer
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Jonsson, Peter
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Ståhlberg, Simon
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Refining complexity analyses in planning by exploiting the exponential time hypothesis2016Ingår i: Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, ISSN 1012-2443, E-ISSN 1573-7470, Vol. 78, nr 2, s. 157-175Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    The use of computational complexity in planning, and in AI in general, has always been a disputed topic. A major problem with ordinary worst-case analyses is that they do not provide any quantitative information: they do not tell us much about the running time of concrete algorithms, nor do they tell us much about the running time of optimal algorithms. We address problems like this by presenting results based on the exponential time hypothesis (ETH), which is a widely accepted hypothesis concerning the time complexity of 3-SAT. By using this approach, we provide, for instance, almost matching upper and lower bounds onthe time complexity of propositional planning.

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  • 31.
    Aghighi, Meysam
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Jonsson, Peter
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Oversubscription planning: Complexity and compilability2014Ingår i: Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AI Access Foundation , 2014, Vol. 3, s. 2221-2227Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Many real-world planning problems are oversubscription problems where all goals are not simultaneously achievable and the planner needs to find a feasible subset. We present complexity results for the so-called partial satisfaction and net benefit problems under various restrictions; this extends previous work by van den Briel et al. Our results reveal strong connections between these problems and with classical planning. We also present a method for efficiently compiling oversubscription problems into the ordinary plan existence problem; this can be viewed as a continuation of earlier work by Keyder and Geffner.

  • 32.
    Aghighi, Meysam
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Jonsson, Peter
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Ståhlberg, Simon
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Tractable Cost-Optimal Planning over Restricted Polytree Causal Graphs2015Ingår i: Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI Press, 2015Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Causal graphs are widely used to analyze the complexity of planning problems. Many tractable classes have been identified with their aid and state-of-the-art heuristics have been derived by exploiting such classes. In particular, Katz and Keyder have studied causal graphs that are hourglasses (which is a generalization of forks and inverted-forks) and shown that the corresponding cost-optimal planning problem is tractable under certain restrictions. We continue this work by studying polytrees (which is a generalization of hourglasses) under similar restrictions. We prove tractability of cost-optimal planning by providing an algorithm based on a novel notion of variable isomorphism. Our algorithm also sheds light on the k-consistency procedure for identifying unsolvable planning instances. We speculate that this may, at least partially, explain why merge-and-shrink heuristics have been successful for recognizing unsolvable instances.

  • 33.
    Agyekum, Ephraim Bonah
    et al.
    Ural Fed Univ, Russia.
    Ampah, Jeffrey Dankwa
    Tianjin Univ, Peoples R China.
    Khan, Tahir
    Zhejiang Univ, Peoples R China.
    Giri, Nimay Chandra
    Centurion Univ Technol & Management, India; Centur Univ Technol & Managemention, India.
    Hussien, Abdelazim
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten. Fayoum Univ, Egypt; Appl Sci Private Univ, Jordan; Middle East Univ, Jordan.
    Velkin, Vladimir Ivanovich
    Ural Fed Univ, Russia.
    Mehmood, Usman
    Bahcesehir Cyprus Univ, Turkiye; Univ Punjab, Pakistan.
    Kamel, Salah
    Aswan Univ, Egypt.
    Towards a reduction of emissions and cost-savings in homes: Techno-economic and environmental impact of two different solar water heaters2024Ingår i: Energy Reports, E-ISSN 2352-4847, Vol. 11, s. 963-981Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    South Africa currently has the highest carbon emission intensity per kilowatt of electricity generation globally, and its government intends to reduce it. Some of the measures taken by the government include a reduction of emissions in the building sector using solar water heating (SWH) systems. However, there is currently no study in the country that comprehensively assesses the technical, economic, and environmental impact of SWH systems across the country. This study therefore used the System Advisor Model (SAM) to model two different technologies of SWH systems (i.e., flat plate (FPC) and evacuated tube (EPC) SWH) at five different locations (i.e., Pretoria, Upington, Kimberley, Durban, and Cape Town) strategically selected across the country. According to the study, the optimum azimuth for both the evacuated tube and flat plate SWH system in South Africa is 0 degrees. Installing FPC and EPC at the different locations would yield payback periods of 3.2 to 4.4 years and 3.5 to 4.3 years, respectively. Comparably, levelized cost of energy for the FPC and EPC will range from 7.47 to 9.62 cents/kWh and 7.66 to 9.24 cents/kWh, respectively, based on where the SWH system is located. Depending on where the facility is located, the annual cost savings for the FPC system would be between $486 and $625, while the EPC system would save between $529 and $638. Using SWHs can reduce CO2 emissions by 75-77% for the evacuated tube system and 69-76% for the flat plate system annually, depending on the location.

  • 34.
    Ahlgren, Simon
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system.
    Aini, Daniel
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system.
    Conversion and Analysis of Telemetric Data from the CCSDS Standard2017Självständigt arbete på grundnivå (högskoleexamen), 10,5 poäng / 16 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    When communicating with spacecrafts, the international standard is to use the protocols defined by CCSDS. In this study, the Space Packet Protocol from CCSDS is converted to the Digital Recording Standard used in aviation. The goal of the study is to find out in what way such a conversion can be made, as well as analyzing the efficiency of different packing methods for the Digital Recording Standard. An application is developed in order to perform the conversion, and the performance of said application is profiled using different packet sizes. In the end the results are evaluated and an optimal packet size is found in terms of runtime and memory usage. In the end we conclude that a packet size of 216 bytes is best when prioritizing speed, and a packet size of 219 bytes is best when prioritizing memory.

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  • 35.
    Ahmad, Azeem
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    An Evaluation of Machine Learning Methods for Predicting Flaky Tests2020Ingår i: Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Quantitative Approaches to Software Quality (QuASoQ 2020) / [ed] Horst Lichter, Selin Aydin, Thanwadee Sunetnanta, Toni Anwar, CEUR-WS , 2020, Vol. 2767, s. 37-46Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
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  • 36.
    Ahmad, Azeem
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Contributions to Improving Feedback and Trust in Automated Testing and Continuous Integration and Delivery2022Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    An integrated release version (also known as a release candidate in software engineering) is produced by merging, building, and testing code on a regular basis as part of the Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) practices. Several benefits, including improved software quality and shorter release cycles, have been claimed for CI/CD. On the other hand, recent research has uncovered a plethora of problems and bad practices related to CI/CD adoption, necessitating some optimization. Some of the problems addressed in this work include the ability to respond to practitioners’ questions and obtain quick and trustworthy feedback in CI/CD. To be more specific, our effort concentrated on: 1) identifying the information needs of software practitioners engaged in CI/CD; 2) adopting test optimization approaches to obtain faster feedback that are realistic for use in CI/CD environments without introducing excessive technical requirements; 3) identifying perceived causes and automated root cause analysis of test flakiness, thereby providing developers with guidance on how to resolve test flakiness; and 4) identifying challenges in addressing information needs, providing faster and more trustworthy feedback. 

    The findings of the research reported in this thesis are based on data from three single-case studies and three multiple-case studies. The research uses quantitative and qualitative data collected via interviews, site visits, and workshops. To perform our analyses, we used data from firms producing embedded software as well as open-source repositories. The following are major research and practical contributions. 

    • Information Needs: The initial contribution to research is a list of information needs in CI/CD. This list contains 27 frequently asked questions on continuous integration and continuous delivery by software practitioners. The identified information needs have been classified as related to testing, code & commit, confidence, bug, and artifacts. We investigated how companies deal with information needs, what tools they use to deal with them, and who is interested in them. We concluded that there is a discrepancy between the identified needs and the techniques employed to meet them. Since some information needs cannot be met by current tools, manual inspections are required, which adds time to the process. Information about code & commit, confidence level, and testing is the most frequently sought for and most important information. 
    • Evaluation of Diversity Based Techniques/Tool: The contribution is to conduct a detailed examination of diversity-based techniques using industry test cases to determine if there is a difference between diversity functions in selecting integrationlevel automated test. Additionally, how diversity-based testing compares to other optimization techniques used in industry in terms of fault detection rates, feature coverage, and execution time. This enables us to observe how coverage changes when we run fewer test cases. We concluded that some of the techniques can eliminate up to 85% of test cases (provided by the case company) while still covering all distinct features/requirements. The techniques are developed and made available as an open-source tool for further research and application. 
    • Test Flakiness Detection, Prediction & Automated Root Cause Analysis: We identified 19 factors that professionals perceive affect test flakiness. These perceived factors are divided into four categories: test code, system under test, CI/test infrastructure, and organizational. We concluded that some of the perceived factors of test flakiness in closed-source development are directly related to non-determinism, whereas other perceived factors concern different aspects e.g., lack of good properties of a test case (i.e., small, simple and robust), deviations from the established  processes, etc. To see if the developers’ perceptions were in line with what they had labelled as flaky or not, we examined the test artifacts that were readily available. We verified that two of the identified perceived factors (i.e., test case size and simplicity) are indeed indicative of test flakiness. Furthermore, we proposed a light weight technique named trace-back coverage to detect flaky tests. Trace-back coverage was combined with other factors such as test smells indicating test flakiness, flakiness frequency and test case size to investigate the effect on revealing test flakiness. When all factors are taken into consideration, the precision of flaky test detection is increased from 57% (using single factor) to 86% (combination of different factors). 
    Delarbeten
    1. Data visualisation in continuous integration and delivery: Information needs, challenges, and recommendations
    Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Data visualisation in continuous integration and delivery: Information needs, challenges, and recommendations
    2022 (Engelska)Ingår i: IET Software, ISSN 1751-8806, E-ISSN 1751-8814, Vol. 16, nr 3, s. 331-349Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Several operations, ranging from regular code updates to compiling, building, testing, and distribution to customers, are consolidated in continuous integration and delivery. Professionals seek additional information to complete the mission at hand during these tasks. Developers who devote a large amount of time and effort to finding such information may become distracted from their work. We will better understand the processes, procedures, and resources used to deliver a quality product on time by defining the types of information that software professionals seek. A deeper understanding of software practitioners information needs has many advantages, including remaining competitive, growing knowledge of issues that can stymie a timely update, and creating a visualisation tool to assist practitioners in addressing their information needs. This is an extension of a previous work done by the authors. The authors conducted a multiple-case holistic study with six different companies (38 unique participants) to identify information needs in continuous integration and delivery. This study attempts to capture the importance, frequency, required effort (e.g. sequence of actions required to collect information), current approach to handling, and associated stakeholders with respect to identified needs. 27 information needs associated with different stakeholders (i.e. developers, testers, project managers, release team, and compliance authority) were identified. The identified needs were categorised as testing, code & commit, confidence, bug, and artefacts. Apart from identifying information needs, practitioners face several challenges in developing visualisation tools. Thus, 8 challenges that were faced by the practitioners to develop/maintain visualisation tools for the software team were identified. The recommendations from practitioners who are experts in developing, maintaining, and providing visualisation services to the software team were listed.

    Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
    WILEY, 2022
    Nationell ämneskategori
    Programvaruteknik
    Identifikatorer
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176847 (URN)10.1049/sfw2.12030 (DOI)000660517400001 ()
    Anmärkning

    Funding Agencies|Linkoping University

    Tillgänglig från: 2021-06-22 Skapad: 2021-06-22 Senast uppdaterad: 2022-10-20
    2. Improving continuous integration with similarity-based test case selection
    Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Improving continuous integration with similarity-based test case selection
    Visa övriga...
    2018 (Engelska)Ingår i: Proceedings of the 13th International Workshop on Automation of Software Test, New York: ACM Digital Library, 2018, s. 39-45Konferensbidrag, Publicerat paper (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Automated testing is an essential component of Continuous Integration (CI) and Delivery (CD), such as scheduling automated test sessions on overnight builds. That allows stakeholders to execute entire test suites and achieve exhaustive test coverage, since running all tests is often infeasible during work hours, i.e., in parallel to development activities. On the other hand, developers also need test feedback from CI servers when pushing changes, even if not all test cases are executed. In this paper we evaluate similarity-based test case selection (SBTCS) on integration-level tests executed on continuous integration pipelines of two companies. We select test cases that maximise diversity of test coverage and reduce feedback time to developers. Our results confirm existing evidence that SBTCS is a strong candidate for test optimisation, by reducing feedback time (up to 92% faster in our case studies) while achieving full test coverage using only information from test artefacts themselves.

    Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
    New York: ACM Digital Library, 2018
    Serie
    International Workshop on Automation of Software Test, ISSN 2377-8628
    Nyckelord
    Similarity based test case selection, Continuous integration, Automated testing
    Nationell ämneskategori
    Programvaruteknik
    Identifikatorer
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-152002 (URN)10.1145/3194733.3194744 (DOI)000458922700009 ()978-1-4503-5743-2 (ISBN)
    Konferens
    AST'18 2018 ACM/IEEE 13th International Workshop on Automation of Software Test
    Anmärkning

    Funding agencies: Chalmers Software Center7 [30]

    Tillgänglig från: 2018-10-14 Skapad: 2018-10-14 Senast uppdaterad: 2022-08-23
    3. Empirical analysis of practitioners perceptions of test flakiness factors
    Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Empirical analysis of practitioners perceptions of test flakiness factors
    2021 (Engelska)Ingår i: Software testing, verification & reliability, ISSN 0960-0833, E-ISSN 1099-1689, Vol. 31, nr 8, artikel-id e1791Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Identifying the root causes of test flakiness is one of the challenges faced by practitioners during software testing. In other words, the testing of the software is hampered by test flakiness. Since the research about test flakiness in large-scale software engineering is scarce, the need for an empirical case-study where we can build a common and grounded understanding of the problem as well as relevant remedies that can later be evaluated in a large-scale context is a necessity. This study reports the findings from a multiple-case study. The authors conducted an online survey to investigate and catalogue the root causes of test flakiness and mitigation strategies. We attempted to understand how practitioners perceive test flakiness in closed-source development, such as how they define test flakiness and what practitioners perceive can affect test flakiness. The perceptions of practitioners were compared with the available literature. We investigated whether practitioners perceptions are reflected in the test artefacts such as what is the relationship between the perceived factors and properties of test artefacts. This study reported 19 factors that are perceived by professionals to affect test flakiness. These perceived factors are categorized as test code, system under test, CI/test infrastructure, and organization-related. The authors concluded that some of the perceived factors in test flakiness in closed-source development are directly related to non-determinism, whereas other perceived factors concern different aspects, for example, lack of good properties of a test case, deviations from the established processes, and ad hoc decisions. Given a data set from investigated cases, the authors concluded that two of the perceived factors (i.e., test case size and test case simplicity) have a strong effect on test flakiness.

    Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
    Wiley-Blackwell, 2021
    Nyckelord
    flaky tests; non-deterministic tests; practitioners perceptions; software testing; test smells
    Nationell ämneskategori
    Programvaruteknik
    Identifikatorer
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-178938 (URN)10.1002/stvr.1791 (DOI)000687875100001 ()
    Anmärkning

    Funding Agencies|Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola; Linkopings Universitet

    Tillgänglig från: 2021-09-06 Skapad: 2021-09-06 Senast uppdaterad: 2022-08-23
    4. An Evaluation of Machine Learning Methods for Predicting Flaky Tests
    Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>An Evaluation of Machine Learning Methods for Predicting Flaky Tests
    2020 (Engelska)Ingår i: Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Quantitative Approaches to Software Quality (QuASoQ 2020) / [ed] Horst Lichter, Selin Aydin, Thanwadee Sunetnanta, Toni Anwar, CEUR-WS , 2020, Vol. 2767, s. 37-46Konferensbidrag, Publicerat paper (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
    CEUR-WS, 2020
    Serie
    CEUR Workshop Proceedings, ISSN 1613-0073
    Nationell ämneskategori
    Programvaruteknik
    Identifikatorer
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-174179 (URN)2-s2.0-85097906339 (Scopus ID)
    Konferens
    27th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC 2020) Singapore (virtual), December 1, 2020.
    Tillgänglig från: 2021-03-15 Skapad: 2021-03-15 Senast uppdaterad: 2022-10-14Bibliografiskt granskad
    5. A Multi-factor Approach for Flaky Test Detection and Automated Root Cause Analysis
    Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>A Multi-factor Approach for Flaky Test Detection and Automated Root Cause Analysis
    Visa övriga...
    2021 (Engelska)Ingår i: 2021 28TH ASIA-PACIFIC SOFTWARE ENGINEERING CONFERENCE (APSEC 2021), IEEE COMPUTER SOC , 2021, s. 338-348Konferensbidrag, Publicerat paper (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Developers often spend time to determine whether test case failures are real failures or flaky. The flaky tests, also known as non-deterministic tests, switch their outcomes without any modification in the codebase, hence reducing the confidence of developers during maintenance as well as in the quality of a product. Re-running test cases to reveal flakiness is resource-consuming, unreliable and does not reveal the root causes of test flakiness. Our paper evaluates a multi-factor approach to identify flaky test executions implemented in a tool named MDFlaker. The four factors are: trace-back coverage, flaky frequency, number of test smells, and test size. Based on the extracted factors, MDFlaker uses k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) to determine whether failed test executions are flaky. We investigate MDFlaker in a case study with 2166 test executions from different open-source repositories. We evaluate the effectiveness of our flaky detection tool. We illustrate how the multi-factor approach can be used to reveal root causes for flakiness, and we conduct a qualitative comparison between MDFlaker and other tools proposed in literature. Our results show that the combination of different factors can be used to identify flaky tests. Each factor has its own trade-off, e.g., trace-back leads to many true positives, while flaky frequency yields more true negatives. Therefore, specific combinations of factors enable classification for testers with limited information (e.g., not enough test history information).

    Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
    IEEE COMPUTER SOC, 2021
    Serie
    Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference, ISSN 1530-1362
    Nyckelord
    flaky tests; non-deterministic tests; flaky test detection; automated root-cause analysis; trace-back
    Nationell ämneskategori
    Datavetenskap (datalogi)
    Identifikatorer
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-186181 (URN)10.1109/APSEC53868.2021.00041 (DOI)000802192700034 ()9781665437844 (ISBN)9781665437851 (ISBN)
    Konferens
    28th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC), ELECTR NETWORK, dec 06-09, 2021
    Tillgänglig från: 2022-06-23 Skapad: 2022-06-23 Senast uppdaterad: 2022-09-22
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  • 37.
    Ahmad, Azeem
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Software professionals' information needs in continuous integration and delivery2021Ingår i: SAC '21: Proceedings of the 36th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied ComputingMarch 2021, New York, NY, USA, 2021, s. 1513-1520Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    Continuous integration and delivery consolidate several activities, ranging from frequent code changes to compiling, building, testing, and deployment to customers. During these activities, software professionals seek additional information to perform the task at hand. Developers that spend a considerable amount of time and effort to identify such information can be distracted from doing productive work. By identifying the types of information that software professionals seek, we can better understand the processes, practices, and tools that are required to develop a quality product on time. A better understanding of the information needs of software practitioners has several benefits, such as staying competitive, increasing awareness of the issues that can hinder a timely release, and building a visualization tool that can help practitioners to address their information needs. We conducted a multiple-case holistic study with 5 different companies (34 unique participants) to identify information needs in continuous integration and delivery. This study attempts to capture the importance, frequency, required effort (e.g., sequence of actions required to collect information), current approach to handling, and associated stakeholders with respect to identified needs. We identified 27 information needs associated with different stakeholders (i.e., developers, testers, project managers, release team, and compliance authority). The identified needs were categorized as testing, code & commit, confidence, bug, and artifacts. We discussed whether the information needs were aligned with the tools used to address them.

  • 38.
    Ahmad, Azeem
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    de Oliveira Neto, Francisco Gomes
    Chalmers & Univ Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Shi, Zhixiang
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Sandahl, Kristian
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Leifler, Ola
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    A Multi-factor Approach for Flaky Test Detection and Automated Root Cause Analysis2021Ingår i: 2021 28TH ASIA-PACIFIC SOFTWARE ENGINEERING CONFERENCE (APSEC 2021), IEEE COMPUTER SOC , 2021, s. 338-348Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Developers often spend time to determine whether test case failures are real failures or flaky. The flaky tests, also known as non-deterministic tests, switch their outcomes without any modification in the codebase, hence reducing the confidence of developers during maintenance as well as in the quality of a product. Re-running test cases to reveal flakiness is resource-consuming, unreliable and does not reveal the root causes of test flakiness. Our paper evaluates a multi-factor approach to identify flaky test executions implemented in a tool named MDFlaker. The four factors are: trace-back coverage, flaky frequency, number of test smells, and test size. Based on the extracted factors, MDFlaker uses k-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) to determine whether failed test executions are flaky. We investigate MDFlaker in a case study with 2166 test executions from different open-source repositories. We evaluate the effectiveness of our flaky detection tool. We illustrate how the multi-factor approach can be used to reveal root causes for flakiness, and we conduct a qualitative comparison between MDFlaker and other tools proposed in literature. Our results show that the combination of different factors can be used to identify flaky tests. Each factor has its own trade-off, e.g., trace-back leads to many true positives, while flaky frequency yields more true negatives. Therefore, specific combinations of factors enable classification for testers with limited information (e.g., not enough test history information).

  • 39.
    Ahmad, Azeem
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Held, Erik Norrestam
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Leifler, Ola
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Sandahl, Kristian
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Identifying Randomness related Flaky Tests through Divergence and Execution Tracing2022Ingår i: 2022 IEEE 15TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE TESTING, VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION WORKSHOPS (ICSTW 2022), IEEE COMPUTER SOC , 2022, s. 293-300Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Developers often spend time to determine whether test case failures are real failures or flaky. The flaky tests, known as non-deterministic tests, change their outcomes without any changes in the codebase, thus reducing the trust of developers during a software release as well as in the quality of a product. While rerunning test cases is a common approach, it is resource intensive, unreliable, and does not uncover the actual cause of test flakiness. Our paper evaluates an approach to identify randomness-related flaky. This paper used a divergence algorithm and execution tracing techniques to identify flaky tests, which resulted in the FLAKYPY prototype. In addition, this paper discusses the cases where FLAKYPY successfully identified the flaky test as well as those cases where FLAKYPY failed. The papers discuss how the reporting mechanism of FLAKYPY can help developers in identifying the root cause of randomness-related test flakiness. Thirty-two open-source projects were used in this. We concluded that FLAKYPY can detect most of the randomness-related test flakiness. In addition, the reporting mechanism of FLAKYPY reveals sufficient information about possible root causes of test flakiness.

  • 40.
    Ahmad, Azeem
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Leifler, Ola
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Sandahl, Kristian
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Data visualisation in continuous integration and delivery: Information needs, challenges, and recommendations2022Ingår i: IET Software, ISSN 1751-8806, E-ISSN 1751-8814, Vol. 16, nr 3, s. 331-349Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Several operations, ranging from regular code updates to compiling, building, testing, and distribution to customers, are consolidated in continuous integration and delivery. Professionals seek additional information to complete the mission at hand during these tasks. Developers who devote a large amount of time and effort to finding such information may become distracted from their work. We will better understand the processes, procedures, and resources used to deliver a quality product on time by defining the types of information that software professionals seek. A deeper understanding of software practitioners information needs has many advantages, including remaining competitive, growing knowledge of issues that can stymie a timely update, and creating a visualisation tool to assist practitioners in addressing their information needs. This is an extension of a previous work done by the authors. The authors conducted a multiple-case holistic study with six different companies (38 unique participants) to identify information needs in continuous integration and delivery. This study attempts to capture the importance, frequency, required effort (e.g. sequence of actions required to collect information), current approach to handling, and associated stakeholders with respect to identified needs. 27 information needs associated with different stakeholders (i.e. developers, testers, project managers, release team, and compliance authority) were identified. The identified needs were categorised as testing, code & commit, confidence, bug, and artefacts. Apart from identifying information needs, practitioners face several challenges in developing visualisation tools. Thus, 8 challenges that were faced by the practitioners to develop/maintain visualisation tools for the software team were identified. The recommendations from practitioners who are experts in developing, maintaining, and providing visualisation services to the software team were listed.

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  • 41.
    Ahmad, Azeem
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Leifler, Ola
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Sandahl, Kristian
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Empirical analysis of practitioners perceptions of test flakiness factors2021Ingår i: Software testing, verification & reliability, ISSN 0960-0833, E-ISSN 1099-1689, Vol. 31, nr 8, artikel-id e1791Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Identifying the root causes of test flakiness is one of the challenges faced by practitioners during software testing. In other words, the testing of the software is hampered by test flakiness. Since the research about test flakiness in large-scale software engineering is scarce, the need for an empirical case-study where we can build a common and grounded understanding of the problem as well as relevant remedies that can later be evaluated in a large-scale context is a necessity. This study reports the findings from a multiple-case study. The authors conducted an online survey to investigate and catalogue the root causes of test flakiness and mitigation strategies. We attempted to understand how practitioners perceive test flakiness in closed-source development, such as how they define test flakiness and what practitioners perceive can affect test flakiness. The perceptions of practitioners were compared with the available literature. We investigated whether practitioners perceptions are reflected in the test artefacts such as what is the relationship between the perceived factors and properties of test artefacts. This study reported 19 factors that are perceived by professionals to affect test flakiness. These perceived factors are categorized as test code, system under test, CI/test infrastructure, and organization-related. The authors concluded that some of the perceived factors in test flakiness in closed-source development are directly related to non-determinism, whereas other perceived factors concern different aspects, for example, lack of good properties of a test case, deviations from the established processes, and ad hoc decisions. Given a data set from investigated cases, the authors concluded that two of the perceived factors (i.e., test case size and test case simplicity) have a strong effect on test flakiness.

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  • 42.
    Ahmad, Azeem
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Sandahl, Kristian
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Berglund, Aseel
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    The Perceived Effects of Introducing Coaching on the Development of Student's Soft Skills Managing Software Quality.2021Ingår i: Proceedings of 4th Software Engineering Education Workshop (SEED 2021) co-located with APSEC 2021, 06-Dec, 2021, Taipei, Taiwan, 2021Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Technical abilities (also known as hard skills) are just as crucial as soft skills (such as communication, cooperation, teamwork, etc.) in attaining professional success. Therefore it is important to pay much attention to soft skills when developing the curriculum of engineering educations. Many elements can have a direct or indirect impact on students’ soft skills, including course topic, course module (i.e., laboratories, seminars, etc.), the medium of instruction, and learning activities. Many academics have investigated the development of soft skills in a variety of disciplines, including engineering, science, and business. The purpose of this study is to assess the perceived impact of coaching on the development of soft skills in MS and BS engineering students. During four planned sessions over a six-month period, MS students acted as coachers, while BS students received coaching from MS students. After each coaching session, all students were asked to complete a survey to evaluate their perception for how their soft skills had developed. The results of the perceived effects of introducing coaching activities are presented in this article. This article is a first step, in the series of our investigation, in identifying the students’ perceptions about the development of soft skills. According to the survey, the MS engineering students who were the coachers had perceived to improve most of their soft skills. However, in the perception of BS students, their soft skills did not improve as compared to MS students, prompting us to conduct additional research in the future to discover what hampered the growth of BS students’ soft skills as well as how MS students’ soft skills were enhanced.

  • 43.
    Ahmad, Fozail
    et al.
    McGill Univ, Canada.
    Rangappa, Maruthi
    McGill Univ, Canada.
    Katiyar, Neeraj
    McGill Univ, Canada.
    Staniszewski, Martin
    Siemens Energy, Canada.
    Varro, Daniel
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten. McGill Univ, Canada.
    Hybrid Cloudification of Legacy Software for Efficient Simulation of Gas Turbine Designs2023Ingår i: 2023 IEEE/ACM 45TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING: SOFTWARE ENGINEERING IN PRACTICE, ICSE-SEIP, IEEE COMPUTER SOC , 2023, s. 384-395Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    When developing aeroderivative gas turbines at Siemens Energy, engine models are subject to complex simulation campaigns for finite element analysis carried out by a legacy simulation tool. This paper presents results of a multi-year software modernization project to provide a software-as-a-service (SaaS) framework that enables the distributed and automated execution of simulation jobs over a hybrid cloud platform containing both private cloud and public cloud nodes. Our framework allows to significantly reduce the net time required for completing complex simulation campaigns, thus increasing the effectiveness of engineers. The performance of our framework is evaluated in various cloud configurations with complex simulation campaigns performed in the context of a real simulation task.

  • 44.
    Alegroth, Emil
    et al.
    Blekinge Inst Technol, Sweden.
    Borch Petersen, Eline
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Avdelningen för Logopedi, Audiologi och Otorhinolaryngologi. Linköpings universitet, Medicinska fakulteten.
    Tinnerholm, John
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    A Failed attempt at creating Guidelines for Visual GUI Testing: An industrial case study2021Ingår i: 2021 14TH IEEE CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE TESTING, VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION (ICST 2021), IEEE COMPUTER SOC , 2021, s. 340-350Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Software development is governed by guidelines that aim to improve the codes qualities, such as maintainability. However, whilst coding guidelines are commonplace for software, guidelines for testware are much less common. In particular, for GUI-based tests driven with image recognition, also referred to as Visual GUI Testing (VGT), explicit coding guidelines are missing. In this industrial case study, performed at the Swedish defence contractor Saab AB, we propose a set of coding guidelines for VGT and evaluate their impact on test scripts for an industrial, safety-critical system. To study the guidelines effect on maintenance costs, five representative manual test cases are each translated with and without the proposed guidelines in the two VGT tools SikuliX and EyeAutomate. As such, 20 test scripts were developed, with a combined development cost of more than 100 man-hours. Three of the tests are then maintained by one researcher and two practitioners for another version of the system and costs measured to evaluate return on investment. This analysis is complemented with observations and interviews to elicit practitioners perceptions and experiences with VGT. Results show that scripts developed with the guidelines had higher maintenance costs than scripts developed without guide-lines. This is supported by qualitative results that many of the guidelines are considered inappropriate, superfluous or unnecessary due to the inherent properties of the scripts, e.g. their natural small size, linear flows, natural separation of concerns, and more. We conclude that there are differences between VGT scripts and software that prohibit direct translation of guidelines between the two. As such, we consider our study as a failure but argue that several lessons can be drawn from our results to guide future research into guidelines for VGT and GUI-based test automation.

  • 45.
    Alesand, Alexander
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system.
    Emulating 3G Network Characteristics on WiFi Networks2015Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    Mobile applications should work regardless of which type of wireless interface is used, and should be able to conceal unstable connections from the user to improve user experience. Therefore, network testing is important when developing mobile applications, but it is a challenge to reproduce network conditions when using real cellular networks since the test engineer has no control over the quality of the cellular network. Existing software tools can restrict bandwidth and add latency to the connection, but these tools do not accurately emulate cellular networks.

    This thesis proposes a system where it is possible to shape the network traffic for connected devices to mimic the network patterns of a real cellular connection when running on a WiFi connection. The design presented in this thesis is intended for testing mobile applications under diverse 3G connection parameters, such as latency, bandwidth and other characteristics.

    This thesis was conducted at Spotify, a company that provides a music streaming service which is a frequent user of network data traffic. The 3G emulator was evaluated using the Spotify Android application by measuring the correlation between packet traces from a real 3G connection and the 3G emulator. This correlation was compared to the correlation between packet traces from a real 3G connection and the current network emulator at Spotify. The evaluation shows that the proposed 3G emulator outperforms the current network emulator when performing tests on the Spotify application for Android. By using this emulator, we expect the network testing to become more effective as any 3G condition can be tested with repeatable results.

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  • 46.
    Alesand, Alexander
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Vergara, Ekhiotz Jon
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Nadjm-Tehrani, Simin
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
    Communication Energy Evaluation for Mobile Applications: Emulating 3G over WiFi2016Ingår i: ProceedingENERGY-SIM '16 Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Energy-Aware Simulation, ACM Digital Library, 2016Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Ubiquitous connectivity and massive use of mobile applications are currently hampered by fast battery drain of mobile devices. The communication energy of a mobile device is highly inuenced by the cellular operator conguration and the communication data pattern. Although testing the functionality and eciency of an application under diverse and realistic network settings is desirable, it is currently limited at the application developer test environment. It is generally hard to mimic di erent operator (infrastructure) settings that impact battery drain. In this paper we propose a system that creates a realistic cellular network testing environment for mobile applications on top of a WiFi network. A mobile device connects via WiFi to an emulator which shapes the uplink and downlink WiFi trac using real cellular operator conguration parameters. The system provides higher test repeatability compared to live networks and can be congured to emulate diverse cellular network parameters. These parameters, which determine the energy consumption, can be changed modularly and eciently. The evaluation of the resulting trac of the emulator compared to real cellular packet races from a streaming application shows a high correlation (0.97-0.98). The work has resulted in integration of the emulator within Spotify's test environment.

  • 47.
    Alfredsson, Marcus
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Lundmark, Eric
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Workflow graph editing and visualization in HTML5 and Javascript2015Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    Being able to run applications written in a single language on multiple platforms is a strong incentive for migrating applications to the web. This along with the possibility to avoid the sometimes problematic procedure of installing software, makes the case even stronger. This thesis investigates how to migrate a workflow graph editing system into a web technology in order to publish it on the web. We will evaluate a number of different technologies such as WebGL, HTML5 canvas and SVG. SVG is deemed as the preferred technology due to its advantages when it comes to interaction. As it can leverage JavaScripts event system we get a potent way of handling events without writing a single line of code. When combining this with the framework D3JS we achieve a great tool for writing workflow management systems.

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  • 48.
    Algotsson, Emma
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system.
    Design and Evaluation of an E-learning Platform to support Active Learning2021Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)
    Abstract [en]

    Engineering students at Linköping University are given the opportunity to improve their soft skills through the course Professionalism for Engineers. Soft skills are becoming more and more important in succeeding professionally as well as personally, especially among engineering students, who are more used to improving their hard skills. The course presents the students with a mixture of in-class and out-of-class activities, in which the latter makes use of three different platforms to provide the students with necessary information regarding the course. 

    This study has focused on combining the three platforms by creating a new E-learning platform, where further improvements and additions have been added to create a more supporting environment, in which the out-of-class activities are at the centre. The platform was evaluated through qualitative user tests and the quantitative User Experience Questionnaire, in which four students, enrolled in the course Professionalism for Engineers, participated. Every category in the User Experience Questionnaire received a positive value, implying that the users were overall pleased with the platform and experienced it as being intuitive, efficient and motivating. 

    The proposed platform, with the added functions and design elements, has the potential to support the students in doing their out-of-class activities, and the circumstances whilst doing these activities has been changed to enhance the students' active learning experience. 

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  • 49.
    Alhenawi, Esra'a
    et al.
    Zarqa Univ, Jordan.
    Abu Khurma, Ruba
    Middle East Univ, Jordan.
    Damasevicius, Robertas
    Vytautas Magnus Univ, Lithuania.
    Hussien, Abdelazim
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten. Fayoum Univ, Egypt; Appl Sci Private Univ, Jordan.
    Solving Traveling Salesman Problem Using Parallel River Formation Dynamics Optimization Algorithm on Multi-core Architecture Using Apache Spark2024Ingår i: International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, ISSN 1875-6891, E-ISSN 1875-6883, Vol. 17, nr 1, artikel-id 4Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    According to Moore's law, computer processing hardware technology performance is doubled every year. To make effective use of this technological development, the algorithmic solutions have to be developed at the same speed. Consequently, it is necessary to design parallel algorithms to be implemented on parallel machines. This helps to exploit the multi-core environment by executing multiple instructions simultaneously on multiple processors. Traveling Salesman (TSP) is a challenging non-deterministic-hard optimization problem that has exponential running time using brute-force methods. TSP is concerned with finding the shortest path starting with a point and returning to that point after visiting the list of points, provided that these points are visited only once. Meta-heuristic optimization algorithms have been used to tackle TSP and find near-optimal solutions in a reasonable time. This paper proposes a parallel River Formation Dynamics Optimization Algorithm (RFD) to solve the TSP problem. The parallelization technique depends on dividing the population into different processors using the Map-Reduce framework in Apache Spark. The experiments are accomplished in three phases. The first phase compares the speedup, running time, and efficiency of RFD on 1 (sequential RFD), 4, 8, and 16 cores. The second phase compares the proposed parallel RFD with three parallel water-based algorithms, namely the Water Flow algorithm, Intelligent Water Drops, and the Water Cycle Algorithm. To achieve fairness, all algorithms are implemented using the same system specifications and the same values for shared parameters. The third phase compares the proposed parallel RFD with the reported results of metaheuristic algorithms that were used to solve TSP in the literature. The results demonstrate that the RFD algorithm has the best performance for the majority of problem instances, achieving the lowest running times across different core counts. Our findings highlight the importance of selecting the most suitable algorithm and core count based on the problem characteristics to achieve optimal performance in parallel optimization.

  • 50.
    Ali, Akhtar
    et al.
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Dastgeer, Usman
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    Kessler, Christoph
    Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Programvara och system. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
    OpenCL for programming shared memory multicore CPUs2011Ingår i: Fourth Swedish Workshop on Multi-Core Computing MCC-2011: November 23-25, 2011, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden / [ed] Christoph Kessler, Linköping: Linköping University , 2011, Vol. S. 65-70, s. 65-70Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work, we evaluate the effectiveness of OpenCL for programming multicore CPUs in a comparative case study with OpenMP and Intel TBB for five benchmark applications: matrix multiply, LU decomposition, 2D image convolution, Pi value approximation and image histogram generation.

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