liu.seSök publikationer i DiVA
Ändra sökning
Avgränsa sökresultatet
1234 1 - 50 av 188
RefereraExporteraLänk till träfflistan
Permanent länk
Referera
Referensformat
• apa
• harvard1
• ieee
• modern-language-association-8th-edition
• vancouver
• oxford
• Annat format
Fler format
Språk
• de-DE
• en-GB
• en-US
• fi-FI
• nn-NO
• nn-NB
• sv-SE
• Annat språk
Fler språk
Utmatningsformat
• html
• text
• asciidoc
• rtf
Träffar per sida
• 5
• 10
• 20
• 50
• 100
• 250
Sortering
• Standard (Relevans)
• Författare A-Ö
• Författare Ö-A
• Titel A-Ö
• Titel Ö-A
• Publikationstyp A-Ö
• Publikationstyp Ö-A
• Äldst först
• Nyast först
• Skapad (Äldst först)
• Skapad (Nyast först)
• Senast uppdaterad (Äldst först)
• Senast uppdaterad (Nyast först)
• Disputationsdatum (tidigaste först)
• Disputationsdatum (senaste först)
• Standard (Relevans)
• Författare A-Ö
• Författare Ö-A
• Titel A-Ö
• Titel Ö-A
• Publikationstyp A-Ö
• Publikationstyp Ö-A
• Äldst först
• Nyast först
• Skapad (Äldst först)
• Skapad (Nyast först)
• Senast uppdaterad (Äldst först)
• Senast uppdaterad (Nyast först)
• Disputationsdatum (tidigaste först)
• Disputationsdatum (senaste först)
Markera
Maxantalet träffar du kan exportera från sökgränssnittet är 250. Vid större uttag använd dig av utsökningar.
• 1.
SLU, Umeå, Sweden .
FOI, Umeå, Sweden . Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan. SLU, Umeå, Sweden .
Maternal heterozygosity and progeny fitness association in an inbred Scots pine population2013Ingår i: Genetica, ISSN 0016-6707, E-ISSN 1573-6857, Vol. 141, nr 1-3, s. 41-50Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)

Associations between heterozygosity and fitness traits have typically been investigated in populations characterized by low levels of inbreeding. We investigated the associations between standardized multilocus heterozygosity (stMLH) in mother trees (obtained from12 nuclear microsatellite markers) and five fitness traits measured in progenies from an inbred Scots pine population. The traits studied were proportion of sound seed, mean seed weight, germination rate, mean family height of one-year old seedlings under greenhouse conditions (GH) and mean family height of three-year old seedlings under field conditions (FH). The relatively high average inbreeding coefficient (F) in the population under study corresponds to a mixture of trees with different levels of co-ancestry, potentially resulting from a recent bottleneck. We used both frequentist and Bayesian methods of polynomial regression to investigate the presence of linear and non-linear relations between stMLH and each of the fitness traits. No significant associations were found for any of the traits except for GH, which displayed negative linear effect with stMLH. Negative HFC for GH could potentially be explained by the effect of heterosis caused by mating of two inbred mother trees (Lippman and Zamir 2006), or outbreeding depression at the most heterozygote trees and its negative impact on the fitness of the progeny, while their simultaneous action is also possible (Lynch. 1991). However,since this effect wasn’t detected for FH, we cannot either rule out that the greenhouse conditions introduce artificial effects that disappear under more realistic field conditions.

• 2.
Kaunas Univ of Technology.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
The Momenst of the Maximum of Normally Distributed Dependent Values2009Ingår i: Information Technology and Control, ISSN 1392-124X, E-ISSN 2335-884X, Vol. 38, nr 4, s. 301-302Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)

In this paper the moments of the maximum of a finite number of random values are analyzed. The largest part of analysis is focused on extremes of dependent normal values. For the case of normal distribution, the moments of the maximum of dependent values are expressed through the moments of independent values.

• 3.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik.
En retrospektiv studie av vilka patientgrupper som erhåller insulinpump2010Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (magisterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)

Målsättning

Att utreda skillnader i tillgänglighet till insulinpump mellan olika patientgrupper samt vad som orsakar ett byte till insulinpump.

Metod

Data från 7224 individer med typ 1 diabetes vid tio olika vårdenheter analyserades för att utreda effekterna av njurfunktion, kön, långtidsblodsocker, insulindos, diabetesduration samt ålder. Jämförelsen mellan patientgrupper utfördes med logistisk regression som en tvärsnittsstudie och Cox-regression för att utreda vad som föregått ett byte till pump.

Resultat

Genom logistisk regression erhölls en bild av hur skillnader mellan patienter som använder insulinpump och patienter som inte gör det ser ut i dagsläget. Cox-regressionen tar med ett tidsperspektiv och ger på så sätt svar på vad som föregått ett byte till insulinpump. Dessa analyser gav liknande resultat gällande variabler konstanta över tiden. Kvinnor använder pump i större utsträckning än män och andelen pumpanvändare skiljer sig åt vid olika vårdenheter. I dagsläget visar sig hög ålder sänka sannolikheten att använda insulinpump, vilket bekräftas vid den tidsberoende studien som visade hur sannolikheten att byta till pump är avsevärt lägre vid hög ålder. Långtidsblodsockret har också tydlig effekt på sannolikheten att gå över till pump där ett högt långtidsblodsocker medför hög sannolikhet att byta till insulinpump.

Slutsatser

I dagsläget finns det skillnader i andelen insulinpumpanvändare mellan olika patientgrupper och skillnader finns även i de olika gruppernas benägenhet att byta från andra insulinbehandlingar till insulinpump. Beroende av patienters njurfunktion, kön, långtidsblodsocker, insulindos, diabetesduration och ålder har dessa olika sannolikheter att byta till insulinpump.

• 4.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik.
Metodik för detektering av vägåtgärder via tillståndsdata2010Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (magisterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)

The Swedish Transport Administration has, and manages, a database containing information of the status of road condition on all paved and governmental operated Swedish roads. The purpose of the database is to support the Pavement Management System (PMS). The PMS is used to identify sections of roads where there is a need for treatment, how to allocate resources and to get a general picture of the state of the road network condition. All major treatments should be reported which has not always been done.

The road condition is measured using a number of indicators on e.g. the roads unevenness. Rut depth is an indicator of the roads transverse unevenness. When a treatment has been done the condition drastically changes, which is also reflected by these indicators.

The purpose of this master thesis is to; by using existing indicators make predictions to find points in time when a road has been treated.

We have created a SAS-program based on simple linear regression to analyze rut depth changes over time. The function of the program is to find levels changes in the rut depth trend. A drastic negative change means that a treatment has been made.

The proportion of roads with an alleged date for the latest treatment earlier than the programs latest detected date was 37 percent. It turned out that there are differences in the proportions of possible treatments found by the software and actually reported roads between different regions. The regions North and Central have the highest proportion of differences. There are also differences between the road groups with various amount of traffic. The differences between the regions do not depend entirely on the fact that the proportion of heavily trafficked roads is greater for some regions.

• 5.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Biologi. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten. Polismyndigheten - Nationellt Forensiskt Centrum.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Polismyndigheten - Nationellt Forensiskt Centrum. Polismyndigheten - Nationellt Forensiskt Centrum.
Interpretation of DNA Evidence: Implications of Thresholds Used in the Forensic Laboratory2014Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)

Evaluation of forensic evidence is a process lined with decisions and balancing, not infrequently with a substantial deal of subjectivity. Already at the crime scene a lot of decisions have to be made about search strategies, the amount of evidence and traces recovered, later prioritised and sent further to the forensic laboratory etc. Within the laboratory there must be several criteria (often in terms of numbers) on how much and what parts of the material should be analysed. In addition there is often a restricted timeframe for delivery of a statement to the commissioner, which in reality might influence on the work done. The path of DNA evidence from the recovery of a trace at the crime scene to the interpretation and evaluation made in court involves several decisions based on cut-offs of different kinds. These include quality assurance thresholds like limits of detection and quantitation, but also less strictly defined thresholds like upper limits on prevalence of alleles not observed in DNA databases. In a verbal scale of conclusions there are lower limits on likelihood ratios for DNA evidence above which the evidence can be said to strongly support, very strongly support, etc. a proposition about the source of the evidence. Such thresholds may be arbitrarily chosen or based on logical reasoning with probabilities. However, likelihood ratios for DNA evidence depend strongly on the population of potential donors, and this may not be understood among the end-users of such a verbal scale. Even apparently strong DNA evidence against a suspect may be reported on each side of a threshold in the scale depending on whether a close relative is part of the donor population or not. In this presentation we review the use of thresholds and cut-offs in DNA analysis and interpretation and investigate the sensitivity of the final evaluation to how such rules are defined. In particular we show what are the effects of cut-offs when multiple propositions about alternative sources of a trace cannot be avoided, e.g. when there are close relatives to the suspect with high propensities to have left the trace. Moreover, we discuss the possibility of including costs (in terms of time or money) for a decision-theoretic approach in which expected values of information could be analysed.

• 6.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
Utvärdering av Transportstyrelsens flygtrafiksmodeller2014Självständigt arbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen), 10 poäng / 15 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)

The Swedish Transport Agency has for a long time collected data on a monthly basis for different variables that are used to make predictions, short projections as well as longer projections. They have used SAS for producing statistical models in air transport. The model with the largest value of coefficient of determination is the method that has been used for a long time. The Swedish Transport Agency felt it was time for an evaluation of their models and methods of how projections is estimated, they would also explore the possibilities to use different, completely new models for forecasting air travel. This Bachelor thesis examines how the Holt-Winters method does compare with SARIMA, error terms such as RMSE, MAPE, R2, AIC and BIC  will be compared between the methods.

The results which have been produced showing that there may be a risk that the Holt-Winters models adepts a bit too well in a few variables in which Holt-Winters method has been adapted. But overall the Holt-Winters method generates better forecasts .

• 7.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Teoretisk Fysik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
Applied Materials Physics, Department of Material Science and Engineering, The Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Swedent. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, Teoretisk Fysik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
Electronic and atomic structure of Mo from high-temperature molecular dynamics simulationsManuskript (preprint) (Övrig (populärvetenskap, debatt, mm))

By means of ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations we carry out a detailed stdly of the electronic and atomic structure of Mo upon the thermal stabilization of its dynamically unstable face-centered cubic (fcc) phase, Wc calculate how the atomic positions, radial distribution function, and the ei<xtronic density of states of fcc Mo evolve with temperature. The results are compared with those for dynamically stable body-centered cubic (bcc) phase of Mo, as well as with bcc Zr, which is dynamically unstable at T = OK, but (in contrast to fcc Mo) becomes thermodynamically stable at high temperature, In particular, wc emphasize the difference between the local positions of atoms in the simulation boxes at a particular step of AIMD simulation and the average positions, around which the atoms vibrate, and show that the former are solcly responsible for the electronic properties of the material. WE observe that while the average atomic positions in fcc Mo correspond perfectly to the ideal structure at high temperature, the electronic structure of the metal calculated from AIMD differs substantially from the canonical shape of the density of states for the ideal fcc crystaL From a comparison of our results obtained for fcc Mo arid bcc Zr, we advocate the use of the electronic structure calculations, complemented with studies of radial distribution functions, as a sensitive test of a degree of the temperature induced stabilization of phases, which are dynamically unstable at T = OK.

• 8.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk teknik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Brännskadevård. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicin och hälsa, Klinisk fysiologi. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet.
Cardiac dysfunction after burns2008Ingår i: Burns, ISSN 0305-4179, E-ISSN 1879-1409, Vol. 34, nr 5, s. 603-609Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)

Objectives

Using transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) we investigated the occurrence, and the association of possible abnormalities of motion of the regional wall of the heart (WMA) or diastolic dysfunction with raised troponin concentrations, or both during fluid resuscitation in patients with severe burns.

Patients and methods

Ten consecutive adults (aged 36–89 years, two women) with burns exceeding 20% total burned body surface area who needed mechanical ventilation were studied. Their mean Baux index was 92.7, and they were resuscitated according to the Parkland formula. Thirty series of TEE examinations and simultaneous laboratory tests for myocyte damage were done 12, 24, and 36 h after the burn.

Results

Half (n = 5) the patients had varying grades of leakage of the marker that correlated with changeable WMA at 12, 24 and 36 h after the burn (p ≤ 0.001, 0.044 and 0.02, respectively). No patient had WMA and normal concentrations of biomarkers or vice versa. The mitral deceleration time was short, but left ventricular filling velocity increased together with stroke volume.

Conclusion

Acute myocardial damage recorded by both echocardiography and leakage of troponin was common, and there was a close correlation between them. This is true also when global systolic function is not deteriorated. The mitral flow Doppler pattern suggested restrictive left ventricular diastolic function.

• 9.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicin och hälsa, Anestesiologi med intensivvård. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Anestesi- och operationscentrum, Operationskliniken US.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin, Brännskadevård. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Rekonstruktionscentrum, Hand- och plastikkirurgiska kliniken US. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Rekonstruktionscentrum, Hand- och plastikkirurgiska kliniken US. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicin och hälsa, Klinisk fysiologi. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Hjärtcentrum, Fysiologiska kliniken.
Hemodynamic Changes During Resuscitation After Burns Using the Parkland Formula2009Ingår i: Journal of Trauma, ISSN 0022-5282, E-ISSN 1529-8809, Vol. 66, nr 2, s. 329-336Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)

Background: The Parkland formula (2-4 mL/kg/burned area of total body surface area %) with urine output and mean arterial pressure (MAP) as endpoints; for the fluid resuscitation in burns is recommended all over the world. There has recently been a discussion on whether central circulatory endpoints should be used instead, and also whether volumes of fluid should be larger. Despite this, there are few central hemodynamic data available in the literature about the results when the formula is used correctly.

Methods: Ten burned patients, admitted to our unit early, and with a burned area of >20% of total body sur-face area were investigated at 12, 24, and 36 hours after injury. Using transesophageal echocardiography, pulmonary artery catheterization, and transpulmonary thermodilution to monitor them, we evaluated the cardiovascular coupling when urinary output and MAP were used as endpoints.

Results: Oxygen transport variables, heart rate, MAP, and left ventricular fractional area, did not change significantly during fluid resuscitation. Left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic area and global end-diastolic volume index increased from subnormal values at 12 hours to normal ranges at 24 hours after the burn. Extravascular lung intrathoracal blood volume ratio was increased 12 hours after the burn.

Conclusions: Preload variables, global systolic function, and oxygen transport recorded simultaneously by three separate methods showed no need to increase the total fluid volume within 36 hours of a major burn. Early (12 hours) signs of central circulatory hypovolemia, however, support more rapid infusion of fluid at the beginning of treatment.

• 10.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Databas och informationsteknik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
Modelling regimes with Bayesian network mixtures2017Ingår i: Proceedings of the Thirtieth Annual Workshop of the Swedish Artificial Intelligence Society, 2017, s. 20-29Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)

Bayesian networks (BNs) are advantageous when representing single independence models, however they do not allow us to model changes among the relationships of the random variables over time. Due to such regime changes, it may be necessary to use different BNs at different times in order to have an appropriate model over the random variables. In this paper we propose two extensions to the traditional hidden Markov model, allowing us to represent both the different regimes using different BNs, and potential driving forces behind the regime changes, by modelling potential dependence between state transitions and some observable variables. We show how expectation maximisation can be used to learn the parameters of the proposed model, and run both synthetic and real-world experiments to show the model’s potential.

• 11.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik.
Modellering av spårvidd över bandel 119 inom Stambanan genom Övre Norrland: Kandidatuppsats i Statistik och dataanalys2015Självständigt arbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen), 10 poäng / 15 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)

Trafikverket har varit de som ansvarar för underhållet på den svenska järnvägen sedan 2010. För att järnvägen ska vara säker för passagerare och övriga transporter behöver den hållas i gott skick genom regelbundet underhåll. Därför är det viktigt att kontrollera spårgeometriers kvalitet. Spårvidden är en utav de viktigaste mått som varken får vara för bred eller för smal.

Syftet med denna rapport är att bygga en modell som kan användas för att simulera avvikelsen på normal spårvidd med avseende på spårgeometrier samt spårens egenskaper.

Avikkelsen från normal spårvidd är en slumpvariabel som vi modellerat med en generaliserad linjär modell och en generaliserad additiv modell. De kan sedan användas för att simulera avvikelsen på normal spårvidd. I studien visas att GAM lyckas förklara en stor del av variationen i avvikelse på normal spårvidd med hjälp av information från spårgeometrier samt spårens egenskaper.

• 12.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
Characterizing Temporal Changes and Inter-Site Correlations in Daily and Sub-Daily Precipitation Extremes2011Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)

Information om extrema väderhändelser är väsentligt för riskmedveten planering av infrastruktur och jordbruk. Sådan information kan också spela en avgörande roll för vår förmåga att anpassa oss till extremhändelser som är regelbundet återkommande eller mer eller mindre unika. Denna avhandling beskriver nya statistiska metoder som kan bidra till att bedöma klimatrisker när klimatet förändras. Den ökande tillgången till data med hög tidsupplösning är en central faktor när vi utvecklar nya tekniker för detta ändamål. Speciellt introducerar vi metodik för att analysera långsiktiga förändringar i dagliga eller ännu mera högupplösta data avseende observerade eller modellerade väderextremer. Extremvärdesteori utnyttias för att öka styrkan av statistiska tester, och hänsyn tas till beroendet mellan data från olika platser så att regionala bedömningar blir möjliga. Vidare presenteras nya metoder för att sammanfatta och visualisera rumsliga mönster i samstämmigheten av och beroendet mellan extrema väderhändelser såsom hög nederbördsintensitet i ett nätverk av meteorologiska stationer. Arbetet visar också betydelsen av ta hänsyn till den tidsmässiga överensstämmelsen när man undersöker det asymptotiska beroendet mellan extrema händelser vid olika stationer.

1. A test for network-wide trends in rainfall extremes
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>A test for network-wide trends in rainfall extremes
2012 (Engelska)Ingår i: International Journal of Climatology, ISSN 0899-8418, E-ISSN 1097-0088, ISSN 0899-8418, Vol. 32, nr 1, s. 86-94Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
##### Abstract [en]

Temporal trends in meteorological extremes are often examined by first reducing daily data to annual index values, such as the 95th or 99th percentiles. Here, we report how this idea can be elaborated to provide an efficient test for trends at a network of stations. The initial step is to make separate estimates of tail probabilities of precipitation amounts for each combination of station and year by fitting a generalised Pareto distribution (GPD) to data above a user-defined threshold. The resulting time series of annual percentile estimates are subsequently fed into a multivariate Mann-Kendall (MK) test for monotonic trends. We performed extensive simulations using artificially generated precipitation data and noted that the power of tests for temporal trends was substantially enhanced when ordinary percentiles were substituted for GPD percentiles. Furthermore, we found that the trend detection was robust to misspecification of the extreme value distribution. An advantage of the MK test is that it can accommodate non-linear trends, and it can also take into account the dependencies between stations in a network. To illustrate our approach, we used long time series of precipitation data from a network of stations in The Netherlands.

Wiley, 2012
##### Nyckelord
climate extremes; precipitation; temporal trend; generalised Pareto distribution; climate indices; global warming
##### Nationell ämneskategori
Klimatforskning Sannolikhetsteori och statistik
##### Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-63099 (URN)10.1002/joc.2263 (DOI)000298733800007 ()
##### Anmärkning
funding agencies|Swedish Environmental Protection Agency||Tillgänglig från: 2010-12-13 Skapad: 2010-12-10 Senast uppdaterad: 2017-12-11
2. Statistical framework for assessing trends in sub-daily and daily precipitation extremes
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Statistical framework for assessing trends in sub-daily and daily precipitation extremes
(Engelska)Manuskript (preprint) (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
##### Abstract [en]

Extreme precipitation events vary with regard to duration, and hence sub-daily data do not necessarily exhibit the same trends as daily data. Here, we present a framework for a comprehensive yet easily undertaken statistical analysis of long-term trends in daily and sub-daily extremes. A parametric peaks-over-threshold model is employed to estimate annual percentiles for data of different temporal resolution. Moreover, a trend-durationfrequency table is used to summarize how the statistical significance of trends in annual percentiles varies with the temporal resolution of the underlying data and the severity of the extremes. The proposed framework also includes nonparametric tests that can integrate information about nonlinear monotonic trends at a network of stations. To illustrate our methodology, we use climate model output data from Kalmar, Sweden, and observational data from Vancouver, Canada. In both these cases, the results show different trends for moderate and high extremes, and also a clear difference in the statistical evidence of trends for daily and sub-daily data.

##### Nyckelord
Rainfall extremes; precipitation; sub-daily, temporal trend; generalized Pareto distribution; climate indices; global warming
##### Nationell ämneskategori
Sannolikhetsteori och statistik
##### Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-71296 (URN)
3. Characterizing and visualizing spatio-temporal patterns in hourly precipitation records
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Characterizing and visualizing spatio-temporal patterns in hourly precipitation records
2012 (Engelska)Ingår i: Journal of Theoretical and Applied Climatology, ISSN 0177-798X, E-ISSN 1434-4483, Vol. 109, nr 3-4, s. 333-343Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
##### Abstract [en]

We develop new techniques to summarize and visualize spatial patterns of coincidence in weather events such as more or less heavy precipitation at a network of meteorological stations. The cosine similarity measure, which has a simple probabilistic interpretation for vectors of binary data, is generalized to characterize spatial dependencies of events that may reach different stations with a variable time lag. More specifically, we reduce such patterns into three parameters (dominant time lag, maximum cross-similarity, and window-maximum similarity) that can easily be computed for each pair of stations in a network. Furthermore, we visualize such threeparameter summaries by using colour-coded maps of dependencies to a given reference station and distance-decay plots for the entire network. Applications to hourly precipitation data from a network of 93 stations in Sweden illustrate how this method can be used to explore spatial patterns in the temporal synchrony of precipitation events.

##### Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Springer, 2012
##### Nyckelord
precipitation; hourly rainfall records; spatial dependence; time lag; cosine similarity
##### Nationell ämneskategori
Sannolikhetsteori och statistik
##### Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-71297 (URN)10.1007/s00704-011-0574-x (DOI)000307243900002 ()
##### Anmärkning

funding agencies|Swedish Research Council (VR)||Gothenburg Atmospheric Science Centre (GAC)||FORMAS|2007-1048-8700*51|

4. Diagnostics for tail dependence in time-lagged random fields of precipitation
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Diagnostics for tail dependence in time-lagged random fields of precipitation
2013 (Engelska)Ingår i: Journal of Theoretical and Applied Climatology, ISSN 0177-798X, E-ISSN 1434-4483, Vol. 112, nr 3-4, s. 629-636Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
##### Abstract [en]

Weather extremes often occur along fronts passing different sites with some time lag. Here, we show how such temporal patterns can be taken into account when exploring inter-site dependence of extremes. We incorporate time lags into existing models and into measures of extremal associations and their relation to the distance between the investigated sites. Furthermore, we define summarizing parameters that can be used to explore tail dependence for a whole network of stations in the presence of fixed or stochastic time lags. Analysis of hourly precipitation data from Sweden showed that our methods can prevent underestimation of the strength and spatial extent of tail dependencies.

##### Nyckelord
Precipitation; Sub-daily; Tail dependence; Spatial dependence; Time lag
##### Nationell ämneskategori
Sannolikhetsteori och statistik
##### Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-71298 (URN)10.1007/s00704-012-0748-1 (DOI)000318246300022 ()
• 13.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
Diagnostics for tail dependence in time-lagged random fields of precipitation2013Ingår i: Journal of Theoretical and Applied Climatology, ISSN 0177-798X, E-ISSN 1434-4483, Vol. 112, nr 3-4, s. 629-636Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)

Weather extremes often occur along fronts passing different sites with some time lag. Here, we show how such temporal patterns can be taken into account when exploring inter-site dependence of extremes. We incorporate time lags into existing models and into measures of extremal associations and their relation to the distance between the investigated sites. Furthermore, we define summarizing parameters that can be used to explore tail dependence for a whole network of stations in the presence of fixed or stochastic time lags. Analysis of hourly precipitation data from Sweden showed that our methods can prevent underestimation of the strength and spatial extent of tail dependencies.

• 14.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
Statistical framework for assessing trends in sub-daily and daily precipitation extremesManuskript (preprint) (Övrigt vetenskapligt)

Extreme precipitation events vary with regard to duration, and hence sub-daily data do not necessarily exhibit the same trends as daily data. Here, we present a framework for a comprehensive yet easily undertaken statistical analysis of long-term trends in daily and sub-daily extremes. A parametric peaks-over-threshold model is employed to estimate annual percentiles for data of different temporal resolution. Moreover, a trend-durationfrequency table is used to summarize how the statistical significance of trends in annual percentiles varies with the temporal resolution of the underlying data and the severity of the extremes. The proposed framework also includes nonparametric tests that can integrate information about nonlinear monotonic trends at a network of stations. To illustrate our methodology, we use climate model output data from Kalmar, Sweden, and observational data from Vancouver, Canada. In both these cases, the results show different trends for moderate and high extremes, and also a clear difference in the statistical evidence of trends for daily and sub-daily data.

• 15.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala.
A test for network-wide trends in rainfall extremes2012Ingår i: International Journal of Climatology, ISSN 0899-8418, E-ISSN 1097-0088, ISSN 0899-8418, Vol. 32, nr 1, s. 86-94Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)

Temporal trends in meteorological extremes are often examined by first reducing daily data to annual index values, such as the 95th or 99th percentiles. Here, we report how this idea can be elaborated to provide an efficient test for trends at a network of stations. The initial step is to make separate estimates of tail probabilities of precipitation amounts for each combination of station and year by fitting a generalised Pareto distribution (GPD) to data above a user-defined threshold. The resulting time series of annual percentile estimates are subsequently fed into a multivariate Mann-Kendall (MK) test for monotonic trends. We performed extensive simulations using artificially generated precipitation data and noted that the power of tests for temporal trends was substantially enhanced when ordinary percentiles were substituted for GPD percentiles. Furthermore, we found that the trend detection was robust to misspecification of the extreme value distribution. An advantage of the MK test is that it can accommodate non-linear trends, and it can also take into account the dependencies between stations in a network. To illustrate our approach, we used long time series of precipitation data from a network of stations in The Netherlands.

• 16.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
Characterizing and visualizing spatio-temporal patterns in hourly precipitation records2012Ingår i: Journal of Theoretical and Applied Climatology, ISSN 0177-798X, E-ISSN 1434-4483, Vol. 109, nr 3-4, s. 333-343Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)

We develop new techniques to summarize and visualize spatial patterns of coincidence in weather events such as more or less heavy precipitation at a network of meteorological stations. The cosine similarity measure, which has a simple probabilistic interpretation for vectors of binary data, is generalized to characterize spatial dependencies of events that may reach different stations with a variable time lag. More specifically, we reduce such patterns into three parameters (dominant time lag, maximum cross-similarity, and window-maximum similarity) that can easily be computed for each pair of stations in a network. Furthermore, we visualize such threeparameter summaries by using colour-coded maps of dependencies to a given reference station and distance-decay plots for the entire network. Applications to hourly precipitation data from a network of 93 stations in Sweden illustrate how this method can be used to explore spatial patterns in the temporal synchrony of precipitation events.

• 17.
Linköpings universitet, Matematiska institutionen, Optimeringslära. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
Hasse diagrams and the generalized PAV-algorithm for monotonic regression in several explanatory variables2005Ingår i: Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, ISSN 0167-9473Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)

Monotonic regression is a nonparametric method for estimation ofmodels in which the expected value of a response variable y increases ordecreases in all coordinates of a vector of explanatory variables x = (x1, …, xp).Here, we examine statistical and computational aspects of our recentlyproposed generalization of the pool-adjacent-violators (PAV) algorithm fromone to several explanatory variables. In particular, we show how the goodnessof-fit and accuracy of obtained solutions can be enhanced by presortingobserved data with respect to their level in a Hasse diagram of the partial orderof the observed x-vectors, and we also demonstrate how these calculations canbe carried out to save computer memory and computational time. Monte Carlosimulations illustrate how rapidly the mean square difference between fittedand expected response values tends to zero, and how quickly the mean squareresidual approaches the true variance of the random error, as the number of observations increases up to 104.

• 18.
Linköpings universitet, Matematiska institutionen, Optimeringslära. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
Generalized PAV algorithm with block refinement for partially ordered monotonic regression2009Ingår i: Proceedings of the Workshop on Learning Monotone Models from Data / [ed] A. Feelders and R. Potharst, 2009, s. 23-37Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)

In this paper, the monotonic regression problem (MR) is considered. We have recentlygeneralized for MR the well-known Pool-Adjacent-Voilators algorithm(PAV) from the case of completely to partially ordered data sets. Thenew algorithm, called GPAV, combines both high accuracy and lowcomputational complexity which grows quadratically with the problemsize. The actual growth observed in practice is typically far lowerthan quadratic. The fitted values of the exact MR solution composeblocks of equal values. Its GPAV approximation has also a blockstructure. We present here a technique for refining blocks produced bythe GPAV algorithm to make the new blocks more close to those in theexact solution. This substantially improves the accuracy of the GPAVsolution and does not deteriorate its computational complexity. Thecomputational time for the new technique is approximately triple thetime of running the GPAV algorithm. Its efficiency is demonstrated byresults of our numerical experiments.

• 19.
Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan. Linköpings universitet, Matematiska institutionen, Optimeringslära.
Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik.
New optimization algorithms for large-scale isotonic regression in L2-norm2007Ingår i: EUROPT-OMS Conference on Optimization,2007, University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic: Guadeamus , 2007, s. 44-44Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)

Isotonic regression problem (IR) has numerous important applications in statistics, operations research, biology, image and signal processing and other areas. IR in L2-norm is a minimization problem in which the objective function is the squared Euclidean distance from a given point to a convex set defined by monotonicity constraints of the form: i-th component of the decision vector is less or equal to its j-th component. Unfortunately, the conventional optimization methods are unable to solve IR problems originating from large data sets. The existing IR algorithms, such as the minimum lower sets algorithm by Brunk, the min-max algorithm by Lee, the network flow algorithm by Maxwell & Muchstadt and the IBCR algorithm by Block et al. are able to find exact solution to IR problem for at most a few thousands of variables. The IBCR algorithm, which proved to be the most efficient of them, is not robust enough. An alternative approach is related to solving IR problem approximately. Following this approach, Burdakov et al. developed an algorithm, called GPAV, whose block refinement extension, GPAVR, is able to solve IR problems with a very high accuracy in a far shorter time than the exact algorithms. Apart from this, GPAVR is a very robust algorithm, and it allows us to solve IR problems with over hundred thousands of variables. In this talk, we introduce new exact IR algorithms, which can be viewed as active set methods. They use the approximate solution produced by the GPAVR algorithm as a starting point. We present results of our numerical experiments demonstrating the high efficiency of the new algorithms, especially for very large-scale problems, and their robustness. They are able to solve the problems which all existing exact IR algorithms fail to solve.

• 20.
Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan. Linköpings universitet, Matematiska institutionen, Optimeringslära.
Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Institute of Numerical Mathematics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. Institute of Numerical Mathematics Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
Monotonic data fitting and interpolation with application to postprocessing of FE solutions2007Ingår i: CERFACS 20th Anniversary Conference on High-performance Computing,2007, 2007, s. 11-12Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)

In this talk we consider the isotonic regression (IR) problem which can be formulated as follows. Given a vector $\bar{x} \in R^n$, find $x_* \in R^n$ which solves the problem: $$\label{ir2} \begin{array}{cl} \mbox{min} & \|x-\bar{x}\|^2 \\ \mbox{s.t.} & Mx \ge 0. \end{array}$$ The set of constraints $Mx \ge 0$ represents here the monotonicity relations of the form $x_i \le x_j$ for a given set of pairs of the components of $x$. The corresponding row of the matrix $M$ is composed mainly of zeros, but its $i$th and $j$th elements, which are equal to $-1$ and $+1$, respectively. The most challenging applications of (\ref{ir2}) are characterized by very large values of $n$. We introduce new IR algorithms. Our numerical experiments demonstrate the high efficiency of our algorithms, especially for very large-scale problems, and their robustness. They are able to solve some problems which all existing IR algorithms fail to solve. We outline also our new algorithms for monotonicity-preserving interpolation of scattered multivariate data. In this talk we focus on application of our IR algorithms in postprocessing of FE solutions. Non-monotonicity of the numerical solution is a typical drawback of the conventional methods of approximation, such as finite elements (FE), finite volumes, and mixed finite elements. The problem of monotonicity is particularly important in cases of highly anisotropic diffusion tensors or distorted unstructured meshes. For instance, in the nuclear waste transport simulation, the non-monotonicity results in the presence of negative concentrations which may lead to unacceptable concentration and chemistry calculations failure. Another drawback of the conventional methods is a possible violation of the discrete maximum principle, which establishes lower and upper bounds for the solution. We suggest here a least-change correction to the available FE solution $\bar{x} \in R^n$. This postprocessing procedure is aimed on recovering the monotonicity and some other important properties that may not be exhibited by $\bar{x}$. The mathematical formulation of the postprocessing problem is reduced to the following convex quadratic programming problem $$\label{ls2} \begin{array}{cl} \mbox{min} & \|x-\bar{x}\|^2 \\ \mbox{s.t.} & Mx \ge 0, \quad l \le x \le u, \quad e^Tx = m, \end{array}$$ where$e=(1,1, \ldots ,1)^T \in R^n$. The set of constraints $Mx \ge 0$ represents here the monotonicity relations between some of the adjacent mesh cells. The constraints $l \le x \le u$ originate from the discrete maximum principle. The last constraint formulates the conservativity requirement. The postprocessing based on (\ref{ls2}) is typically a large scale problem. We introduce here algorithms for solving this problem. They are based on the observation that, in the presence of the monotonicity constraints only, problem (\ref{ls2}) is the classical monotonic regression problem, which can be solved efficiently by some of the available monotonic regression algorithms. This solution is used then for producing the optimal solution to problem (\ref{ls2}) in the presence of all the constraints. We present results of numerical experiments to illustrate the efficiency of our algorithms.

• 21.
Linköpings universitet, Matematiska institutionen, Optimeringslära. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
A Dual Active-Set Algorithm for Regularized Monotonic Regression2017Ingår i: Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, ISSN 0022-3239, E-ISSN 1573-2878, Vol. 172, nr 3, s. 929-949Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)

Monotonic (isotonic) regression is a powerful tool used for solving a wide range of important applied problems. One of its features, which poses a limitation on its use in some areas, is that it produces a piecewise constant fitted response. For smoothing the fitted response, we introduce a regularization term in the monotonic regression, formulated as a least distance problem with monotonicity constraints. The resulting smoothed monotonic regression is a convex quadratic optimization problem. We focus on the case, where the set of observations is completely (linearly) ordered. Our smoothed pool-adjacent-violators algorithm is designed for solving the regularized problem. It belongs to the class of dual active-set algorithms. We prove that it converges to the optimal solution in a finite number of iterations that does not exceed the problem size. One of its advantages is that the active set is progressively enlarging by including one or, typically, more constraints per iteration. This resulted in solving large-scale test problems in a few iterations, whereas the size of that problems was prohibitively too large for the conventional quadratic optimization solvers. Although the complexity of our algorithm grows quadratically with the problem size, we found its running time to grow almost linearly in our computational experiments.

• 22.
Linköpings universitet, Matematiska institutionen, Optimeringslära. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
Regularized monotonic regression2016Rapport (Övrigt vetenskapligt)

Monotonic (isotonic) Regression (MR) is a powerful tool used for solving a wide range of important applied problems. One of its features, which poses a limitation on its use in some areas, is that it produces a piecewise constant fitted response. For smoothing the fitted response, we introduce a regularization term in the MR formulated as a least distance problem with monotonicity constraints. The resulting Smoothed Monotonic Regrassion (SMR) is a convex quadratic optimization problem. We focus on the SMR, where the set of observations is completely (linearly) ordered. Our Smoothed Pool-Adjacent-Violators (SPAV) algorithm is designed for solving the SMR. It belongs to the class of dual activeset algorithms. We proved its finite convergence to the optimal solution in, at most, n iterations, where n is the problem size. One of its advantages is that the active set is progressively enlarging by including one or, typically, more constraints per iteration. This resulted in solving large-scale SMR test problems in a few iterations, whereas the size of that problems was prohibitively too large for the conventional quadratic optimization solvers. Although the complexity of the SPAV algorithm is O(n2), its running time was growing in our computational experiments in proportion to n1:16.

• 23.
Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan. Linköpings universitet, Matematiska institutionen, Optimeringslära.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Matematiska institutionen, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Matematiska institutionen, Statistik.
An algorithm for isotonic regression problems2004Ingår i: European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering ECCOMAS / [ed] P. Neittaanmäki, T. Rossi, K. Majava and O. Pironneau, Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä , 2004, s. 1-9Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)

We consider the problem of minimizing the distance from a given n-dimensional vector to a set defined by constraintsof the form   xi $\leq$ xj Such constraints induce a partial order of the components xi, which can be illustrated by an acyclic directed graph.This problem is known as the isotonic regression (IR) problem. It has important applications in statistics, operations research and signal processing. The most of the applied IR problems are characterized by a very large value of n. For such large-scale problems, it is of great practical importance to develop algorithms whose complexity does not rise with n too rapidly.The existing optimization-based algorithms and statistical IR algorithms have either too high computational complexity or too low accuracy of the approximation to the optimal solution they generate. We introduce a new IR algorithm, which can be viewed as a generalization of the Pool-Adjacent-Violator (PAV) algorithm from completely to partially ordered data. Our algorithm combines both low computational complexity O(n2) and high accuracy. This allows us to obtain sufficiently accurate solutions to the IR problems with thousands of observations.

• 24.
Linköpings universitet, Matematiska institutionen, Optimeringslära. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Matematiska institutionen, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
An O(n2) algorithm for isotonic regression problems2006Ingår i: Large-Scale Nonlinear Optimization / [ed] G. Di Pillo and M. Roma, Springer-Verlag , 2006, s. 25-33Kapitel i bok, del av antologi (Refereegranskat)

Large-Scale Nonlinear Optimization reviews and discusses recent advances in the development of methods and algorithms for nonlinear optimization and its applications, focusing on the large-dimensional case, the current forefront of much research.

The chapters of the book, authored by some of the most active and well-known researchers in nonlinear optimization, give an updated overview of the field from different and complementary standpoints, including theoretical analysis, algorithmic development, implementation issues and applications

• 25.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för systemteknik, Reglerteknik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
Approximate inference in state space models with intractable likelihoods using Gaussian process optimisation2014Rapport (Övrigt vetenskapligt)

We propose a novel method for MAP parameter inference in nonlinear state space models with intractable likelihoods. The method is based on a combination of Gaussian process optimisation (GPO), sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) and approximate Bayesian computations (ABC). SMC and ABC are used to approximate the intractable likelihood by using the similarity between simulated realisations from the model and the data obtained from the system. The GPO algorithm is used for the MAP parameter estimation given noisy estimates of the log-likelihood. The proposed parameter inference method is evaluated in three problems using both synthetic and real-world data. The results are promising, indicating that the proposed algorithm converges fast and with reasonable accuracy compared with existing methods.

• 26.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik.
A Bayesian Multilevel Model for Time Series Applied to Learning in Experimental Auctions2016Självständigt arbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen), 10 poäng / 15 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)

Establishing what variables affect learning rates in experimental auctions can be valuable in determining how competitive bidders in auctions learn. This study aims to be a foray into this field. The differences, both absolute and actual, between participant bids and optimal bids are evaluated in terms of the effects from a variety of variables such as age, sex, etc. An optimal bid in the context of an auction is the best bid a participant can place to win the auction without paying more than the value of the item, thus maximizing their revenues. This study focuses on how two opponent types, humans and computers, affect the rate at which participants learn to optimize their winnings.

A Bayesian multilevel model for time series is used to model the learning rate of actual bids from participants in an experimental auction study. The variables examined at the first level were auction type, signal, round, interaction effects between auction type and signal and interaction effects between auction type and round. At a 90% credibility interval, the true value of the mean for the intercept and all slopes falls within an interval that also includes 0. Therefore, none of the variables are deemed to be likely to influence the model.

The variables on the second level were age, IQ, sex and answers from a short quiz about how participants felt when the y won or lost auctions. The posterior distributions of the second level variables also found to be unlikely to influence the model at a 90% credibility interval.

This study shows that more research is required to be able to determine what variables affect the learning rate in competitive bidding auction studies

• 27.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
En undersökning av sambandet mellan kronisk inflammation och lungcancer2013Självständigt arbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen), 10 poäng / 15 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)

Cancer är ett stort samhällsproblem i Sverige och en viktig dödsorsak. På sistone har det inom cancerforskningsvärlden blivit allt mer intressant att studera hur kronisk inflammation påverkar uppkomsten av lungcancertumörer. I den här uppsatsen ämnar vi att studera sambandet mellan markörer för kronisk inflammation och lungcancer. Vi kommer även undersöka möjligheten för att lungcancer kan vara en markör för att man redan har lungcancer.Lungcancer är en av de vanligaste cancertyperna i Sverige och har en hög dödlighet jämfört med andra cancertyper. Orsakerna till detta är bland annat att den ofta upptäcks i ett sent stadie och att den är lokaliserad i ett känsligt organ som gör den svår att behandla.För att göra detta använder vi oss av sialinsyra som en markör för inflammation från en kohortstudie från 60-talet som korsas med det svenska cancerregistret från Socialstyrelsen. BMI och ålder kommer även användas som relevanta variabler för sammahanget.Metoderna som används är Coxmodellen för att skatta risken för sialinsyra på uppkomsten av lungcancer. Känslighetsanalys kommer att användas för att ta hänsyn till den okända variabeln rökning och vilka effekter den har på modellen.Resultaten visar att det finns anledning att tro att kronisk inflammation kan ha en roll i uppkomsten av lungcancertumörer. Det finns inga bevis för att sialinsyra skulle vara en bra markör för att en individ redan har lungcancer. Utöver detta, verkar BMI vara en skyddande faktor, men detta skulle behöva studeras vidare för att kunna dra några vidare slutsatser kring BMI:s skyddande egenskaper på lungcancer.

• 28.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik.
﻿Comparison of change-point detection algorithms for vector time series2010Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 30 poäng / 45 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)

Change-point detection aims to reveal sudden changes in sequences of data. Special attention has been paid to the detection of abrupt level shifts, and applications of such techniques can be found in a great variety of fields, such as monitoring of climate change, examination of gene expressions and quality control in the manufacturing industry. In this work, we compared the performance of two methods representing frequentist and Bayesian approaches, respectively. The frequentist approach involved a preliminary search for level shifts using a tree algorithm followed by a dynamic programming algorithm for optimizing the locations and sizes of the level shifts. The Bayesian approach involved an MCMC (Markov chain Monte Carlo) implementation of a method originally proposed by Barry and Hartigan. The two approaches were implemented in R and extensive simulations were carried out to assess both their computational efficiency and ability to detect abrupt level shifts. Our study showed that the overall performance regarding the estimated location and size of change-points was comparable for the Bayesian and frequentist approach. However, the Bayesian approach performed better when the number of change-points was small; whereas the frequentist became stronger when the change-point proportion increased. The latter method was also better at detecting simultaneous change-points in vector time series. Theoretically, the Bayesian approach has a lower computational complexity than the frequentist approach, but suitable settings for the combined tree and dynamic programming can greatly reduce the processing time.

• 29.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för klinisk och experimentell medicin. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
Mast cell tryptase in postmortem serum - Reference values and confounders2007Ingår i: International journal of legal medicine (Print), ISSN 0937-9827, E-ISSN 1437-1596, Vol. 121, nr 4, s. 275-280Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)

We have investigated the effects of some factors suspected of inducing spuriously increased tryptase concentrations, specifically sampling site, conjunctival petechial bleeding and prone position at the time of death as indicators of premortem asphyxia, and resuscitation efforts by external cardiac massage. Tryptase was measured in blood from the femoral vein in 60 deaths: 39 control cases who died rapidly (within minutes) from natural causes (sudden cardiac death and acute aortic dissection), 16 with death caused by prolonged asphyxia (traumatic compression of the chest and suffocation due to body position or smothering), and five anaphylactic deaths. In 44 of these cases, tryptase was measured in both heart and femoral blood. Mast cell tryptase was analyzed with a commercial FEIA method (Pharmacia Diagnostics AB, Uppsala, Sweden) measuring both a- and ß-tryptase. Assuming that tryptase values in the control group were gamma distributed, we calculated the upper normal limits for tryptase concentrations in femoral blood. It was found that 95% of the controls had values below 44.3 µg/l (femoral blood), SD 5.27 µg/l. All but one of the anaphylactic deaths had tryptase concentrations exceeding that limit. Tryptase was significantly elevated in femoral blood from anaphylactic deaths (p<0.007), compared with the controls. Also, in the cases where death had occurred due to asphyxia tryptase was elevated in femoral blood (p<0.04). A significant difference in tryptase concentrations was seen between blood from the heart and the femoral vessels (p<0.02) in the whole material (n=44). Tryptase concentrations in femoral blood were not influenced by prone position at death, or resuscitation efforts. It is concluded that asphyxia premortem seems to affect tryptase concentrations, that postmortem tryptase measurements should be done in serum from femoral blood, and that the normal upper limit, covering 95%, is 44.3 µg/l. © 2006 Springer-Verlag.

• 30.
Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA.
Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA/School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
BROCCOLI: Software for fast fMRI analysis on many-core CPUs and GPUs2014Ingår i: Frontiers in Neuroinformatics, ISSN 1662-5196, E-ISSN 1662-5196, Vol. 8, nr 24Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)

Analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data is becoming ever more computationally demanding as temporal and spatial resolutions improve, and large, publicly available data sets proliferate. Moreover, methodological improvements in the neuroimaging pipeline, such as non-linear spatial normalization, non-parametric permutation tests and Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo approaches, can dramatically increase the computational burden. Despite these challenges, there do not yet exist any fMRI software packages which leverage inexpensive and powerful graphics processing units (GPUs) to perform these analyses. Here, we therefore present BROCCOLI, a free software package written in OpenCL (Open Computing Language) that can be used for parallel analysis of fMRI data on a large variety of hardware configurations. BROCCOLI has, for example, been tested with an Intel CPU, an Nvidia GPU, and an AMD GPU. These tests show that parallel processing of fMRI data can lead to significantly faster analysis pipelines. This speedup can be achieved on relatively standard hardware, but further, dramatic speed improvements require only a modest investment in GPU hardware. BROCCOLI (running on a GPU) can perform non-linear spatial normalization to a 1 mm3 brain template in 4–6 s, and run a second level permutation test with 10,000 permutations in about a minute. These non-parametric tests are generally more robust than their parametric counterparts, and can also enable more sophisticated analyses by estimating complicated null distributions. Additionally, BROCCOLI includes support for Bayesian first-level fMRI analysis using a Gibbs sampler. The new software is freely available under GNU GPL3 and can be downloaded from github (https://github.com/wanderine/BROCCOLI/).

• 31.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk teknik, Avdelningen för medicinsk teknik. Linköpings universitet, Centrum för medicinsk bildvetenskap och visualisering, CMIV. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
A Bayesian Heteroscedastic GLM with Application to fMRI Data with Motion Spikes2017Ingår i: NeuroImage, ISSN 1053-8119, E-ISSN 1095-9572, Vol. 155, s. 354-369Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)

We propose a voxel-wise general linear model with autoregressive noise and heteroscedastic noise innovations (GLMH) for analyzing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. The model is analyzed from a Bayesian perspective and has the benefit of automatically down-weighting time points close to motion spikes in a data-driven manner. We develop a highly efficient Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm that allows for Bayesian variable selection among the regressors to model both the mean (i.e., the design matrix) and variance. This makes it possible to include a broad range of explanatory variables in both the mean and variance (e.g., time trends, activation stimuli, head motion parameters and their temporal derivatives), and to compute the posterior probability of inclusion from the MCMC output. Variable selection is also applied to the lags in the autoregressive noise process, making it possible to infer the lag order from the data simultaneously with all other model parameters. We use both simulated data and real fMRI data from OpenfMRI to illustrate the importance of proper modeling of heteroscedasticity in fMRI data analysis. Our results show that the GLMH tends to detect more brain activity, compared to its homoscedastic counterpart, by allowing the variance to change over time depending on the degree of head motion.

• 32.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk teknik, Medicinsk informatik. Linköpings universitet, Centrum för medicinsk bildvetenskap och visualisering, CMIV. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik.
Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, England. Linköpings universitet, Centrum för medicinsk bildvetenskap och visualisering, CMIV. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk teknik, Medicinsk informatik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Centrum för medicinsk bildvetenskap och visualisering, CMIV. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk teknik, Medicinsk informatik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
Empirically Investigating the Statistical Validity of SPM, FSL and AFNI for Single Subject fMRI Analysis2015Ingår i: 2015 IEEE 12th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), IEEE conference proceedings, 2015, s. 1376-1380Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)

The software packages SPM, FSL and AFNI are the most widely used packages for the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. Despite this fact, the validity of the statistical methods has only been tested using simulated data. By analyzing resting state fMRI data (which should not contain specific forms of brain activity) from 396 healthy con- trols, we here show that all three software packages give in- flated false positive rates (4%-96% compared to the expected 5%). We isolate the sources of these problems and find that SPM mainly suffers from a too simple noise model, while FSL underestimates the spatial smoothness. These results highlight the need of validating the statistical methods being used for fMRI.

• 33.
Linköpings universitet, Centrum för medicinsk bildvetenskap och visualisering, CMIV. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk teknik, Medicinsk informatik. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
University of Warwick, England. Linköpings universitet, Centrum för medicinsk bildvetenskap och visualisering, CMIV. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk teknik, Medicinsk informatik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten.
Cluster failure: Why fMRI inferences for spatial extent have inflated false-positive rates2016Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, ISSN 0027-8424, E-ISSN 1091-6490, Vol. 113, nr 28, s. 7900-7905Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)

The most widely used task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analyses use parametric statistical methods that depend on a variety of assumptions. In this work, we use real resting-state data and a total of 3 million random task group analyses to compute empirical familywise error rates for the fMRI software packages SPM, FSL, and AFNI, as well as a nonparametric permutation method. For a nominal familywise error rate of 5%, the parametric statistical methods are shown to be conservative for voxelwise inference and invalid for clusterwise inference. Our results suggest that the principal cause of the invalid cluster inferences is spatial autocorrelation functions that do not follow the assumed Gaussian shape. By comparison, the nonparametric permutation test is found to produce nominal results for voxelwise as well as clusterwise inference. These findings speak to the need of validating the statistical methods being used in the field of neuroimaging.

• 34.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk teknik, Avdelningen för medicinsk teknik. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Centrum för medicinsk bildvetenskap och visualisering, CMIV.
Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, UK / WMG, University of Warwick, UK. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk teknik, Avdelningen för medicinsk teknik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Centrum för medicinsk bildvetenskap och visualisering, CMIV.
Reply to BROWN AND BEHRMANN, COX ET AL., AND KESSLER ET AL.: Data and code sharing is the way forward for fMRI2017Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, ISSN 0027-8424, E-ISSN 1091-6490, s. 1-2Artikel i tidskrift (Övrigt vetenskapligt)

We are glad that our paper (1) has generated intense discussions in the fMRI field (2⇓–4), on how to analyze fMRI data, and how to correct for multiple comparisons. The goal of the paper was not to disparage any specific fMRI software, but to point out that parametric statistical methods are based on a number of assumptions that are not always valid for fMRI data, and that nonparametric statistical methods (5) are a good alternative. Through AFNI’s introduction of nonparametric statistics in the function 3dttest++ (3, 6), the three most common fMRI softwares now all support nonparametric group inference [SPM through the toolbox SnPM (www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/statistics/staff/academic-research/nichols/software/snpm), and FSL through the function randomise].

Cox et al. (3) correctly point out that the bug in the AFNI function 3dClustSim only had a minor impact on the false-positive rate (FPR). This was also covered in our original paper (1): “We note that FWE [familywise error] rates are lower with the bug-fixed 3dClustSim function. As an example, the updated function reduces the degree of false …

• 35.
Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, USA.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, USA / School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, USA.
Harnessing graphics processing units for improved neuroimaging statistics2013Ingår i: Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, ISSN 1530-7026, E-ISSN 1531-135X, Vol. 13, nr 3, s. 587-597Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)

Simple models and algorithms based on restrictive assumptions are often used in the field of neuroimaging for studies involving functional magnetic resonance imaging, voxel based morphometry, and diffusion tensor imaging. Nonparametric statistical methods or flexible Bayesian models can be applied rather easily to yield more trustworthy results. The spatial normalization step required for multisubject studies can also be improved by taking advantage of more robust algorithms for image registration. A common drawback of algorithms based on weaker assumptions, however, is the increase in computational complexity. In this short overview, we will therefore present some examples of how inexpensive PC graphics hardware, normally used for demanding computer games, can be used to enable practical use of more realistic models and accurate algorithms, such that the outcome of neuroimaging studies really can be trusted.

• 36.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik.
En webbundersökning med panel: Vilka variabler påverkar om, hur tidigt och vad panelmedlemmar svarar?2014Självständigt arbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen), 10 poäng / 15 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)

Denna rapport ger en bakgrundsbeskrivning av datainsamlingsföretaget Norstat och hur de genomför en tracking-undersökning med panel via internet. Vidare analyseras samband mellan variabler som beskriver personer som ingår i undersökningen och hur dessa personer besvarar undersökningen. I rapporten tas också reda på hur länge en undersökning behöver vara igång och om inkomna svar skiljer sig åt beroende på när en person har svarat. En ingående beskrivning av bearbetning och de variabler som ingår i det använda datamaterialet kommer också att ges. Tidigare forskning med anknytning till paneler och webbundersökningar tas upp för att ge läsaren en nyanserad bild av för- och nackdelar med webbundersökningar.

Logistiska regressionsmetoder har använts för att utreda vilka variabler som påverkar om en person besvarar undersökningen eller ej, samt vilka variabler som gör att en person besvarar undersökningen tidigt eller sent. Andra metoder som har använts är deskriptiv statistik och χ2-test.

Resultaten visar att faktorer som påverkar hur mycket fritid en person har får störst betydelse för om och hur tidigt undersökningen besvaras. Vidare konstateras att det ofta räcker med en fältperiod t.o.m. 6 dagar efter att inbjudan till undersökningen skickats ut för att alla kategorier av personer ska vara relativt lika representerade. Den optimala fältperioden skiljer sig åt beroende på om en undersökning syftar till att ge en bild av hela rikets befolkning eller enbart specifika kategorier av denna. För en speciell kategori av personer kan det ibland räcka att fältperioden sträcker sig t.o.m. dagen efter inbjudan till enkäten skickats ut för att tillräckligt många svar ska ha inkommit.

• 37.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik.
Överlevnadsanalys inomen streamingtjänst: En jämförelse i risk mellan abonnemangstyper2016Självständigt arbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen), 10 poäng / 15 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)

Marknaden för streamingtjänster växer i snabb takt. Därför eftersöks sätt för att på ett korrekt sätt ta reda på om det finns bakomliggande faktorer till att en abonnent avslutar sitt abonnemang vid en viss tidpunkt.

Syftet med uppsatsen ligger i att analysera när en abonnent avslutar sitt abonnemang. Samtliga startpunkter för abonnemangen är kända men inte alla abonnemang har vid studiens slut avslutats. Med anledning av detta väljs överlevnadsanalys då denna har möjlighet att hantera censurering och även jämföra risken att avsluta sitt abonnemang med hjälp av förklarande variabler. Då det finns abonnenter som har avslutat sina konton mer än en gång kommer överlevnadsanalyser som tar hänsyn till multipla händelser att användas.

Resultaten från studien visar att ökad tittning leder till ökad risk för churn för samtliga abonnemangstyper som undersökts i denna studie. Kwong-Kay Wong (2011) påvisar att en abonnent som bytt abonnemang till ett mer passande abonnemang har en lägre risk för churn. Då de flesta abonnenter som efter churn återkommit, kommer tillbaka till samma abonnemangstyp kan inte samma slutsatser dras. För abonnemangstyp 4 ökar risken för churn om abonnenten har abonnemangstypen som sitt andra eller tredje abonnemang, jämfört med om abonnemanget varit abonnentens första abonnemang i ordningen. Abonnemangstyp 4 har en ökad risk för churn jämfört med abonnemangstyp 1 givet att abonnenterna har tittat lika mycket. Resultaten säkerställs genom användning av LASSO.

• 38.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis Methods: with Applications to a Road Traffic Emission Model2007Doktorsavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)

Det finns alltid behov av att studera egenskaper hos komplexa input-output-system, egenskaper som kan vara mycket svåra att få fram. Två sådana egenskaper är ut fallets känslighet mot förändringar i ingångsvärdena och utfallets osäkerhet om ingångsvärdena har osäkerhet.

Ett system kan formuleras som en modell-en mängd funktioner, ekvationer och betingelser som tillsammans liknar systemet. Vi vill egentligen studera och lära oss det verkliga systemet, men med en modell som approximerar det verkliga systemet bra kan man studera modellen istället, vilket i de flesta fall är enklare. Det är oftast enklare att bygga en modell som en mängd kombinerade delmodeller, men bra kunskap om varje delmodell leder inte omedelbart till bra kunskap om hela modellen. Det enklaste tillvägagångssättet för modellstudier är oftast att studera datamängder som genererats av modellen genom ett datorprogram.

Metoder för känslighetsanalys (SA) och osäkerhetsanalys (UA) kan inte förväntas vara likadana för varje modell. I den här avhandlingen ska vi studera SA- och UA-metoder och resultat för en emissionsmodell för vägtrafik, men metoderna kan även användas för andra modeller av liknande struktur. Vi undersöker en välkänd emissionsmodell och föreslår ett kraftfullt verktyg för att generera data. Genom att studera genererade datamängder kan vi undersöka egenskaper i modellen, föreslå SA- och VA-metoder och diskutera metodernas egenskaper. Vi visar också några resultat när man tillämpar metoderna på de genererade datamängderna.

1. A new program for fast emission calculations based on the COPERT III model
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>A new program for fast emission calculations based on the COPERT III model
(Engelska)Manuskript (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
##### Abstract [en]

Emissions from road traffic are hard to measure and therefore usually estimated in models. In this paper the construction of the widely used COPERT III model is examined, and the model is rewritten in mathematical notation. The original COPERT III software is easily handled but is not suitable as an emissiondata generating tool for fast calculations over a broad variety of driving conditions, which is required for sensitivity analysis. An alternative program has been developed to meet the desired properties of such a tool. The construction of the alternative program is discussed together with its new abilities and restrictions. Some differences between the results from the original COPERT III software and the alternative program are analyzed and discussed.

##### Nationell ämneskategori
Naturvetenskap
##### Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-14295 (URN)
Tillgänglig från: 2007-02-13 Skapad: 2007-02-13 Senast uppdaterad: 2012-12-17
2. Basic sensitivity analysis methods: applied to the COPERT III road traffic emission model
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Basic sensitivity analysis methods: applied to the COPERT III road traffic emission model
(Engelska)Manuskript (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
##### Abstract [en]

Many complex systems are simulated in models, and these models are hard to evaluate completely. For example, the sensitivity of the model output for different inputs is seldom analyzed. This paper provides an introduction to sensitivity analysis and proposes some basic sensitivity analysis methods. The results are important, for example, in choosing a sampling scheme. Themethods are applied to the COPERT III model, and the sensitivity results are compared and discussed. Certain theoretical results simplify the sensitivity analysis in a special case, and the paper ends by recommending a method.

##### Nationell ämneskategori
Naturvetenskap
##### Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-14296 (URN)
Tillgänglig från: 2007-02-13 Skapad: 2007-02-13 Senast uppdaterad: 2012-12-17
3. Global sensitivity analysis methods using response surface descriptions: applied to the COPERT III road traffic emission model
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Global sensitivity analysis methods using response surface descriptions: applied to the COPERT III road traffic emission model
(Engelska)Manuskript (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
##### Abstract [en]

Sensitivity analyses may be local or global, one at a time or all at a time, or classified in other ways. This paper examines some response surface methods for instant calculations of many sensitivities at the same time. The appropriateness of replacing the original model with a simpler response surface is discussed.The methods are also compared with one at a time methods. Sensitivity results are calculated by applying the methods to the COPERT III model. The conclusion is that a simple response surface method should be preferred.

##### Nationell ämneskategori
Naturvetenskap
##### Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-14297 (URN)
Tillgänglig från: 2007-02-13 Skapad: 2007-02-13 Senast uppdaterad: 2012-12-17
4. Variance-based sensitivity analysis: with application to a road traffic emission model
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Variance-based sensitivity analysis: with application to a road traffic emission model
(Engelska)Manuskript (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
##### Abstract [en]

This paper discusses sensitivity analysis based on methods that divide the total variation of a particular response into components associated with the explaining variables or factors. Two methods for estimating variance components in no-interaction multiway designs are discussed, and their dependence on balancein the sampling design is studied. The methods are applied to datasets generated from a road traffic emission model.

##### Nationell ämneskategori
Naturvetenskap
##### Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-14298 (URN)
Tillgänglig från: 2007-02-13 Skapad: 2007-02-13 Senast uppdaterad: 2012-12-17
5. Uncertainty analysis with uncertain input distributions: applied to a road traffic emission model
Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Uncertainty analysis with uncertain input distributions: applied to a road traffic emission model
(Engelska)Manuskript (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
##### Abstract [en]

The output of a model or an experiment is often fairly uncertain because the underlying conditions have to some extent been guessed at or estimated. Such uncertainty is usually described by examining the distribution of the output given an input of known distribution. In this paper, we discuss why this approachmay not be suitable for some problems, and consider an alternate approach in cases in which we have only vague information concerning the distributions of the inputs, regardless as to whether these inputs are continm:ms or categorical. Our approach is well suited for a mean output that represents the weighted sum of the outputs of categories, if there is a large dataset with an uncertain input distribution. In this study, the method is applied to a road traffic emission scenario.

##### Nationell ämneskategori
Naturvetenskap
##### Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-14299 (URN)
Tillgänglig från: 2007-02-13 Skapad: 2007-02-13 Senast uppdaterad: 2012-12-17
• 39.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicin och hälsa, Avdelningen för radiologiska vetenskaper. Linköpings universitet, Hälsouniversitetet. Linköpings universitet, Centrum för medicinsk bildvetenskap och visualisering, CMIV. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centrum för kirurgi, ortopedi och cancervård, Radiofysikavdelningen US. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för medicinsk teknik, Biomedicinsk instrumentteknik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan. Linköpings universitet, Centrum för medicinsk bildvetenskap och visualisering, CMIV.
A method for comparisons between in vitro, in vivo and post mortem appearance of tereotactic RF-lesions in the pig brain.2000Konferensbidrag (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
• 40.
Stockholm University, Sweden.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
Construction of minimax designs for the trinomial spike model in contingent valuation experiments2013Ingår i: mODa 10 – Advances in Model-Oriented Design and Analysis / [ed] Dariusz Ucinski, Anthony C. Atkinson, Maciej Patan, New York: Springer, 2013, s. 63-72Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)

This paper concerns design of contingent valuation experiments when interest is in knowing whether respondents have positive willingness to pay and, if so, if they are willing to pay a certain amount for a specified good. A trinomial spike model is used to model the response. Locally D- and c-optimal designs are derived and it is shown that any locally optimal design can be deduced from the locally optimal design for the case when one of the model parameters is standardized. It is demonstrated how information about the parameters, e.g., from pilot studies, can be used to construct minimax and maximin efficient designs, for which the best guaranteed value of the criterion function or the efficiency function is sought under the assumption that the parameter values are within certain regions. The proposed methodology is illustrated on an application where the value of the environmentally friendly production of clothes is evaluated.

• 41.
Stockholm University, Sweden .
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Tekniska högskolan.
Minimax D-optimal designs of contingent valuation experiments: willingness to pay for environmentally friendly clothes2014Ingår i: Journal of Applied Statistics, ISSN 0266-4763, E-ISSN 1360-0532, Vol. 41, nr 4, s. 895-908Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)

This paper demonstrates how to plan a contingent valuation experiment to assess the value of ecologically produced clothes. First, an appropriate statistical model (the trinomial spike model) that describes the probability that a randomly selected individual will accept any positive bid, and if so, will accept the bid A, is defined. Secondly, an optimization criterion that is a function of the variances of the parameter estimators is chosen. However, the variances of the parameter estimators in this model depend on the true parameter values. Pilot study data are therefore used to obtain estimates of the parameter values and a locally optimal design is found. Because this design is only optimal given that the estimated parameter values are correct, a design that minimizes the maximum of the criterion function over a plausable parameter region (i.e. a minimax design) is then found.

• 42.
Stockholm University, Sweden.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. University of Örebro, Sweden.
Midlife Outcomes of Educationally Underachieving Swedish Adolescents With Above Average Generalized Intelligence2014Ingår i: RESEARCH IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, ISSN 1542-7609, Vol. 11, nr 3, s. 217-236Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)

• 43.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik.
Bortfalls-kartläggning i ABIS-studien: -ur ett sociodemografiskt perspektiv2010Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (magisterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)

År 1997 påbörjades ett världsunikt projekt, ABIS-studien (Alla Barn i Sydöstra Sverige) på Hälsouniversitetet i Linköping (Linköpings Universitet). Av alla barn som föddes under perioden 1 oktober 1997 till 1 oktober 1999 i Blekinge, Småland, Öland och Östergötland har ca 17 000 följts med jämna mellanrum över åren: barnets födelse, ettårsuppföljning, 2-3-årsuppföljning, 5-6-årsuppföljning samt åttaårsuppföljning.

Barnen/familjerna har inför varje moment i studien lämnat in biologiska prover och svarat på frågeformulär. Frågeformulären innehåller frågor av varierade typ och denna uppsats tar hänsyn till de sociodemografiska variablerna samt de variabler som användes för att ”mäta” stress hos föräldrarna och i vissa fall barnen.

Genom åren har antalet frågeformulär som fyllts i minskat kraftigt från 16051 till 4030 i åttaårsuppföljningen. Med hjälp av den här uppsatsen vill vi undersöka om bortfallgruppen har speciella kännetecken och om orsaken till bortfall kan förklaras. Som underlag arbetar vi med de data som registreras genom frågeformulären med startpunkt i födelseformuläret, där alla som svarat antas vara populationen och de som därefter försvinner inför kommande uppföljningar är bortfall.

För att kunna angripa problemet har multidimensionell skalning, klusteranalys och logistisk regression använts. Ingen av metoderna resulterade i att vi kunde särskilja observationer i två olika grupper som överensstämde med grupperna svarande och bortfall. Därför kan vi inte heller beskriva eller förklara bortfallet utifrån de variabler som valdes, mot sociodemografiska variabler och stressvariabler.

• 44.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik.
Customer Satisfaction Analysis2011Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 30 poäng / 45 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)

The objective of this master thesis is to identify “key-drivers” embedded in customer satisfaction data. The data was collected by a large transportation sector corporation during five years and in four different countries. The questionnaire involved several different sections of questions and ranged from demographical information to satisfaction attributes with the vehicle, dealer and several problem areas. Various regression, correlation and cooperative game theory approaches were used to identify the key satisfiers and dissatisfiers. The theoretical and practical advantages of using the Shapley value, Canonical Correlation Analysis and Hierarchical Logistic Regression has been demonstrated and applied to market research.

• 45.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik.
Forecasting exchage rates using machine learning models with time-varying volatility2012Självständigt arbete på avancerad nivå (masterexamen), 20 poäng / 30 hpStudentuppsats (Examensarbete)

This thesis is focused on investigating the predictability of exchange rate returns on monthly and daily frequency using models that have been mostly developed in the machine learning field. The forecasting performance of these models will be compared to the Random Walk, which is the benchmark model for financial returns, and the popular autoregressive process. The machine learning models that will be used are Regression trees, Random Forests, Support Vector Regression (SVR), Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and Bayesian Additive Regression trees (BART). A characterizing feature of financial returns data is the presence of volatility clustering, i.e. the tendency of persistent periods of low or high variance in the time series. This is in disagreement with the machine learning models which implicitly assume a constant variance. We therefore extend these models with the most widely used model for volatility clustering, the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) process. This allows us to jointly estimate the time varying variance and the parameters of the machine learning using an iterative procedure. These GARCH-extended machine learning models are then applied to make one-step-ahead prediction by recursive estimation that the parameters estimated by this model are also updated with the new information. In order to predict returns, information related to the economic variables and the lagged variable will be used. This study is repeated on three different exchange rate returns: EUR/SEK, EUR/USD and USD/SEK in order to obtain robust results. Our result shows that machine learning models are capable of forecasting exchange returns both on daily and monthly frequency. The results were mixed, however. Overall, it was GARCH-extended SVR that shows great potential for improving the predictive performance of the forecasting of exchange rate returns.

• 46.
Stockholm University, Sweden.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Stockholm University, Sweden.
Adjusting for selection bias in assessing the relationship between sibship size and cognitive performance2015Ingår i: Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), ISSN 0964-1998, E-ISSN 1467-985X, Vol. 178, nr 4, s. 925-944Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)

Consistent negative correlations between sibship size and cognitive performance (as measured by intelligence quotient and other mental aptitude tests) have been observed in past empirical studies. However, parental decisions on family size may correlate with variables affecting child cognitive performance. The aim of this study is to demonstrate how selection bias in studies of sibship size effects can be adjusted for. We extend existing knowledge in two aspects: as factors affecting decisions to increase family size may vary across the number and composition of current family size, we propose a sequential probit model (as opposed to binary or ordered models) for the propensity to increase family size; to disentangle selection and causality we propose multilevel multiprocess modelling where a continuous model for performance is estimated jointly with a sequential probit model for family size decisions. This allows us to estimate and adjust for the correlation between unmeasured heterogeneity affecting both family size decisions and child cognitive performance. The issues are illustrated through analyses of scores on Peabody individual achievement tests among children of the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. We find substantial between-family heterogeneity in the propensity to increase family size. Ignoring such selection led to overestimation of the negative effects of sibship size on cognitive performance for families with 1-3 children, when known sources of selection were accounted for. However, the multiprocess modelling proposed could efficiently identify and control for such bias due to adverse selection.

• 47.
Sveriges Riksbank, Sweden.
Sveriges Riksbank, Sweden. Sveriges Riksbank, Sweden. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
Taking the Twists into Account: Predicting Firm Bankruptcy Risk with Splines of Financial Ratios2014Ingår i: Journal of financial and quantitative analysis, ISSN 0022-1090, E-ISSN 1756-6916, Vol. 49, nr 4, s. 1071-1099Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)

We demonstrate improvements in predictive power when introducing spline functions to take account of highly nonlinear relationships between firm failure and leverage, earnings, and liquidity in a logistic bankruptcy model. Our results show that modeling excessive nonlinearities yields substantially improved bankruptcy predictions, on the order of 70%-90%, compared with a standard logistic model. The spline model provides several important and surprising insights into nonmonotonic bankruptcy relationships. We find that low-leveraged as well as highly profitable firms are riskier than those given by a standard model, possibly a manifestation of credit rationing and excess cash-flow volatility.

• 48.
Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America.
BIDS apps: Improving ease of use, accessibility, and reproducibility of neuroimaging data analysis methods2017Ingår i: PloS Computational Biology, ISSN 1553-734X, E-ISSN 1553-7358, Vol. 13, nr 3, artikel-id e1005209Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)

The rate of progress in human neurosciences is limited by the inability to easily apply a wide range of analysis methods to the plethora of different datasets acquired in labs around the world. In this work, we introduce a framework for creating, testing, versioning and archiving portable applications for analyzing neuroimaging data organized and described in compliance with the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS). The portability of these applications (BIDS Apps) is achieved by using container technologies that encapsulate all binary and other dependencies in one convenient package. BIDS Apps run on all three major operating systems with no need for complex setup and configuration and thanks to the comprehensiveness of the BIDS standard they require little manual user input. Previous containerized data processing solutions were limited to single user environments and not compatible with most multi-tenant High Performance Computing systems. BIDS Apps overcome this limitation by taking advantage of the Singularity container technology. As a proof of concept, this work is accompanied by 22 ready to use BIDS Apps, packaging a diverse set of commonly used neuroimaging algorithms.

• 49.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten.
Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, Statistik. Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten. Unit of Applied Statistics and Mathematics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7013, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
Semiparametric smoothers for trend assessment of multiple time series of environmental quality data2008Ingår i: Environmetrics, ISSN 1180-4009, E-ISSN 1099-095XArtikel i tidskrift (Övrigt vetenskapligt)

Multiple time series of environmental quality data with similar, but not necessarily identical, trends call for multivariate methods for trend detection and adjustment for covariates. Here, we show how an additive model in which the multivariate trend function is specified in a nonparametric fashion (and the adjustment for covariates is based on a parametric expression) can be used to estimate how the human impact on an ecosystem varies with time and across components of the observed vector time series. More specifically, we demonstrate how a roughness penalty approach can be utilized to impose different types of smoothness on the function surface that describes trends in environmental quality as a function of time and vector component. Compared to other tools used for this purpose, such as Gaussian smoothers and thin plate splines, an advantage of our approach is that the smoothing pattern can easily be tailored to different types of relationships between the vector components. We give explicit roughness penalty expressions for data collected over several seasons or representing several classes on a linear or circular scale. In addition, we define a general separable smoothing method. A new resampling technique that preserves statistical dependencies over time and across vector components enables realistic calculations of confidence and prediction intervals.

• 50.
Self-referral psychological treatment centre for young adults: a 2-year observational evaluation of routine practice before and after treatment2015Ingår i: BMJ Open, ISSN 2044-6055, E-ISSN 2044-6055, Vol. 5, nr 8, s. e008030-Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)

Objectives: To examine a self-referral psychological service provided to young adults with regard to effects on anxiety, depression and psychological distress and to explore client factors predicting non-adherence and non-response. Design: Observational study over a 2-year period. Setting: Young Adults Centre providing psychological services by self-referral (preprimary care) to Linkoping, Atvidaberg, and Kinda municipalities (combined population 145 000) in Ostergotland county, Sweden. Participants: 607 young adults (16-25 years of age); 71% females (n= 429). Intervention: Individually scheduled cognitive behavioural therapy delivered in up to six 45 min sessions structured according to an assessment of the clients mental health problems: anxiety, depression, anxiety and depression combined, or decreased distress without specific anxiety or depression. Primary outcome measures: Pre-post intervention changes in psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire-12, GHQ-12), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Anxiety/Depression (HADS-A/D). Results: 192 clients (32.5%) discontinued the intervention on their own initiative and 39 clients (6.6%) were referred to a psychiatric clinic during the course of the intervention. Intention-to-treat analyses including all clients showed a medium treatment effect size (d= 0.64) with regard to psychological distress, and small effect sizes were observed with regard to anxiety (d= 0.58) and depression (d= 0.57). Restricting the analyses to clients who adhered to the agreed programme, a large effect size (d= 1.26) was observed with regard to psychological distress, and medium effect sizes were observed with regard to anxiety (d= 1.18) and depression (d= 1.19). Lower age and a high initial HADS-A score were the strongest risk factors for non-adherence, and inability to concentrate and thinking of oneself as a worthless person increased the risk for discontinuation. Conclusions: We conclude that provision of psychological services to young people through a self-referral centre has potential to improve long-term mental health in communities, but management of non-adherence remains a central challenge.

1234 1 - 50 av 188
RefereraExporteraLänk till träfflistan
Permanent länk
Referera
Referensformat
• apa
• harvard1
• ieee
• modern-language-association-8th-edition
• vancouver
• oxford
• Annat format
Fler format
Språk
• de-DE
• en-GB
• en-US
• fi-FI
• nn-NO
• nn-NB
• sv-SE
• Annat språk
Fler språk
Utmatningsformat
• html
• text
• asciidoc
• rtf