Abrasive Waterjet cutting (AWJ) presents many advantages over competing machining techniques, but several issues are related to the high volume of materials (and in particular of abrasive) used in the process.

In this study, the environmental impact of the material flows in the abrasive waterjet industry has been analyzed adopting a life cycle perspective in order to individuate which phases place the largest burden on the environment. Moreover, three alternative abrasives (crushed rock, recycled glass and synthetic abrasive) and three disposal practices (in-site recycling, off-site recycling and recycling as construction material) have been also evaluated to estimate the benefits that can be achieved if these could be used in place of garnet abrasives and landfilling.

The transportation of the abrasive resulted to be the phase that has the largest influence in every case and thus should be reduced as much as possible. For what concerns the alternative options, the usage of recycled glass and the in-site recycling of the abrasive were the two alternatives with the best environmental performances. However, crushed rock could be the best option for what concerns the global warming potential if carbon sequestration due to carbonation of silicate rocks is taken into account. Off-site recycling and recycling as construction material are good options only if the transportation to the recycling site can be reduced. Synthetic abrasive are instead found to have a much larger impact compared to every other alternative examined.

The transition to a sustainable future is one of the biggest, and most current challengestoday. It’s something that manifests, both political in terms of policies but also in theincreasing societal awereness regarding sustainability. The Paris agreement was adoptedin 2015 and aims to limit the global warming below 2 ◦C. Meanwhile large amounts of fossilfuels and raw materials are being consumed which furthers the issue. One way to limitits effect is to make use of the residual flows that’s being created. Unfortunally, it’s morecommon that theese residual flows are being released to the surroundings, often in the formof excess heat. One of the reasons for this originates in limited system boundaries whereactors solely focus on their own operation and do not explore the possibility of cooperationwith others actors. Previous research demonstrates that actors lack methods to evaluatepotential solutions with a systematical approach which leads to missed opportunities—especially for the utilization of underutilized resources—for energy efficiency. Thus thisMaster’s thesies aims to investigate the potential with excess energy and different waysactors can capitalize on it. Furthermore the study aims to present decision basis by applying a Multi-criteria analysis but also identify knowledge gaps connected to decisionmakingoverall and how the method can be used to reduce theese.

This Master’s thesis was conducted through a case study at Siemens Energy in Finspång,Sweden, where a Multi-criteria analysis was applied on their intermittent energyflow ofelectricity stemming from gas turbine testing. A literature study was used to determinewhich potential solutions that would be included in the method while a interview studywith employees on the focal company gave rise to the indicators that were used to evaluatethe solutions. The result showed that four solutions, hydrogen production, district heatingproduction, battery park and Direct Air Capture all fulfilled the demands. The resultfurther indicated that all four solutions had their individual strengths and weaknessesconnected to the three sustainability aspects and therefore the best solution depends onwhich aspect is valued the most. From an economical standpoint, hydrogen roduction wasthe most attractive while Direct Air Capture and district heating production were mostfavourable in terms of ecological- and social profitability. Although battery park was notconsidered best in one particular area, the analysis highlighted the fact that it can facilitatea higher effectiveness from the other solutions if implemented. Therefore it is in this studyrecommended to investigate the possibility to implement a combination of these solutionsto maximize the benefit and whether it’s possible to do so in conjunction with other actors.

It can be concluded that Multi-criteria analysis can be used to foster the utilization ofunderutilized resources by providing a systematical method for basis decision. To achievereal change though, it’s necessary that actors expand their system boundaries to includeresidual flows from other actors. Nevertheless, it must be underlined the importance thatevery actor strive individually to be the most sustainable they can be, only then can weachieve a sustainble future.

In environmental systems analysis tools like Life Cycle Assessment, strategic environmental assessment, cost–benefit analysis and environmental management systems, results need to be presented in a comprehensible way to make alternatives easily comparable. One way of doing this is to aggregate results to a manageable set by using weighting methods. In this paper, we explore how weighting methods are used in some selected Environmental Systems Analysis Tools (ESATs), and suggest possible developments of their use. We examine the differences in current use patterns, discuss the reasons for and implications of such differences, and investigate whether observed differences in use are necessary. The result of our survey shows that weighting and valuation is broadly used in the examined ESATs. The use of weighting/valuation methods is different in different tools, but these differences are not always related to the application; rather, they are related to traditions and views on valuation and weighting. Also, although the requirements on the weights/values may differ between tools, there are intersections where they coincide. Monetary weights, using either endpoint or midpoint methods, are found to be useful in all the selected tools. Furthermore, the inventory shows that that there is a common need for generic sets of weights. There is a need for further research focusing on the development of consistent value sets derived with a wide range of methods. In parallel to the development of weighting methods it is important with critical evaluations of the weighting sets with regard to scientific quality, consistency and data gaps.

The take-make-waste approach to resource management in human production and consumption systems is contributing to a variety of environmental and social problems worldwide. Additionally, as the world’s population and affluence increase, so do the negative impacts of poor resource management. Lifting the waste management (WM) sector into a new phase of development, which takes its lead from the ideals of Industrial Ecology and circular economy, is seen by many scholars and practitioners as one potential to assist in alleviating these impacts. While there are many studies on how more efficient inter-organizational resource management is (or could be) constructed, there are relatively few business development studies which have explored novel approaches (from roles to tactics) that WM organizations might operationalize toward more efficient resource management.

The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the development of knowledge and understanding of how the waste management sector can operationalize more effective and efficient resource management. In approaching this aim, two research questions guided the exploration of: 1) novel roles for WM and 2) support tactics for such roles. Grounded in the broader context of Industrial Ecology (IE) and Business Development, five studies were performed. Two studies, focused on the novel roles of inter-organizational resource management and high value secondary resource extraction, were performed through literature review and interviews, and market driver analysis respectively. In exploring support tactics, two design and proof of concept studies were carried out to investigate data analysis tools for inter-organizational resource management, and one long-term action research engagement project was coordinated to study hands-on inter-organizational collaboration tactics.

The studies highlighted that the Swedish WM sector holds some key capacities for operationalizing (and in some cases, is already developing) the novel resource management roles identified: industrial symbiosis facilitator, eco-industrial park manager, holistic facility management, and high value resource extractor. However, depending on the portfolio of services to be performed in such roles, several capacities may need to be developed or strengthened. Main opportunities seen for these roles were – staying ahead of market developments, and aligning activities with organizational goals. The main general risk related to these roles was insufficient returns on investment. Looking forward, the main enablers identified were policy leadership for more balanced market mechanisms, increasing use of external knowledge, developing long term partnerships, lobbying, stockpiling resources, and carefully crafting new business models.

The tools developed for strategically applying external information toward the identification of opportunities within new roles showed tactical potential. However, their implementation in broader development processes has yet to be fully validated. The hands-on exploration of change oriented collaboration, highlighted collective system framing and goal setting and face-to-face interaction as key activities for inter-organizational approaches within roles such as industrial symbiosis facilitator.

Throughout the studies, several novel roles were investigated. Each of these roles will need to be individually evaluated by directing bodies of WM organizations, and evaluated from the organization’s vision and strategy. If certain roles are chosen to be explored in more detail, they will need to be developed within full business models - addressing issues such as income structure, internal processes and capacities to be developed, and key customers. Through applying IE and business development concepts and findings, WM organizations have possibilities to translate ambitious visions into novel offerings.

Several waste management (WM) professionals see an ongoing shift in the focus of the industry, from that of atransport and treatment sector to that of a more integrated sustainable service provision and material productionsector. To further develop such transitional ambitions, WM organizations are increasingly looking toward interorganizationalresource network concepts (such as the circular economy and industrial symbiosis) as models ofhow they would like to create new value together with their customers and partners.This article aims to take a step in addressing uncertainties behind such transitions by analyzing barriers forinter-organizational resource management and in turn uncovering some potential opportunities and risks ofnovel offerings from the WM sector. Obstacles for developing innovative inter-organizational resource networkshave been identified based on studies of implementing industrial symbiosis networks. Subsequently, managingexecutives from Swedish private and public WM organizations were interviewed regarding the sector’s capacityto overcome such barriers – opportunities and risks of providing new resource management services – and howtheir organizations might approach the role of actively facilitating more resource efficient regions.Eco-Industrial park management and contracting out holistic resource management are some areas in whichthe respondents see WM organizations offering new services. In relation to such approaches, various risks (e.g.being cut out of investment benefits, or unstable supply) and opportunities (e.g. new markets and enhancedsustainability profiles) were identified. Additionally, it was seen that WM companies would need to makesubstantial changes to their business approach, becoming less dependent on flows of mixed materials forexample, if they are to become even more central value chain actors. To strengthen such approaches, it was seenthat the sector will need to find methods to strategically build strong, long term partnerships, expand upon andtake advantage of available knowledge resources (i.e. best practice technologies and regional material flows),and explore new business models (i.e. stockpiling, park management, or waste minimization). Additionally,working with sector representatives to argue for a more balanced market conditions next to primary productionshould assist the viability of new offerings in the wider market.

Even though it’s well known to mankind that our common resources are limited and that recycling is a key for a sustainable future; in reality we see few examples of true recycling where virgin raw material is substituted by waste. There are endless number of examples where waste is utilized to some extent without solving the core issue: reducing the need of extracting virgin raw materials. This article analyses some of the driving forces and inhibitors that explains why it’s so difficult establish secondary stock extraction although technology is available. The authors discuss and suggest possible ways for reducing the some of the main barriers.

Ökningen av genereringen av elektroniskt avfall och ökad regleringseffektivitet inom bil- och elektronikföretag avseende miljömässig hållbarhet i elektroniska produkter gör miljömedvetet beslutsfattande till en nödvändighet. I detta syfte utvecklade denna studie ett miljödesignstödverktyg som omfattar olika ekodesignverktyg tillsammans med nya miljödesignmetoder.

Det effektiva utnyttjandet av identifierade miljöpåverkningar och utvecklingen av miljömedvetna designförbättringar baserade på dessa är det primära målet med miljödesignstödverktyget. För detta ändamål integreras Livscykelanalys (LCA) och Quality Function Deployment for Environment (QFDE). Komplementärt introduceras det nya Miljödesignlösningsbiblioteket (DSL) och R-kontrollistan för att ge designers praktiska, handlingsbara strategier som förbättrar miljömedvetenheten i produktdesign. Med sin hierarkiska struktur baserad på cirkulär ekonomi fyller DSL de befintliga kunskapsluckorna avseende miljödesign genom att erbjuda omfattande insikter i miljömedveten design till designers. På detta sätt stöds designers av DSL att göra sina val mot miljömässigt fördelaktiga designförbättringsalternativ. Å andra sidan möjliggör R-kontrollistan snabba utvärderingar, spårning och jämförelse av genererade designförbättringar för att betona effektiv beaktande av miljöaspekter och främja hållbara beslut. Belägen bredvid DSL inspirerar denna kontrollista även designers att göra ytterligare miljömedvetna justeringar på förbättringsalternativ som stämmer överens med insikterna inom DSL. Dessutom, för att validera och stödja dessa tidigare angivna metoder, genomfördes litteraturöversikter, enkäter, intervjuer och fallstudier inom ett fallföretag.

Miljödesignstödverktyget avviker från traditionella ekodesignmetoder, som kan vara abstrakta och svåra att implementera, genom att erbjuda en praktisk, användarvänlig lösning som är specifikt utformad för behoven hos utvecklare av elektroniska produkter, vilket därmed adresserar en betydande lucka i nuvarande forskning. I fallstudien standardiserade tillämpningen av detta verktyg inte bara den automotiva kameran utan banade även väg för ytterligare förbättringar. Med detta förbättringsalternativ förbättras produktens miljöprofil avsevärt, vilket visar verktygets effektivitet i att främja hållbar innovation i elektroniska produkter.

The circular economy (CE) can drive sustainability. For companies to select and implement circularity strategies, they need to evaluate and compare the performance of these strategies both in terms of progress towards CE but also based on their feasibility and business outcomes. However, evaluation methods for circularity strategies at the product level are lacking. Therefore, this research proposes a multi-criteria evaluation method of circularity strategies at the product level which can be used by business decision-makers to evaluate and compare the initial business of the company, transformative and future circularity strategies. This multi-criteria evaluation method aims to assist business decision-makers to identify a preferred strategy by linking together a wide variety of criteria, i.e., environmental, economic, social, legislative, technical, and business, as well as by proposing relevant indicators that take into consideration, where possible, the life cycle perspective. It also allows for flexibility so that criteria, sub-criteria, and weighing factors can be altered by the business decision-makers to fit the needs of their specific case or product. Two illustrative examples based on case companies are presented to verify and illustrate the proposed method.

More and more people live in cities, cities that both present opportunities, in terms of potential sustainable growth and challenges, for example regarding insufficient infrastructure and waste management. There are several examples on initiatives to make cities reach their sustainability potential; one is to turn municipal organic waste, MOW, and sewage sludge into biogas and use it to produce electricity and/or heat or to upgrade it to biomethane and use it as a fuel in for example public transport or feed it to a gas grid.

This study has focused on the potential and feasibility of producing and using biogas/biomethane as well as the remains from the production process, called digestate, in Chisinau, the capital of Moldova. For the most feasible options an indication of the environmental improvement and economic performance was also estimated. The study included biogas produced from municipal organic waste, sewage sludge and methane collected at landfills. For the areas of use, electricity or heat produced from biogas was included as well as using biomethane in public transport or feeding it to the gas grid and to use the digestate as biofertilizer. Since multiple factors needs to be considered in order to adequately assess the potential and feasibility a multi-criteria approach was used for developing a framework based on an early assessment tool for biomethane solutions in the urban context.

In summary it is indicated that there are good conditions for biogas production in Chisinau with biogas production from sewage sludge being included in the ongoing rehabilitation of the largest wastewater facility and methane collection from the largest landfill historically being part of the operations and planned (although not confirmed) to soon be part of these again. However, the largest potential is for municipal organic waste where the main impediments relates to financial issues and to some extent legislation that indirectly favour short term landfilling. When investigating the possible use of the digestate as biofertilizer the outlooks are considerably less promising than for the supply side. Despite the fact that the law explicitly allows the use of digestate (both from MOW and sewage sludge) the lack of knowledge within the farmer community result in a low or non-existent customer demand. Regarding the possible use of biogas/biomethane it was concluded that electricity production is the most feasible option and heat generation placing as the second most feasible. Feeding the gas to the grid appears more difficult and the least likely option is for the biogas to be used within public transport. Overall it is in general technically possible to use the gas in terms of infrastructure and there is some demand, especially for electricity and heat. The biggest inhibitory factors are rather institutional since biogas in general is overlooked or not prioritized in the strategies leading to a shortcoming in economical instruments or funds and to some extent in the legislation.

This thesis is complemented by an executive summary with the same name, both in English and translated to Romanian.

In this study, we explored why urine recycling systems have failed to gain wide-scale expansion despite their high potential for food and fertilizer security. Additionally, we examined the future perception of urine recycling in Sweden and Switzerland, as these two countries are at the forefront of technological advancement. Along with identifying barriers, we also proposed pathways for overcoming those barriers and achieving the upscale. The analysis was conducted using the technological innovation (TIS) approach, which is technology-focused, i.e., revolves around emerging technologies. Additionally, the study provides a methodological contribution to the innovation systems research by employing the Delphi method in conjunction with urine recycling experts to enforce transparency and prevent bias in the analysis. For urine recycling to overcome its current challenges, actors must work collectively. There needs to be a combination of top-down and bottom-up efforts to achieve the upscaling pathways. Lobbying and knowledge provision are necessary to adjust the current regulatory framework in a manner that provides public and private incentives. For urine recycling to diffuse and break into the mainstream market, we must move beyond enthusiasts, innovators, and niche markets into the mass market (ordinary people); dedicated service providers can facilitate this process. Pilot projects have been found integral to urine recycling upscaling. Future work could conduct life cycle assessments on existing pilot projects to understand the environmental and economic performance of urine recycling systems when scaled up.

This article examines the implementation of the Swedish national environmental quality objectives and discusses what can be learned for the equivalent process for the set of global UN 2030 goals (SDGs), established in 2015. The empirical basis is a study on 50 large companies in Sweden and their use of these objectives in their policy formulation. The SDGs are crafted with a broader approach than the Swedish national environmental quality objectives. Therefore, the SDGs probably better reflect the agenda of the business community since they have a global character, cover the whole spectrum of important sustainability issues and provide a mutual agenda for the business community worldwide. More than 90 percent of the large companies in the study have explicitly committed themselves to the SDGs, only 1-2 years after they were published, whereas similar commitments hardly exist for the national environmental quality objectives, even 20 years after their establishment. A large majority of the large companies in this study know about the SDGs, have actively endorsed them, and started to adjust their activities accordingly. In the end, the results of these endorsements remain to be seen.

This paper is based on a study of the current sustainability management system landscape within the ABB Group and discusses the limitations and opportunities related to these systems and belonging tools. It also suggests a sustainability management model which covers both the “vertical” and “horizontal” directions along the value chain. The model describes how current management systems and tools can be better linked to the business strategy and decision situations to enable sustainable growth and profit while contributing to a “better world”. The main conclusions are that LCM needs to be explored further through the lenses of each company’s specific organization. Finally the role of a continual improvement procedure is considered the cornerstone for “true” life cycle implementation.

Environmental management systems (EMSs) are tools that can be used to steer and controlan organisation’s environmental efforts. This chapter focuses on standardisedEMSs, those that deal with fulfilling the requirements of the international standard ISO14001 (ISO 1996) and/or the EU Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) (EC 2001).These standardised EMSs have been applied for about a decade; the number of organisationsthat are certified in accordance with them worldwide is steadily rising and nowhas reached over 100,000 (ISO World 2007).Early EMS work focused on issues relating to implementation. Often, positive environmentaleffects were taken for granted. More recently, however, questions addressingthe effects of standardised EMSs have become more popular in the research literature.The extent and types of effects of a standardised system are critical issues from anenvironmental perspective. The information presented within this chapter will helpuncover and capture some of the nuances of the connection between EMSs and environmentalperformance. Important lessons learned as a result of this study include arelative lack of understanding of EMSs even after more than a decade of practical application.Additional insights include the extent to which EMSs are useful tools in achievingbetter organisational environmental conditions and identification of the importantfactors influencing the effectiveness and efficiency of such systems. While the focus ofthis chapter is on the use of standardised EMSs to reduce environmental impacts, themethods used in this study build on the author’s findings from several earlier studies—a meta-analytic perspective—and are summarised where appropriate. Some key strategicEMS issues addressed here include:

● Environmental aspects, their identification, formulation and assessment

● The scope of EMSs, including their relationship with product development

● Environmental policy, targets and objectives

● External environmental auditing

● Continual improvement in environmental performance

● EMSs and the supply chain

Så här långt i bokens tredje del har angreppssätt för att hantera miljöfrågor berörts ur olika perspektiv. Det har handlat om en historisk tillbakablick, övergripande strategier och produktutveckling, men också om systemperspektiv och miljösystemanalys. Boken har i många avseende samhällsfokus, men mycket av det som berörs har stor relevans för och inverkan på enskilda företag och andra typer av organisationer. De måste ofta inom ramarna för sin verksamhet och organisation hantera miljöfrågor som berör dem. Eftersom det kan vara nyttigt att försöka se situationen ur ett företagsperspektiv beskrivs i detta kapitel kortfattat hur miljöarbete kan se ut i dag i större svenska industriföretag.

Detta sjätte kapitel inleder bokens tredje del, som handlar om olika angreppssätt för att hantera miljöproblem. Kapitlet bidrar med en kort historisk översikt för att illustrera hur både synen på miljöfrågorna och åtgärderna förändrats över tid. Avslutningsvis summeras olika strategier för att jobba med miljöfrågor.

Boken ger läsaren kunskap om viktiga förutsättningar när det gällerföretags, och andra typer av organisationers, arbete med miljö- och hållbar utveckling. Det gäller både förutsättningar utanför och inom organisationer. Boken behandlar även relevanta strategier, metoder och koncept inom området.

I den första delen – Omvärlden – behandlas områden som främst påverkar företag och andra typer av organisationer utifrån. Inledningsvis beskrivs exempelvis miljöproblematiken och ”hållbar utveckling”. Därefter behandlas miljöpolitik, miljölagstiftning, de ekonomiska systemen samt etiska frågor.

I den andra delen – Hållbarhetsstrategiskt arbete med fokus på miljö – behandlas delar i miljö- och hållbarhetsarbetet som ofta berör hela organisationen. Först introduceras intressentperspektivet och därefter grunderna avseende strategiskt arbete. Vidare finns en kort introduktion till organisationsteori med en beskrivning av hur miljö- och hållbarhetsarbete kan organiseras och genomföras. Därefter följer två kapitel om ledningssystem, först ges en allmän introduktion för flera olika områden och sedan en mer ingående beskrivning. Den andra delen avslutas med ett kapitel om miljöarbete i olika typer av organisationer.

I bokens tredje del – Viktiga delar i miljö- och hållbarhetsarbetet – berörs andra ”områden” i miljö- och hållbarhetsarbetet, som kan vara mycket viktiga men ofta inte är lika övergripande. Det innefattar miljörevision; miljöarbete med fokus på produkter; miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar; riskhantering; samt marknadsföring och extern kommunikation.

Boken är i första hand skriven för kurser i miljömanagement eller miljöledning vid högskolor och universitet, men kan också användas för utbildningar på företag och inom andra typer av organisationer.

Sweden has ambitions to phase out fossil fuels and significantly increase the share of biofuels it uses. This articlefocuses on Stockholm County and biogas, with the aim to increase the knowledge about regional preconditions.Biogas-related actors have been interviewed, focusing on the demand side. Biogas solutions play an essentialrole, especially regarding bus transports and taxis. Long-term development has created well-functioning sociotechnicalsystems involving collaboration. However, uncertainties about demand and policy cause hesitation andsigns of stagnating development.Public organizations are key actors regarding renewables. For example, Stockholm Public Transport procuresbiogas matching the production at municipal wastewater treatment plants, the state-owned company Swedaviasteers via a queuing system for taxis, and the municipalities have shifted to “environmental cars”.There is a large interest in electric vehicles, which is expected to increase significantly, partially due tosuggested national policy support. The future role of biogas will be affected by how such an expansion comesabout. There might be a risk of electricity replacing biogas, making it more challenging to reach a fossil-freevehicle fleet. Policy issues strongly influence the development. The environmental car definition is of importance,but its limited focus fails to account for several different types of relevant effects. The dynamic policylandscape with uncertainties about decision makers’ views on biogas seems to be one important reason behindthe decreased pace of development. A national, long-term strategy is missing. Both the European Union andSweden have high ambitions regarding a bio-based and circular economy, which should favor biogas solutions.

Cement production contributes to extensive CO₂ emissions. However, the climate impact can vary significantly between different production systems and different types of cement products. The market is dominated by ordinary Portland cement, which is based on primary raw materials and commonly associated with combustion of vast amounts of fossil fuels. Therefore, the production of Portland cement can be described as a rather linear process. But there are alternative options, for example, involving large amounts of industrial byproducts and renewable energy which are more cyclic and thus can be characterized as relatively “synergistic”.

The main purpose of this article is to study how relevant the leading ideas of industrial symbiosis are for the cement industry based on a quantitative comparison of the CO₂ emissions from different cement production systems and products, both existing and hypothetical. This has been done by studying a group of three cement plants in Germany, denoted as ClusterWest, and the production of cement clinker and three selected cement products. Based on this analysis and literature, it is discussed to what extent industrial symbiosis options can lead to reduced CO₂ emissions, for Cluster West and the cement industry in general.

Utilizing a simplified LCA model (“cradle to gate”), it was shown that the CO₂ emissions from Cluster West declined by 45% over the period 1997e2009, per tonne of average cement. This was mainly due to a large share of blended cement, i.e., incorporation of byproducts from local industries as supplementary cementitious materials. For producers of Portland cement to radically reduce the climate impact it is necessary to engage with new actors and find fruitful cooperation regarding byproducts, renewable energy and waste heat. Such a development is very much in line with the key ideas of industrial ecology and industrial symbiosis, meaning that it appears highly relevant for the cement industry to move further in this direction. From a climate perspective, it is essential that actors influencing the cement market acknowledge the big difference between different types of cement, where an enlarged share of blended cement products (substituting clinker with byproducts such as slag and fly ash) offers a great scope for future reduction of CO₂ emissions.

Justification of the paper

Cement production is one of the largest contributors to global CO₂-emissions. However, the context and characteristics of the production and the cement products vary a lot. A significant part of the production must be characterized as rather linear, for example, to a large extent based on fossil fuels and involving material flows that are not closed. But there are also much more synergistic examples, involving industrial by-products, renewable energy, etc. Clearly, there are opportunities for improvement within the cement industry and it is interesting to analyze to what extent increased industrial symbiosis can lead to improved climate performance. This has been done by studying the production of cement clinker and three selected cement products produced within the Cluster West in Germany, consisting of three cement plants that are owned by the multinational company CEMEX. The methodology is mostly based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), from cradle-to-gate.

Purpose

The overall purpose is to contribute to a better understanding of the climate performance of different ways of producing cement, and different cement products. The climate impact is assessed for “traditional”, rather linear, ways of making cement, but also two more synergistic alternatives, where the by-product granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) is utilized to a large extent, substituting cement clinker. It is also shown how the climate performance of the West Cluster has changed from 1997 until 2009 (the main year of study), and investigated how further industrial symbiosis measures could improve the performance.

Theoretical framework

To a large extent this project has been based on mapping and analysis of relevant flows of material and energy, where LCA methodology has played an important part. Theoretical and methodological aspects related to the fields of Industrial Ecology and Industrial Symbiosis have played an important role. The findings are discussed in relation to some of the key ideas within these fields. The paper generates insight into the methodological challenge of quantifying environmental performance of different production approaches and basically what CO₂ improvement potential cement industry has by taking industrial symbiosis measures.

Results

The results showed that the cement clinker produced at Cluster West is competitive from a climate perspective, causing CO₂-eq missions that are a couple of percent lower than the world average. During the twelve year period from 1997 to 2009 these emissions became about 12 percent lower, which was mainly achieved by production efficiency measures but also via changing fuels. However, the most interesting results concern the blended cement products. It was manifested that it is very advantageous from a climate perspective to substitute clinker with granulated blast furnace slag. For example, the CO₂-eq emissions were estimated to be 65 percent lower for the best product compared to “ordinary cement”.

Conclusions

Information and measures at the plant level are not sufficient to compare products or to significantly reduce the climate impact related to cement. To achieve important reductions of the emissions, measures and knowledge at a higher industrial symbiosis level are needed.

Biogas solutions can contribute to more renewable and local energy systems, and also involve other essential aspects such as nutrient recycling. From a theoretical feedstock perspective there is a great biogas potential in Sweden, but the development has been relatively slow as many biogas producers face challenges of different types. Among the many influencing factors, the choice of feedstocks (biomass) is of strategic importance. Within the Biogas Research Center (BRC), hosted by Linköping University in Sweden, a research project focused on feedstock has been ongoing for several years. It has involved researchers, biogas and biofertilizer producers, agricultural organizations and others. The main aim has been to develop a method to assess the suitability of feedstock for biogas and biofertilizer production, and to apply this method on a few selected feedstocks. A multi-criteria method has been developed that covers potential, feasibility and resource efficiency, operationalized via 17 indicators directed towards cost efficiency, technological feasibility, energy and environmental performance, accessibility, competition, policy and other issues. Thus the method it is relatively comprehensive, yet hopefully simple enough to be used by practitioners.

The main ambition, applying the method, has been to collect and structure relevant information to facilitate strategic overviews, communication and informed decision making. This is relevant for development within the biogas and biofertilizer industry, for policymakers, to define and prioritize among essential research projects, etc. This report presents some essential parts of this project, focusing on the multi-criteria method and results regarding ley crops, straw, farmed blue mussels and food waste (and stickleback to some extent). It clarifies how the method can be applied and highlights barriers, drivers and opportunities for each feedstock. Comparisons are also made. The results indicate that biogas production from food waste and ley crops is the most straightforward, and for straw and farmed blue mussels there are more obstacles to overcome. For all of them, the dynamic and very uncertain policy landscape is a barrier. In the final chapter, some conclusions about the method and its application are drawn.

This article departs from the perspective of Swedish regional transport authorities and focuses on the public procurement of bus transports. Many of these public organizations on the county level have the ambition to contribute to a transition involving the continued marginalization of fossil fuels and improved sustainability performance. However, there are several renewable bus technologies to choose between and it can be difficult to know what alternative (or combination) is preferable. Prior research and the authors experiences indicate a need for improved knowledge and supportive methods on how sustainability assessments can support public procurement processes. The purpose of this article is to develop a multi-criteria assessment (MCA) method to support assessments of public bus technologies sustainability. The method, which was established in an iterative and participatory process, consists of four key areas and 12 indicators. The article introduces the problem context and reviews selected prior research of relevance dealing with green or sustainable public procurement and sustainability assessments. Further on, the process and MCA method are presented and discussed based on advice for effective and efficient sustainability assessments. In the companion article (Part II), the MCA method is applied to assess several bus technologies involving biodiesel, biomethane, diesel, electricity, ethanol and natural gas.

Biogas production is essentially based on organic materials and biological processes; hence it can contribute to the transition toward a biobased economy. Biogas is a biofuel that can contribute to a more renewable and local energy system. In comparison with other biofuels, biogas is more flexible and can be produced from many different types of feedstock, including biomass containing various shares of carbohydrates, lipids and, both from primary and secondary raw materials. However, a significantly expanded biogas production is dependent on good business conditions, in turn related to societal acceptance and support. There are many factors that can make a biogas solution more or less suitable for both producers and the broader society. Among the many influencing factors, the choice of feedstocks (biomass) for producing biogas and biofertilizer is of strategic importance. But, to assess the suitability is complicated, because it is linked to many different challenges such as cost, energy balance, environmental impacts, institutional conditions, available technologies, geographical conditions, alternative and competing interest, and so on. Suitability includes aspects related to feasibility for implementation, potential for renewable energy and nutrient recycling, and resource efficiency. In this article, a multi-criteria framework, which is proposed in a companion article (Part II), is used to assess the suitability of four types of feedstocks for producing biogas (considering Swedish conditions). The assessed feedstocks are ley crops, straw, farmed blue mussels, and source-sorted food waste. The results have synthesized and structured a lot of information, which facilitates considerably for those that want an overview and to be able to review several different areas simultaneously. Among the assessed feedstocks, biogas production from household food waste and ley is the most straightforward. For straw and farmed blue mussels, there are more obstacles to overcome including some significant barriers. For all feedstock there are challenges related to the institutional conditions. The assessment contributes to the knowledge about sustainable use of these feedstocks, and the limitations and opportunities for biogas development. It supports more informed decision making, both in industry and policy. Existing, or forthcoming, biogas and biofertilizer producers who are considering altering or expanding their production systems can benefit from a better understanding of different choices of feedstock that are or can be (potentially) at their disposal; thus, identify hotspots, weak points, and possible candidates for implementation in future. This research is performed within the Biogas Research Center (BRC), which is a transdisciplinary center of excellence with the overall goal of promoting resource-efficient biogas solutions in Sweden. The BRC is funded by the Energy Agency of Sweden, Linköping University, and more than 20 partners from academia, industry, municipalities and other several public and private organizations.

This report contains information about a research project lead by researchers from Environmental Technology and Management at Linköping University in Sweden. It has been conducted in cooperation with staff from the global cement company CEMEX. The study has been focused on three cement plants in the western parts of Germany, referred to as CEMEX Cluster West. They form a kind of work alliance, together producing several intermediate products and final products. One of the plants is a cement plant with a kiln, while the other two can be described as grinding and mixing stations.

The overall aim has been to contribute to a better understanding of the climate performance of different ways of producing cement, and different cement products. An important objective was to systematically assess different cement sites, and production approaches, from a climate perspective, thereby making it easier for the company to analyze different options for improvements. Theoretical and methodological aspects related to the fields of Industrial Ecology (IE) and Industrial Symbiosis (IS) have played an important role.

A common way of making cement is to burn limestone in a cement kiln. This leads to the formation of cement clinker, which is then grinded and composes the main component of Ordinary Portland Cement. One very important phase of the production of clinker is the process of calcination, which takes place in the kiln. In this chemical reaction calcium carbonate decomposes at high temperature and calcium oxide and carbon dioxide are produced. The calcination is of high importance since it implies that carbon bound in minerals is transformed to CO₂. A large portion of the CO2 emissions related to clinker production is coming from the calcination process.

Both clinker and Ordinary Portland Cement (CEM I 42.5) were studied. However, there are other ways of making cement, where the clinker can be substituted by other materials. Within Cluster West, granulated blast furnace slag from the iron and steel industry is used to a large extent as such a clinker substitute. This slag needs to be grinded, but an important difference compared to clinker is that it has already been treated thermally (during iron production) and therefore does not have to be burned in a kiln. With the purpose to include products with clearly different share of clinker substitutes, the project also comprised CEM III/A 42.5 (blended cement, about 50% clinker) and CEM III/B 42.5 N-. (blended cement, about 27% clinker). To sum up, this means that the study involved “traditional”, rather linear, ways of making cement, but also two more synergistic alternatives, where a byproduct is utilized to a large extent instead of clinker.

The methodology is mostly based on Life Lycle Assessment (LCA), from cradle-to-gate, using the SimaPro software. This means that the cement products have been studied from the extraction of raw materials until they were ready for delivery at the “gate” of Cluster West. The functional unit was 1 tonne of product. A lot of data was collected regarding flows of material and energy for the year of 2009. In addition, some information concerning 1997 was also acquired. Most of the used data has been provided by CEMEX, but to be able to cover upstream parts of the life cycle data from the Ecoinvent database has also been utilized.

The extensive data concerning 2009 formed the base for the project and made it possible to study the selected products thoroughly for this year. However, the intention was also to assess other versions of the product system – Cluster West in 1997 and also a possible, improved future case. For this purpose, a conceptual LCA method was developed that made it possible to consider different products as well as different conditions for the product system. Having conducted the baseline LCA, important results could be generated based on knowledge about six key performance indicators (KPIs) regarding overall information about materials, the fuel mix and the electricity mix. The conceptual LCA method could be used for other products and versions of Cluster West, without collecting large amounts of additional specific Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data. The developed conceptual LCA method really simplified the rather complex Cluster West production system. Instead of having to consider hundreds of parameters, the information about the six KPIs was sufficient to estimate the emissions from different products produced in different versions of the production system (Cluster West).

The results showed that the clinker produced at Cluster West is competitive from a climate perspective, causing CO₂-eq missions that are a couple of percent lower than the world average. During the twelve year period from 1997 to 2009 these emissions became about 12 percent lower, which was mainly achieved by production efficiency measures but also via changing fuels. However, the most interesting results concern the blended cement products. It was manifested that it is very advantageous from a climate perspective to substitute clinker with granulated blast furnace slag, mainly since it reduces the emissions accounted related to calcination. For example, the CO₂-eq emissions related to CEM III/B product were estimated to be 65 percent lower than those for CEM I.

A framework for identifying and evaluating options for improvement has been developed and applied. Based on that framework the present production system was analyzed and illustrated, and different measures for reducing the climate impact were shown and evaluated. Two possible scenarios were defined and the conceptual LCA model used to estimate their climate performance.

The authors’ recommendation is for CEMEX to continue to increase the share of CEM III (the share of good clinker substitutes), and to make efforts to shift the focus on the market from clinker and cement plants to different types of cement (or concrete) or even better to focus on the lifecycle of the final products such as buildings and constructions.

Information and measures at the plant level are not sufficient to compare products or to significantly reduce the climate impact related to cement. To achieve important reductions of the emissions, measures and knowledge at a higher industrial symbiosis level are needed.

The literature indicates that the life cycle costs of biomethane fueled light vehicles may be 15 to 20% highe rthan for similar petrol and diesel fueled vehicles, while liquid biomethane fueled heavy duty trucks may have similar life cycle costs to diesel. However, such an analysis can be two dimensional and limited in the message it conveys. On one hand the acceptance of diesel fueled trucks and buses will be limited due to the climate emergency and air pollution and after 2030 diesel may not be the competition for biomethane anymore. On the otherhand, biomethane production is part of a larger circular economy, energy, and environmental system. It is verydifficult to divorce the energy vector, biomethane, from the system through which it is produced. In essence biomethane can be considered as one of the products or services of a broad biogas system.

An advantage of biogas is that it can be produced from most wet organic wastes or by-products, includingfor food waste, animal by-products, (such as manure), agricultural residues, sewage sludge, industrial biowaste (such as from slaughterhouses and food and beverage processing industries). Biogas production is an element in the environmental management of such wastes; biogas plants can also deliver digestate, which contains most ofthe nutrients in the feedstock and can be an excellent biofertilizer. In addition, it is possible to utilize the carbon dioxide removed in upgrading biogas to biomethane as a product with added value. The resource of biomethane is very significant in considering the vast amounts of organic wastes landfilled around the world each year, that instead could be used to produce biogas, biofertilizers and food grade CO2 while improving the environment through reduced fugitive methane emissions and improved water quality. Furthermore, the application of biogas systems in bio-industrial contexts (such as paper mills, food production facilities, or other types of biorefineries) has huge potential to decarbonize industry while significantly increasing the resource of biomethane. Due to the multifunctionality of biomethane solutions, broad assessment methods are needed to grasp thewide spectrum of relevant factors when comparing different technologies:

• Biomethane has a competitive performance compared with fossil fuels and other biofuels on a whole lifecycle analysis and is particularly suited to long distance heavy vehicles.

• Biomethane from manure, residues, waste & catch crops is estimated to have low GHG emissions ascompared to other renewable fuels.

• Biomethane may contribute to reduced air pollution in comparison with diesel, petrol, and other biofuels.• Biomethane can contribute to a substantial reduction in acidification compared with fossil fuels.

• Biomethane may contribute to significantly reduced noise levels in comparison with diesel heavy goodsvehicles.

• Well-designed and applied biogas systems may be essential to transform conventional farming to moresustainable farming and to organic farming.

• Common types of biogas solutions provide essential sociotechnical systems services as components ofsystems for waste and (waste) water management.

• Biogas solutions may importantly contribute to improved energy supply/security and flexibility.

Natural gas systems should be a facilitator of the introduction of biomethane for transport, but the sustainability problems associated with natural gas negatively impact the view of biomethane. This is where arguments amongst the renewable sector actors can hinder progress. Biomethane and (power to methane) can utilize the existing gas grid and accelerate progress to decarbonization of the overall energy sector beyond just electricity and also to decarbonize chemical (such as ammonia and methanol) and steel production. This should be advantageous especially when realizing that more energy is procured from the natural gas grid than the electricity gridin the EU and the US; however, suggestions that biomethane is only greenwashing the natural gas industry, and in doing so extending the lifetime of natural gas, greatly impedes this progress.

This report provides exemplars of very good biomethane based transport solutions, with a high technologicalreadiness level for all elements of the chain from production to vehicles. Transport biomethane sits well in the broad circular economy, energy, and environmental system providing services across a range of sectors including reduction in fugitive methane emissions from slurries, treatment of residues, environmental protection, provision of biofertiliser, provision of food grade CO2 and a fuel readily available for long distance heavy haulage. What we do not have is time to postpone the sustainable implementation of such circular economy biomethane systems as the climate emergency will not wait for absolutely perfect zero emission solutions; should they exist.

Utmaningarna inom miljöområdet är stora och inte minst industrin arbetar intensivt med sin omställning för att både minska sin negativa miljöpåverkan och ta fram lösningar som bidrar till ett gott liv för alla. Boken behandlar möjligheterna att vända miljöproblem till möjligheter genom miljöteknik...[Bokinfo]

This paper aims to increase the understanding of how standardised environmental management systems (EMSs) affect environmental performance. Based on interviews with environmental managers from 18 different companies and two environmental consultants, we make clear how companies identify, formulate and assess their environmental aspects.

The results show that consultants have an important role concerning EMSs. Many of the environmental managers have deficient knowledge concerning their own EMS, since they cannot explain central EMS procedures. This can probably be explained by too much external assistance, from consultants, in combination with internal barriers such as lack of competence, time and motivation.

The characteristics of the companies’ assessment methods are presented, which among other things include which parameters are used and their relative weight. From an environmental point of view, it is positive that environmental parameters, in general, have a big influence. However it should also be noted that some of the companies use methods in which business parameters seem to dominate. Other important results show that most systems, overall, are facility oriented. In most cases it was difficult to understand the scope of individual aspects, for example, concerning what environmental impacts were considered. A majority of the environmental managers were rather uncertain about issues in relation to scope and system perspectives. Therefore, it is recommended that incentives be taken to increase environmental managers’ competence and to improve the standards, the guiding documents and the systems for their application.

Do standardised environmental management systems (EMS) lead to improved environmental performance? This depends on to what extent these systems lead to changes in important flows of material and energy, which for manufacturing companies, in turn, mean that the product development process is important. Consequently, it appears vital to investigate the connection between EMS and ‘Design for the Environment’ (DFE), i.e. the connection between these management systems and concepts that deal with environmental issues in product development.

This paper presents product-oriented environmental management systems (POEMS), including characteristics of existing models, experiences from projects where these models have been tested and experiences concerning the product connection in ‘normal’ EMS. It includes a discussion of important factors influencing to what extent DFE activities are integrated into EMS and/or the outcome of such integration.

There are many motives for integrating the two concepts. Firstly, DFE thinking might enrich EMS by contributing with a life-cycle perspective. If EMS encompassed products' life cycles to a greater extent, they would be a better complement to the often facility-oriented legal requirements and authority control. Secondly, EMS might remove the pilot project character of DFE activities and lead to continuous improvement. Thirdly, integration could lead to successful co-operation, both internally and externally. However, existing studies show that there is a mixed picture concerning the extent ‘normal’ EMS currently encompass products.

For standardized environmental management systems (EMS) to be environmentally effective tools, they should affect important environmental aspects related to flows of materials and energy, which for manufacturing companies are closely connected to their products. This paper presents how external environmental auditors interpret and apply important product-related requirements of ISO 14001 at manufacturing companies in Sweden.

The results indicate that the link between EMS and products is rather weak. Products are seldom regarded as significant environmental aspects and are therefore not within the main scope of many EMS, which are mainly focused on sites. However, all of the interviewed auditors require that some kind of environmental considerations be incorporated into product development, but these considerations are to large extent site oriented; how they are prioritized in relation to other factors such as economics and other customer priorities appears to be up to the companies.

The paper includes some recommendations to strengthen the role of products within the framework of standardized EMS.

Biogas Research Center (BRC) är ett kompetenscentrum för biogasforskning som finansieras av Energimyndigheten, LiU och ett flertal externa organisationer med en tredjedel vardera. BRC har en mycket bred tvärvetenskaplig inriktning och sammanför biogasrelaterad kompetens från flera olika områden för att skapa interaktion på flera olika plan:

• mellan näringsliv, akademi och samhälle,
• mellan olika perspektiv, samt
• mellan olika discipliner och kompetensområden.

BRC:s vision är:

Resurseffektiva biogaslösningar finns genomförda i många nya tillämpningar och bidrar till en mer hållbar energiförsörjning, förbättrat miljötillstånd och goda affärer.

BRC:s särskilda roll för att uppnå denna vision är att bidra med kunskapsförsörjning och process-/teknikutveckling för att facilitera utveckling, innovation och implementering av biogaslösningar. Resurseffektivitet är ett nyckelord, vilket handlar om att förbättra befintliga processer och system samt utveckla biogaslösningar i nya sektorer och möjliggöra användning av nya substrat.

For BRC:s etapp 1, den första tvåårsperioden mellan 2012-2014, var forskningsprojekten organiserade enligt tabellen nedan. Den visar viktiga utmaningar för biogasproducenter och andra intressenter, samt hur dessa ”angreps” med åtta forskningsprojekt. Fem av projekten var av explorativ karaktär i bemärkelsen att de var bredare och mer framtidsorienterade - exempelvis utvärderade flera möjliga tekniska utvecklingsmöjligheter (EP1-5). Tre projekt hade ett tydligare fokus på teknik- och processutveckling (DP6-8).

I den här slutrapporten ges en kortfattad bakgrundsbeskrivning och det finns en introduktion till vad den här typen av kompetenscentrum innebär generellt. Därefter finns mer detaljerad information om BRC, exempelvis gäller det centrumets etablering, relevans, vision, hörnstenar och utveckling. De deltagande organisationerna presenteras, både forskargrupperna vid Linköpings universitet och partners och medlemmar. Vidare finns en mer utförlig introduktion till och beskrivning av utmaningarna i tabellen och kortfattat information om forskningsprojekten, följt av ett kapitel som berör måluppfyllelse och den externa utvärdering som gjorts av BRC:s verksamhet. Detaljerad, listad information finns till stor del i bilagorna.

Kortfattat kan det konstateras att måluppfyllelsen överlag är god. Det är speciellt positivt att så många vetenskapliga artiklar publicerats (eller är på gång att publiceras) kopplat till forskningsprojekten och även i det vidare centrumperspektivet. Helt klart förekommer en omfattande verksamhet inom och kopplat till BRC. I etapp 2 är det viktigt att öka andelen mycket nöjda partner och medlemmar, där nu hälften är nöjda och hälften mycket nöjda. Det handlar framför allt om stärkt kommunikation, interaktion och projektledning. Under 2015 förväntas åtminstone två doktorsexamina, där avhandlingarna har stor koppling till forskningen inom etapp 1.

I början på år 2014 skedde en extern utvärdering av verksamheten vid BRC med huvudsyftet att bedöma hur väl centrumet lyckats med etableringen samt att granska om det fanns förutsättningar för framtida framgångsrik verksamhet. Generellt var utfallet mycket positivt och utvärderarna konstaterade att BRC på kort tid lyckats etablera en verksamhet som fungerar väl och engagerar det stora flertalet deltagande aktörer, inom relevanta områden och där de flesta involverade ser BRC som en befogad och väl fungerande satsning, som de har för avsikt att även fortsättningsvis stödja. Utvärderingen bidrog också med flera relevant tips och till att belysa utmaningar.

Utöver denna slutrapport finns separata publikationer från forskningsprojekten.

Arbetet som presenteras i rapporten har finansierats av Energimyndigheten och de medverkande organisationerna.

I detta kapitel beskrivs några betydande miljöproblem av global karaktär. Det handlar närmare bestämt om klimatförändringar, uttunning av ozonskiktet, minskad biologisk mångfald och användning av naturresurser. Syftet är att du som läsare bättre ska förstå vad som kännetecknar problemen, vad i samhället som orsakar dem, rådande trender och möjliga åtgärder.

Organic agriculture (OA) is increasingly viewed as an economic opportunity for farmers allover the world. This paper addresses the effects of OA in terms of income, vulnerability andpoverty alleviation in rural areas in developing countries. It is based on a literature reviewwith emphasis on two value chains: cotton and coffee, which both involve smallholders indeveloping regions, and growing organic markets, but differ in terms of value chain structuresand geographical patterns.

När avloppsvatten från sjöfarten släpps ut i havet påverkar det miljön negativt genom att bakterier sprids och näringsämnen kommer ut i havet. Utsläppen är koncentrerade till farleder och hamnar och där kan effekterna vara tydliga, även om utsläppen är små i förhållande till de totala utsläppen till havet.

‘To create the most resource-efficient region in the world’. This is the vision of Tekniska verken, the municipalityowned infrastructural company in Linköping, Sweden. It reflects the city’ s long-standing ambitions to be a ‘forerunner in climate and environmental initiatives’ and to support ‘business-driven’ environmental development, actively stimulating the development of a green economic sector. Linköping and the surrounding county of Östergötland are here used for discussing the development of the green economy in cities and regions.

For the last 15 years Västra hamnen (Western Harbor) in Malmö, and Hammarby Sjöstad in Stockholm have been the major flagships of Swedish international eco-city ambitions. These city development projects are presented both as leading examples of the conversion of former industrial harbor areas and of environmental adaptation of densely built urban environments. Western Harbor is a centrally located former shipyard area which, since the end of the 1990s, has developed into a mixed city area for housing, schools, offices, shops and other workplaces as well as for recreational areas with beaches, parks and yacht harbors. Since its first phase, part of a housing expo in 2001, it has attracted international interest for its dense architecture, bold energy goals based on varied local renewable energy production, household waste systems, green and blue structures, and dialogue processes. By 2031, when the area is completed, it is expected to be the home for 25,000 people and 25,000 workplaces. In 2014, there were 7,300 inhabitants and more than 12,000 work places in Western Harbor, already twice of the work force of the former shipyard at its height.

Handel med utsläppsrätter under ett fastställt ”tak” av totalautsläpp som efterhand sänks, har i en del regioner i världenvisat sig vara en både kostnadseffektiv och framgångsrikstrategi för att minska luftföroreningarna. Frågan är om utsläppshandelskulle kunna vara ett effektivt sätt för att minskasjöfartens utsläpp i Europa eller Östersjöregionen?

Hamnarna kan spela en viktig roll för att minska sjöfartensutsläpp i havet. Reglerna för fartygens avfallsdumpning harskärpts och i Östersjöområdet har det länge funnits en överenskommelseom att fartygen ska kunna lämna sitt avfall ihamn utan extra avgift. I praktiken låter dock de stora förbättringarnavänta på sig.

Kryssningssjöfarten ger växande inkomster för kuststäderna,men innebär också ökad påverkan på miljön i Östersjön och dess hamnar. Trots att branschen åtagit sig att sluta släppa utavloppsvatten till sjöss lämnar bara var tredje kryssningsfartygsitt avfallsvatten vid hamnbesök. Dessutom är delar av fartygsflottani stort behov av förbättrad miljöprestanda.

I dag arbetar många länder och organisationer, där ibland Sverige, för att skapa ett merhållbart samhälle genom att övergå till en cirkulär ekonomi. En viktig del i denna övergång äratt material ska återanvändas i så stor utsträckning som möjligt. För att uppnå detta harambitiösa mål satts upp, både på EU- och på nationellnivå.Denna studie undersöker vilka åtgärder svenska återvinningscentraler (ÅVC) kan vidta för attbidra till att nå de nationella målen genom att sortera ut mer material som går attmaterialåtervinna från det avfall som idag går till energiåtervinning. Studien tar utgångspunkti Roslagsvatten AB. En viktig fråga i studien har varit hur olika förutsättningar påverkaråtgärdernas utfall.Genom en litteraturstudie identifierades åtta åtgärder som relevanta för ökad utsortering.Dessa var; Bättre namn för fraktionen energiåtervinning, Att inte tillåta slutna behållare (kallat”Töm säcken”), Kontrollerat tillträde, Bättre information om ÅVC:n för ÅVC-besökarna, Bättremätning och uppföljning, Utökat pantsystem, Bättre bemötande genom ökad personalnärvarooch Nya verktyg för att plocka bort felsorterat material. De identifierade åtgärdernaanalyserades vidare baserat på intervjuer och litteratur. Analysen visade att förutsättningarnapå de olika anläggningarna varierar och standardiserad dokumentation av inkommit ochutgående avfall ofta saknas vilket gjorde det mycket svårt att jämföra resultaten mellan olikaanläggningar.Samtliga identifierade åtgärder kan ha potential att öka utsorteringen av användbara materiali viss mån men de flesta är beroende av specifika förutsättningar och alla åtgärder passar intealla anläggningar. Det behövs dock mer specifika studier över längre tid för att fastställa hureffektiva de faktiskt är och hur de fungerar i den lokala kontexten för de återvinningscentralersom överväger att införa dem. Två åtgärder torde dock ha stor potential att öka utsorteringenav användbart material från energiåtervinning på de flesta anläggningar. Dessa var att intetillåta slutna behållare, (kallat ”Töm säcken”) och att byta namn på fraktionen”energiåtervinning” till någonting med anknytning till de material som ska slängas där

Landfilling waste material is still one of the most common methods to take care of waste in a big part of the world. Gaborone, the capital of Botswana located in the southern part of Africa is no different in this way. The major part of all waste is landfilled in Gaborone and there is only a minor part of all collected material that is recycled. One solution that earlier studies suggest is to build a transfer and recycling station in the city of Gaborone that can contribute to a more sustainable waste management. This study aims to identify the major waste streams of recyclable waste and also the major stakeholders that are active in this area through an exploratory study involving interviews, a workshop and a survey. The result of this thesis can hopefully assist in the preparations for such a transfer station. The conclusions of this study are many and contains of both hard facts and also loose ends that can contribute to pursue further studies. The first important result is that all the waste collection companies transports everything they collects to a landfill and it is only recycling organizations that are working with collection and recycling in Gaborone. These recycling organizations are a few but smaller compared to the waste collection companies in collected amounts of material. Besides these collection organizations, Gaborone City Council, the local municipality works with collection of household waste and the collaboration between these three groups that operates in the same environment is very poor. All the interviewed stakeholders showed a positive interest in the transfer and recycling station but there is only a small part of the commercial business in Gaborone that believes in a more serious waste management than landfilling. Despite that one major shopping mall actually sort out recyclables and saves 30% in waste management costs thanks to that. Another issue is the prevailing cultural contradictions that is obvious among the organizations in Gaborone. The last two bigger issues is the tremendously dull political bureaucracy that is appearing in Botswana and also that voices are raised that corruption is great beneath the surface.

I Sverige har vattenresurserna länge varit rikliga och vattenanvändningen i hushåll länge inte haft någon annan begränsning än sunt förnuft. Temporärt har vattenbrist i områden runt om i landet på senare år förordat bevattningsförbud och insatser för att begränsa uttaget från allt fattigare vattenkällor. Med dagens urbanisering, som förflyttar uttaget som tidigare varit spritt över olika vattentäkter på landsbygden till gemensamma källor, har behovet av åtgärder för att säkra en trygg vattenförsörjning ökat ytterligare. I Sverige faller en stor del av ansvaret på kommunerna enligt Lagen om Vattentjänster och eftersom 75 % av det kommunala vattnet går till hushåll har vattenanvändningen i bostäder blivit en allt mer intressant sektor att studera. Det finns idag gott om litteratur och tips på åtgärder som invånarna själva kan genomföra i sina hushåll men desto mindre underlag för hur kommuner kan stödja och utveckla förutsättningarna för att dessa åtgärder genomförs. Exempelvis kan privatpersoner ta kortare duschar och installera adaptrar som gör kranar mer snålspolande men den stora frågan är om och hur kommuner kan driva på sådana åtgärder. Denna studie syftade till att fylla det kunskapsgap som råder på hur kommuner kan bidra till en utveckling i rätt riktning och vilka möjligheter eller utmaningar som kantar det potentiella arbetet.Målet med studien var på så sätt att utveckla en portfolio av åtgärder som kommuner kan nyttja för verksamhetsplanering men också att utarbeta och diskutera viktiga hållpunkter och valmöjligheter som kommuner behöver ta hänsyn till när de väljer bland åtgärderna. Studien tog sig an problemställningarna med förhållningssättet att vattenanvändningen i hushåll är resultatet av en mängd olika faktorer i det system som består av det omgivande samhället, bostaden och individerna som använder vatten. För att ta så stor hänsyn som möjligt till de olika förändringmöjligheterna i systemet applicerades två tillvägagångssätt, eller så kallade, top-down och bottom-up perspektiv. Det första innebar en granskning av tillgängliga verktyg för kommuner att styra med och det senare en utredning om vilka hinder och drivkrafter som finns på hushållsnivå och som dessa verktyg kan behöva förhålla sig till.Med hjälp av litteratursökning och intervjuer med privatpersoner, bostadsrättsföreningar, bostadsbolag och en kommunalt ägd vattenleverantör kunde möjligheter och utmaningar i samband med kommunens arbete mot effektivare och minskad användning i hushållen identifierats. Bland annat visade studien på att den grundläggande principen om att vatten är en allmän resurs innebär att åtgärder såsom prissättning och uttagsbegränsning möter många utmaningar i exempelvis juridik och social acceptans, medan åtgärder som bygger kunskap hos invånarna om deras konsumtion och vikten av att minska den (exempelvis med kampanjer och feedback) är desto lättare åtgärder att genomföra. Andra utmaningar är att vattenanvändningen är svår att mäta eftersom den beror på väldigt många saker. Det innebär dock också i princip att kommuner inte är ensamma i frågan om att kunna påverka vattenanvändningen och har goda möjligheter att dra nytta av synergier och samarbeten med mer involverade aktörer såsom bostadsbolag. Studien visar också på att kommuner har flera val att göra när de utformar sina åtgärder. Exempelvis kan åtgärderna vara ekonomiska, administrativa eller informativa; uppbyggande eller konsekvensgivande; och involvera olika aktörer eller användargrupper.Även om studien ger ett brett underlag till kommuner att ta sig an ett aktivt arbete med effektivisering av vattenanvändning i hushåll belyser rapporten också att det finns andra sektorer med annat fokus än just hushåll som behöver ta sitt ansvar. Arbetet med vatteneffektiva jordbruk och industrier lämnas dock åt andra studier.

Syftet med examensarbetet är att utreda vilken potential det finns för en samverkan mellan Tekniska Verken och växthus. Målet är att genom industriell symbios skapa en resurseffektiv systemlösning där Tekniska Verkens produktionsanläggningars miljöprestanda förbättras samtidigt som växthusets klimatpåverkan minskas.

Tekniska Verken har överskottsvärme i sina produktionsanläggningar. Under 2007 hade Gärstad- och Kraftvärmeverket 54 GWh överskottsvärme. Största delen av överskottsvärmen fanns på sommaren, då värmebehovet i fjärrvärmesystemet var som lägst. Effekten som kyldes bort under sommaren uppgick till 25 MW.

Om ett par år kommer Svensk Biogas anläggning i Linköping ha överskottsvärme på 26 GWh per år. Effekten kommer då vara 4 MW på vintern och 2 MW på sommaren. Koldioxidmängden från biogasanläggningen uppgår till 16 000 ton per år vilket ger ett flöde på 1,8 ton i timmen. Biogasanläggningen i Linköping producerar 45 000 ton biogödsel per år.

Grönsaker som tomat, gurka, örter och sallat odlas i växthus och trivs bäst vid temperaturer på 15-26 ˚C. Under dagen bör temperaturen vara något högre än nattetid. För att öka tillväxten hos plantorna kan koldioxid tillföras. Vid stark ljusinstrålning och varmt klimat kan koldioxidhalten höjas från 375 ppm till 1 200 ppm. Värmeenergibehovet för en tomatodling ligger mellan 350 till 550 kWh per kvadratmeter och år. Maxeffekten för uppvärmningssystemet varierar mellan 200 och 300 W per kvadratmeter beroende på växthusets placering och isoleringsmaterial. Koldioxidtillförseln är 7-20 gram per kvadratmeter växthus.

Överskottsvärmen från Tekniska Verkens produktionsanläggningar räcker till att försörja ett traditionellt växthus på 2 hektar. Växthuset har lägst värmebehov på sommaren vilket gör att endast en liten del av värmen från Gärstad- och Kraftvärmeverket kan tas tillvara. Mängden överskottsvärme från biogasanläggningen är som störst under vintern och något lägre under sommaren, vilket gör den väl lämpad för en matchning med växthus. Mängden koldioxid räcker för att tillgodose en växthusareal på 9 hektar. Eventuellt kan det bli möjligt att använda biogödsel som växtnäring i växthus. Dock bör vidare studier utföras innan detta kan fastställas.

Tekniska Verken utreder hur ett samarbete med företaget Plantagon skulle kunna se ut. Plantagon har tillsammans med Sweco tagit fram ett innovativt odlingskoncept där växter odlas på höjden i ett sfärformat växthus. För att verifiera Swecos uppgifter om energi- och effektbehov samt få en uppfattning om vilka parametrar som påverkar växthusklimatet har beräkningar utförts. De faktorer som tagits hänsyn till i beräkningarna är värmeledning, konvektion, solstrålning, ventilation, avfuktning och vattenanvändning. För att se hur effektbehovet varierar över året har beräkningarna upprepats för varje månad. Överskottsvärmen från Tekniska Verken räcker gott och väl för att täcka Plantagons växthus värmebehov.

För att uppskatta hur mycket Tekniska Verkens resurser skulle kunna reducera en växthusodlings klimatpåverkan har sex olika scenarier ställts upp. Med hjälp av en befintlig livscykelanalys för svensk tomatodling har koldioxidekvivalenterna per kilogram producerade tomater för de olika scenarierna beräknats och jämförts. Två av scenarierna är kopplade till Tekniska Verken. Det ena scenariot är en traditionell växthusodling och den andra är Plantagons växthus. En traditionell växthusodling som förses med Tekniska Verkens resurser samt producerar närproducerade grönsaker visade sig få en väsentligt mycket lägre klimatpåverkan än en genomsnittlig växthusodling. Produktion av 78 kilogram tomater i det växthuset motsvarar samma klimatpåverkan som 1 kilogram tomater från en genomsnittlig svensk växthusodling.  Plantagons växthus kan på samma sätt producera 7 kilogram tomater för samma klimatpåverkan som 1 kilogram tomater från en genomsnittlig växthusodling.

Genom att använda överskottsvärme, koldioxid och biogödsel från Tekniska Verken till att driva växthus kan en systemlösning med låg miljöpåverkan skapas. Resurser som tidigare inte utnyttjats kan få ett användningsområde, vilket ökar miljöprestandan för produktionsanläggningarna. Grönsakerna som produceras får en låg miljöpåverkan vilket gör att de exempelvis kan klimatcertifieras samt säljas som närproducerade i Linköpingstrakten. Genom att undvika långa och kostsamma transporter samt kunna sälja grönsaker till ett högre pris ökar förtjänsten för odlingsföretaget.

Human actions are significantly affecting natural environments from local to global scales. At the same time, our current and future well-being is not decoupled from the continuous function of the natural ecosystems. An emerging issue, from an anthropocentric point of view, is then under what conditions the ecosystems will be able to continue delivering services that we as humans benefit from. A concept within the theory of social-ecological resilience that deals with this issue is thresholds.

This thesis addresses how the concept of thresholds can be operationalized in a local authority and what gains and challenges that could entail for strategic planning in the municipality. The thesis also addresses how the operationalization of thresholds could benefit from a standardized Environmental Management System (EMS) in a local authority, and if there are any difficulties in doing so. My research questions are addressed by studying Eskilstuna municipality, a local authority in Sweden that uses both an EMS and is part of an on-going resilience assessment in collaboration with Stockholm Resilience Centre. The studied case and issues described above are approached interdisciplinary by using literature and document studies, participant observations, a survey, and semi-structured interviews with actors at the municipality.

My research shows that thresholds potentially could be operationalized in a local authority either through strategic action plans, or as a way of constructing scenarios in comprehensive planning. Both ways of operationalizing thresholds need to occur in early stages of strategic planning. The thesis shows that thresholds could entail a potential comprehensive gain for strategic planning by providing an argument as to why it is important that certain development trajectories within the municipality are changed. The results also show synergistic effects between the EMS and thresholds in the sense that the EMS could systematize the implementation of overarching strategic plans, influenced by the concept of thresholds, in the municipality’s organization. Challenges in using thresholds in a local authority related mainly to the issues of quantifying thresholds, and to a tension between the different system boundaries suggested by resilience theory and continuous improvement in an EMS.

Historiskt sett har den Svenska värmemarknaden dominerats av fjärrvärmen som i princip varit det enda kostnadseffektiva alternativet där det funnits tillgängligt. På senare tid har dock spelreglerna börjat på att förändras, bland annat på grund av värmepumparnas intåg, en förändrad energipolitik och ökade kundkrav – vilket har lett till en mer konkurrensutsatt marknad. Denna studie syftar till att både kvantitativt och kvalitativt analysera fjärrvärmens konkurrenskraft jämfört med alternativa uppvärmningstekniker, med fokus på segmenten flerbostadshus, övriga- samt offentliga lokaler.

Efter en inledande marknadsundersökning bedömdes värmepumpar i kombination med el eller fjärrvärme, samt pellets i kombination med RME, kunna vara konkurrenskraftiga med fjärrvärme. Därefter beräknades livscykelkostnaden för dessa värmesystem för en generell fastighet som en funktion av dess energibehov och utnyttjningstid, samt för ett antal typanvändare. Dessa typanvändare identifierades genom att analysera förbrukningsstatistik från Vattenfall. Vidare genomfördes flera intervjuer med branschexperter parallellt med att en enkät sammanställdes som riktade sig till energi- och klimatrådgivare i Sverige. Enkäten syftade till att få en nulägesbeskrivning av fastighetsägares syn på värmemarknaden och på så sätt bidra till den kvalitativa analysdelen.

Resultatet visar att det rent kostnadsmässigt är små skillnader mellan fjärrvärme och övriga alternativ givet de antaganden som författarna anser är rimliga. För ett typiskt flerbostadshus är fjärrvärme mer fördelaktigt men för en typisk övrig eller offentlig lokal är bergvärme ett marginellt bättre alternativ. Frånluftsvärmepump med fjärrvärme är i båda fallen en billig lösning. Dock visar känslighetsanalysen att det kan skilja med mer än en faktor 2,5 i livscykelkostnad för samtliga alternativ beroende på vilka antaganden som görs.

Således är valet av värmesystem ur fastighetsägarens perspektiv nära kopplat till riskbedömning, vad denne tror om framtiden och vilken relation de har till nuvarande värmeleverantör. För alla fastighetsägare är säker och problemfri drift den viktigaste parametern utöver kostnaden. Det finns även en ovisshet kring framtida prishöjningar av både el- och fjärrvärme, vilket leder till osäkra kalkyler. Därför kan förtroendet och relationen med nuvarande värmeleverantör vara avgörande vid en beslutssituation. En hög investeringskostnad är också en tydlig barriär - parallellt som investeringen ofta konkurrerar med andra energi- och fastighetsåtgärder om samma budget. Miljöfrågan är viktig för offentliga lokaler och kan vara det även för övriga lokaler, men är sällan av stor betydelse för flerbostadshus.

Sammanfattningsvis är det svårt att avgöra vilket alternativ som är mest konkurrenskraftigt i dagsläget. Flera faktorer spelar in och livscykelkostnaden kan variera kraftigt mellan bästa och sämsta fall för uppvärmningsalternativen. Emellertid indikerar denna studie att en effektbaserad prismodell leder till att fjärrvärmen stärker sin konkurrenssituation bland flerbostadshus men blir mer utsatt i segmenten offentliga respektive övriga lokaler. Särskilt i det senare är bergvärmepumpar ett växande hot.

För att bibehålla sin konkurrenskraft är det viktigt att fjärrvärmeleverantörerna är transparenta och tydliga i kommunikationen mot sina kunder, framförallt när det gäller prisutvecklingen. På sikt kan affärsmodellen och erbjudandet behöva innafatta mer än bara värmeleveransen, exempelvis stöd vid energieffektivisering, miljöcertifierad värme samt ett komforterbjudande.

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The transport sector faces major challenges on the road to a sustainable future as it significantly contributes to global greenhouse gas emissions. To support the transition towards a more sustainable transport sector, the European Union and its member states are implementing legislation to promote the transition towards alternative energy sources and their related infrastructure. Within this transition, electromobility is considered a key component. Addressing these challenges will require innovative solutions, governmental investments, and the engagement of established actors and adjustments in business models to enable long-term transition. These major changes in the transport sector cause fuel stations, which traditionally have provided fossil fuels, to face the challenge of adapting to the increasing demand for fossil-free fuels and new technologies within electromobility. Business models are becoming increasingly important for companies to take on the transition successfully and benefit from technological innovations. It is therefore crucial for fuel stations to strategically explore new value propositions to remain relevant and profitable in a rapidly changing market.

This thesis aims to analyze and explore the possibilities of restructuring existing fuel station business models to meet the growing demand for e-mobility. To achieve this aim, a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methodology is applied. Data is collected through literature, document study, and semi-structured interviews. The practical approach includes the construction of three business models for different types of fuel stations: one for passenger cars, one for passenger cars and heavy-duty trucks, and one for passenger cars and heavy-duty trucks that also offer overnight parking. Profitability calculations are then carried out for each business model to assess its viability. To address the uncertainty that arises when calculating future costs, the profitability calculations are based on a scenario construction, which includes variables that are considered important for future profitability.

The advancement of electromobility is reshaping the business models of fuel stations through new technologies and process redesign. To effectively serve passenger cars, fuel stations need to focus on offering a convenient and fast charging experience, which may combine fast charging with access to battery storage to meet the increased demand for energy. A battery storage system also offers valuable support to electricity retailers and grid operators by offering balancing services to the electricity grid. For the fuel stations serving both passenger cars and heavy-duty trucks, a more diverse business model is needed. In addition to fast energy access, these stations need to handle alternative fuels such as hydrogen and battery swapping. Beyond offering a fast charging option, the battery swapping station's battery storage technology also helps balance the electricity grid, providing additional value. For those stations that extend their offer to also include overnight charging, the possibility to combine overnight parking with energy access becomes an additional value for customers. To realize these values, business models need to include a robust infrastructure of charging stations, hydrogen facilities, and battery swapping stations that can handle the increased demand from both passenger cars and heavy vehicles. Partnerships with aggregators, commercial vehicle manufacturers, and fuel technology providers are crucial to ensure the availability of the necessary resources and technologies as well as revenues from balancing services. 

To ensure the future profitability of today's fuel stations that embrace electromobility services, a balanced management of costs and revenues is required. Profitability is achieved if revenues exceed the costs required to reach cost neutrality. Based on the profitability calculation carried out by the study, it can be concluded that the business models for electromobility presented in the thesis show potential for achieving profitability in the future.

En av de största utmaningarna i dagens samhälle är att säkerställa hållbar utveckling, vilket ingick i FN:s sjunde milleniemål med måldatum 2015. Östersjön är ett särskilt känsligt innanhav med en hotad biologisk mångfald och en utbredd övergödningsproblematik. År 2001 gav Helcom, en samarbetsorganisation för alla Östersjöländer, rekommendationen att införa ett förbud mot utsläpp av toalettavfall från fritidsbåtar som ett steg i att begränsa tillförseln av näringsämnen till Östersjön. Den 1 april år 2015 infördes förbudet i Sverige. Under de följande månaderna blev förbudet mycket uppmärksammat i media och det har sedan dess förekommit en stor kvantitet synpunkter på förbudet. Från april till oktober 2015 inkom 182 anmälningar gällande brister i hamnars mottagande av toalettavfall till Transportstyrelsen.

Studien syftar till att utvärdera förbudets potentiella bidrag till hållbar utveckling, att undersöka fritidsbåtsägares syn på utsläppsförbudet samt att ge förslag till förbättringar för att förbudet enklare ska kunna efterlevas för fritidsbåtsägare. Studien genomfördes med en kombination av olika metoder. Huvudmomentet utgjordes av kvalitativa intervjuer med fritidsbåtsägare. Som komplement skickades en webbenkät till 109 personer. Svarsfrekvensen beräknades till 92 procent, vilket belyser det stora engagemang som funnits i att delta i studien. Därutöver sammanställdes de brister och synpunkter som rapporterats in till Transportstyrelsen. Författarna har även deltagit i seminarier.

Resultaten visar att majoriteten av fritidsbåtsägarna anser att förbudet är korrekt och att principen att inte släppa ut toalettavfall i Östersjön är riktig. Enligt webbenkäten skulle 64 av 99 personer tömma båtens septiktank i havet om det inte fanns någon fungerande mottagningsanordning inom deras färdväg. Situationen speglas även i förbättringsförslagen då det mest frekvent förekommande förslaget är att bygga ut nätet med mottagningsanordningar och att säkerställa att befintliga anordningar är i drift och fungerar. Fritidsbåtsägarna gav flera argument både för och emot förbudet och hade även synpunkter på förbudets utformning. Två vanligt förekommande argument för förbudet var vikten av att ta ansvar för sina egna utsläpp och den sanitära olägenheten att bada i samma vatten som någon släpper ut toalettavfall i. Tre vanliga motargument var att regleringar för andra aktörer som jordbruk, industrier och kommunala bräddavlopp bör införas innan regleringar för fritidsbåtsägare, att toalettavfallet sprids ut i en så stor volym vatten och att båtliv ska innebära frihet.

Förbudet kan bidra till hållbar utveckling ur såväl det sociala, ekonomiska och ekologiska perspektivet trots att utsläpp av näringsämnen från fritidsbåtar utgör en mindre andel av de totala utsläppskvantiteterna. Flera av Östersjöns ekosystemtjänster hotas av övergödning, exempelvis livsmedelsproduktion, biologisk mångfald och estetiska värden. Författarna till denna rapport anser därmed att alla ekonomiskt rimliga åtgärder kan motiveras ur ett ekosystemtjänstperspektiv för att inte riskera kommande generationers möjlighet att uppfylla sina behov. Förbudet bidrar ytterligare till den sociala dimensionen av hållbarhet genom att det medför en ökad medvetenhet kring problematiken relaterad till Östersjöns miljötillstånd. Författarna rekommenderar i första hand att det byggs flera landtoaletter och sugtömningsanordningar. Placeringen av dessa bör ses över av en aktör med ett övergripande ansvar. Spridning av information kring var det finns utplacerade mottagningsanordningar rekommenderas, exempelvis via en applikation i mobiltelefonen och utmärkning på sjökort. Därutöver bör information om vilka regler som gäller för fritidsbåtsägare och hamnansvariga spridas, samt tydliga användarinstruktioner på mottagningsanordningarna vara mer frekvent förekommande.

I dagsläget erbjuder ett flertal energibolag produkter och tjänster som är relaterade till mikroproduktion av solel vilket kan verka irrationellt då en minskad energianvändning hos företagets kunder leder till minskad lönsamhet för kärnverksamheten. En ökande efterfrågan på mikroproducerande anläggningar skapar därför ett behov av förändring av företagens nuvarande affärsmodeller. Solceller och distribuerad elproduktion växer idag fram som en ny marknad och utgör en ny konkurrensfaktor inom energibranschen. Denna konkurrensfaktor måste företagen ta hänsyn till för att inte ta skada på längre sikt allt eftersom marknaden utvecklas. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur energibolag kan utveckla sina affärsmodeller för att på ett hållbart sätt främja distribuerad elproduktion och mikroproduktion av solel.

I arbetet har det identifierats sex olika affärsmodeller som används i olika delar av världen för att sprida solcellsteknologier. Dessa är 1) kundägande som innebär att kunden äger sin solcellsanläggning efter leverans, 2) samordnat ägande där ett energibolag eller en tredjepartsfirma samordnar och driver ett solcellsprojekt med ett flertal ägare eller kunder, 3) tredjepartsägande som innebär att ett tjänsteföretag erbjuder helhetslösningar till slutkonsumenter och finansierar detta genom en tredje part, 4) integrerad försäljning där solceller säljs som tillval eller extrautrustning till andra produkter, 5) nätinmatning som innebär att all producerad el matas in på nätet till en hög ersättning samt 6) modulbaserade värdeerbjudanden där kunden kan välja mellan olika paket av produkter och tjänster som bygger vidare på varandra. Inom den teoretiska referensramen kunde vidare de fyra grupperna kundrelaterade-, leverantörsrelaterade-, styrmedelsrelaterade- och tekniska barriärer identifieras mot spridning av solceller och mikroproduktion. Totalt identifierades 17 teoretiska barriärer.

Efter en inledande litteraturgenomgång kunde en lämplig metod bestående av tre olika delar väljas ut för den empiriska delen av arbetet. En e-fokusgruppsdiskussion ligger tillsammans med skrivbordsforskning till grund för en kartläggning av omgivande möjligheter och hot. En fokusgruppsdiskussion bedömdes ge en bra kombination av bredd och djup och genomfördes online då detta är mindre resurskrävande och kan nå geografiskt spridda respondenter. Skrivbordsforskning bedömdes vara ett bra komplement till e-fokusgruppsdiskussionen. För att kunna studera de nuvarande affärsmodellerna mer djupgående genomfördes även en fallstudie bestående av fem intervjuer på ett svenskt energibolag som arbetar med både elhandel och solcellsförsäljning samt är nätägare.

Det empiriska arbetet resulterade i en kartläggning av 38 möjligheter och 27 hot som energibolag ställs inför när marknaden för distribuerad elproduktion och mikroproduktion av solel expanderar. För att energiföretagen ska kunna förändra sina affärsmodeller finns det ett behov av omvärldsförändringar gällande politik och forskning. Energiföretagen borde dock kunna förekomma en förändring mot en mer distribuerad elmarknad och implementera nya affärsmodeller redan idag. Samtidigt bör det redan i nuläget finnas förutsättningar för företagen att arbeta för att påverka både politiken och forskningen genom exempelvis branschorganisationer. Det kan utifrån resultatet i detta arbete konstateras att mikroproduktion är ett framväxande substitut till traditionell elhandel som hotar företag inom flera verksamheter i elbranschen. Svenska företags sätt att hantera detta nya marknadshot är inte hållbart och behöver förändras. Rapporten presenterar slutligen tre olika riktningar som energiföretagens affärsmodeller kan utvecklas mot.