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  • 1.
    Aamir, Syed Ahmed
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wikner, J Jacob
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    A 1.2-V pseudo-differential OTA with common-mode feedforward in 65-nm CMOS2010In: Proceedings of the 17th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2010, p. 29-32Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work, we describe the implementation of a 1. 2-V pseudo-differential operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) with common-mode feedforward (CMFF) and inher­ent common-mode feedback (CMFB) in a 65-nm, digital CMOS process. The OTA architecture provides an inher­ent CMFB when cascaded OTA structures are utilized andthis work has studied a cascaded amplifier consisting of fourstages. Due to the low-gain using core 65-nm circuit de­vices, the overall gain must be distributed on all four stages to acquire a gain of more than 60 dB, while maintaining a-3-dB bandwidth of 200 MHz. To achieve high gain, we propose using a modified, positive-feedback, cross-coupled input differential stage. The modified OTA achieves a high output swing of ± 0.85 V due to only two stacked transistors, 88 dB DC gain and a third-order harmonic of -60 dB for 800 mVpp at 30 MHz. Further on, in a capacitive buffer configuration, we achieve a high slew rate of 1240 V/µS, -3-dB bandwidth of 509 MHz, signal-to-noise ratio of 63 dB while consuming 10.4 mW power.

  • 2.
    Aamir, Syed Ahmed
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wikner, J Jacob
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    A 500-MHz low-voltage programmable gain amplifier for HD video in 65-nm CMOS2010In: Proceedings of 28th IEEE Norchip Conference., NORCHIP'10, Tampere: www.ieee.org , 2010, p. 1-4Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This work describes the implementation of a 1.2-V programmable gain amplifier (PGA) for high-definition (HD) video digitizers in a 65-nm digital CMOS process. The “pseudo” switched-capacitor (SC) PGA architecture buffers the video signal, without switching, during the active video. The SC circuitry is used for setup of DC operating point during horizontal and vertical blanking periods. Additionally, it compensates for the `sync-tip' of analog video signals to an equal blanking level for increased dynamic range to the digitizer following the PGA. The operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) employed as main amplifier in the PGA is a pseudo-differential, positive-feedback input stage architecture with a common-mode feedforward (CMFF) technique. The common-mode feedback (CMFB) is provided once two OTAs are cascaded. Schematic-level simulation results show that the OTA maintains a -3-dB bandwidth of 550 MHz, while keeping the distortion HD3 at -60 dB for a 30-MHz, 850 mVpp high definition video signal. The 88 dB DC gain is distributed among four OTA stages and the overall, combined PGA achieves a signal-to-noise ratio of 63 dB. Due to only two stacked transistors, it achieves high output swing of ±0.85 V, 1240 V/μs slew rate while consuming 10.4 mW power.

  • 3. Order onlineBuy this publication >>
    Abbas, Muhammad
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    On the Implementation of Integer and Non-Integer Sampling Rate Conversion2012Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The main focus in this thesis is on the aspects related to the implementation of integer and non-integer sampling rate conversion (SRC). SRC is used in many communication and signal processing applications where two signals or systems having different sampling rates need to be interconnected. There are two basic approaches to deal with this problem. The first is to convert the signal to analog and then re-sample it at the desired rate. In the second approach, digital signal processing techniques are utilized to compute values of the new samples from the existing ones. The former approach is hardly used since the latter one introduces less noise and distortion. However, the implementation complexity for the second approach varies for different types of conversion factors. In this work, the second approach for SRC is considered and its implementation details are explored. The conversion factor in general can be an integer, a ratio of two integers, or an irrational number. The SRC by an irrational numbers is impractical and is generally stated for the completeness. They are usually approximated by some rational factor.

    The performance of decimators and interpolators is mainly determined by the filters, which are there to suppress aliasing effects or removing unwanted images. There are many approaches for the implementation of decimation and interpolation filters, and cascaded integrator comb (CIC) filters are one of them. CIC filters are most commonly used in the case of integer sampling rate conversions and often preferred due to their simplicity, hardware efficiency, and relatively good anti-aliasing (anti-imaging) characteristics for the first (last) stage of a decimation (interpolation). The multiplierless nature, which generally yields to low power consumption, makes CIC filters well suited for performing conversion at higher rate. Since these filters operate at the maximum sampling frequency, therefore, are critical with respect to power consumption. It is therefore necessary to have an accurate and efficient ways and approaches that could be utilized to estimate the power consumption and the important factors that are contributing to it. Switching activity is one such factor. To have a high-level estimate of dynamic power consumption, switching activity equations in CIC filters are derived, which may then be used to have an estimate of the dynamic power consumption. The modeling of leakage power is also included, which is an important parameter to consider since the input sampling rate may differ several orders of magnitude. These power estimates at higher level can then be used as a feed-back while exploring multiple alternatives.

    Sampling rate conversion is a typical example where it is required to determine the values between existing samples. The computation of a value between existing samples can alternatively be regarded as delaying the underlying signal by a fractional sampling period. The fractional-delay filters are used in this context to provide a fractional-delay adjustable to any desired value and are therefore suitable for both integer and non-integer factors. The structure that is used in the efficient implementation of a fractional-delay filter is know as Farrow structure or its modifications. The main advantage of the Farrow structure lies in the fact that it consists of fixed finite-impulse response (FIR) filters and there is only one adjustable fractional-delay parameter, used to evaluate a polynomial with the filter outputs as coefficients. This characteristic of the Farrow structure makes it a very attractive structure for the implementation. In the considered fixed-point implementation of the Farrow structure, closed-form expressions for suitable word lengths are derived based on scaling and round-off noise. Since multipliers share major portion of the total power consumption, a matrix-vector multiple constant multiplication approach is proposed to improve the multiplierless implementation of FIR sub-filters.

    The implementation of the polynomial part of the Farrow structure is investigated by considering the computational complexity of different polynomial evaluation schemes. By considering the number of operations of different types, critical path, pipelining complexity, and latency after pipelining, high-level comparisons are obtained and used to short list the suitable candidates. Most of these evaluation schemes require the explicit computation of higher order power terms. In the parallel evaluation of powers, redundancy in computations is removed by exploiting any possible sharing at word level and also at bit level. As a part of this, since exponents are additive under multiplication, an ILP formulation for the minimum addition sequence problem is proposed.

    List of papers
    1. Power Estimation of Recursive and Non-Recursive CIC Filters Implemented in Deep-Submicron Technology
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Power Estimation of Recursive and Non-Recursive CIC Filters Implemented in Deep-Submicron Technology
    2010 (English)In: Proceedings of International Conference on Green Circuits and Systems (ICGCS), 2010, Date: 21-23 June, 2010, IEEE , 2010, p. 221-225Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The power modeling of different realizations of cascaded integrator-comb (CIC) decimation filters has been a subject of several recent works. In this work we have extended these with modeling of leakage power, which is an important factor since the input sample rate may differ several orders of magnitude. Furthermore, we have pointed out the importance of the input wordlength on the comparison of recursive and nonrecursive implementations.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    IEEE, 2010
    National Category
    Engineering and Technology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70451 (URN)10.1109/ICGCS.2010.5543063 (DOI)978-1-4244-6877-5 (ISBN)978-1-4244-6876-8 (ISBN)
    Conference
    International Conference on Green Circuits and Systems (ICGCS), June 21–23, Shanghai, China
    Available from: 2011-09-20 Created: 2011-09-08 Last updated: 2015-03-11Bibliographically approved
    2. Switching Activity Estimation of CIC Filter Integrators
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Switching Activity Estimation of CIC Filter Integrators
    2010 (English)In: Proceedings of Asia Pacific Conference on Postgraduate Research in Microelectronics and Electronics (PrimeAsia), 2010, Date:22-24 Sept. 2010, IEEE , 2010, p. 21-24Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work, a method for estimation of the switching activity in integrators is presented. To achieve low power, it is always necessary to develop accurate and efficient methods to estimate the switching activity. The switching activities are then used to estimate the power consumption. In our work, the switching activity is first estimated for the general purpose integrators and then it is extended for the estimation of switching activity in cascaded integrators in CIC filters.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    IEEE, 2010
    National Category
    Engineering and Technology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70452 (URN)10.1109/PRIMEASIA.2010.5604971 (DOI)978-1-4244-6736-5 (ISBN)978-1-4244-6735-8 (ISBN)
    Conference
    Asia Pacific Conference on Postgraduate Research in Microelectronics and Electronics (PrimeAsia), 22-24 September, Shanghai, China
    Note
    ©2010 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE. MUHAMMAD ABBAS and Oscar Gustafsson, Switching Activity Estimation of CIC Filter Integrators, 2010, Asia Pacific Conf. on Postgraduate Research in Microelectronics and Electronics, Shanghai, China. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PRIMEASIA.2010.5604971 Available from: 2011-09-20 Created: 2011-09-08 Last updated: 2015-03-11Bibliographically approved
    3. Scaling of fractional delay filters based on the Farrow structure
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Scaling of fractional delay filters based on the Farrow structure
    2009 (English)In: Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2009. ISCAS 2009, Piscataway: IEEE , 2009, p. 489-492Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work we consider scaling of fractional delay filters using the Farrow structure. Based on the observation that the subfilters approximate the Taylor expansion of a differentiator, we derive estimates of the L2-norm scaling values at the outputs of each subfilter as well as at the inputs of each delay multiplier. The scaling values can then be used to derive suitable wordlengths in a fixed-point implementation.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Piscataway: IEEE, 2009
    National Category
    Signal Processing
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-51070 (URN)10.1109/ISCAS.2009.5117792 (DOI)000275929800123 ()978-1-4244-3827-3 (ISBN)
    Conference
    IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 24-27 May 2009, Taipei,Taiwan
    Available from: 2009-10-15 Created: 2009-10-15 Last updated: 2018-09-01Bibliographically approved
    4. Computational and Implementation Complexity of Polynomial Evaluation Schemes
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Computational and Implementation Complexity of Polynomial Evaluation Schemes
    2011 (English)In: Proceedings of NORCHIP, 2011 Date:14-15 Nov. 2011, IEEE conference proceedings, 2011, p. 1-6Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work, we consider the computational complexity of different polynomial evaluation schemes. By considering the number of operations of different types, critical path, pipelining complexity, and latency after pipelining, high-level comparisons are obtained. These can then be used to short list suitable candidates for an implementation given the specifications. Not only multiplications are considered, but they are divided into data-data multiplications, squarers, and data-coefficient multiplications, as the latter can be optimized depending on implementation architecture and application.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    IEEE conference proceedings, 2011
    Keywords
    Adders, Computer architecture, Delay, Filtering algorithms, ISO, Pipeline processing, Polynomials
    National Category
    Engineering and Technology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-73935 (URN)10.1109/NORCHP.2011.6126735 (DOI)978-1-4577-0515-1 (ISBN)978-1-4577-0514-4 (ISBN)
    Conference
    NORCHIP 2011. The Nordic Microelectronics event, 29th Norchip Conference 14-15 November 2011, Lund, Sweden
    Available from: 2012-01-17 Created: 2012-01-17 Last updated: 2015-03-11Bibliographically approved
    5. Low-Complexity Parallel Evaluation of Powers Exploiting Bit-Level Redundancy
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Low-Complexity Parallel Evaluation of Powers Exploiting Bit-Level Redundancy
    2010 (English)In: Conference Record of the Forty Fourth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (ASILOMAR), 2010, 7-10 Nov. 2010 / [ed] Michael B. Matthews, Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society , 2010, p. 1168-1172Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work, we investigate the problem of computing any requested set of power terms in parallel using summations trees. This problem occurs in applications like polynomial approximation, Farrow filters (polynomial evaluation part) etc. In the proposed technique, the partial product of each power term is initially computed independently. A redundancy check is then made in each and among all partial products matrices at bit level. The redundancy here relates to the fact that same three partial products may be present in more than one columns, and, hence, can be mapped to the same full adder. The proposed algorithm is tested for different sets of powers and wordlengths to exploit the sharing potential.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society, 2010
    Series
    Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers. Conference Record, ISSN 1058-6393
    National Category
    Engineering and Technology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70453 (URN)10.1109/ACSSC.2010.5757714 (DOI)978-1-4244-9722-5 (ISBN)
    Conference
    Signals, Systems and Computers (ASILOMAR), 2010, 7-10 Nov. 2010 , Pacific Grove, CA, USA
    Available from: 2011-09-20 Created: 2011-09-08 Last updated: 2015-03-11Bibliographically approved
    6. Integer Linear Programming Modeling of Addition Sequences With Additional Constraints for Evaluation of Power Terms
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Integer Linear Programming Modeling of Addition Sequences With Additional Constraints for Evaluation of Power Terms
    (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work, an integer linear programming (ILP) based model is proposed for the computation of a minimal cost addition sequence for a given set of integers. Since exponents are additive under multiplication, the minimal length addition sequence will provide an optimal solution for the evaluation of a requested set of power terms. This in turn finds application in, e.g., window-based exponentiation for cryptography and polynomial evaluation. Not only is an optimal model proposed, the model is extended to consider different costs for multipliers and squarers as well as controlling the depth of the resulting addition sequence.

    National Category
    Engineering and Technology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-73936 (URN)
    Available from: 2012-01-17 Created: 2012-01-17 Last updated: 2015-03-11Bibliographically approved
    7. Switching Activity Estimation of DDFS Phase Accumulators
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Switching Activity Estimation of DDFS Phase Accumulators
    (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In this letter, equations for the one’s probability and switching activities for direct digital frequency synthesis (DDFS) phase accumulators are derived. These results are useful for obtaining good accuracy estimated of both leakage and dynamic power consumption for the phase accumulator and the phase-to-magnitude converter.

    National Category
    Engineering and Technology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-73937 (URN)
    Available from: 2012-01-17 Created: 2012-01-17 Last updated: 2015-03-11Bibliographically approved
    Download full text (pdf)
    On the Implementation of Integer and Non-Integer Sampling Rate Conversion
    Download (pdf)
    omslag
  • 4.
    Abbas, Muhammad
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Gustafsson, Oscar
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Computational and Implementation Complexity of Polynomial Evaluation Schemes2011In: Proceedings of NORCHIP, 2011 Date:14-15 Nov. 2011, IEEE conference proceedings, 2011, p. 1-6Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work, we consider the computational complexity of different polynomial evaluation schemes. By considering the number of operations of different types, critical path, pipelining complexity, and latency after pipelining, high-level comparisons are obtained. These can then be used to short list suitable candidates for an implementation given the specifications. Not only multiplications are considered, but they are divided into data-data multiplications, squarers, and data-coefficient multiplications, as the latter can be optimized depending on implementation architecture and application.

  • 5.
    Abbas, Muhammad
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Gustafsson, Oscar
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Integer Linear Programming Modeling of Addition Sequences With Additional Constraints for Evaluation of Power TermsManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work, an integer linear programming (ILP) based model is proposed for the computation of a minimal cost addition sequence for a given set of integers. Since exponents are additive under multiplication, the minimal length addition sequence will provide an optimal solution for the evaluation of a requested set of power terms. This in turn finds application in, e.g., window-based exponentiation for cryptography and polynomial evaluation. Not only is an optimal model proposed, the model is extended to consider different costs for multipliers and squarers as well as controlling the depth of the resulting addition sequence.

  • 6.
    Abbas, Muhammad
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Gustafsson, Oscar
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Switching Activity Estimation of CIC Filter Integrators2010In: Proceedings of Asia Pacific Conference on Postgraduate Research in Microelectronics and Electronics (PrimeAsia), 2010, Date:22-24 Sept. 2010, IEEE , 2010, p. 21-24Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work, a method for estimation of the switching activity in integrators is presented. To achieve low power, it is always necessary to develop accurate and efficient methods to estimate the switching activity. The switching activities are then used to estimate the power consumption. In our work, the switching activity is first estimated for the general purpose integrators and then it is extended for the estimation of switching activity in cascaded integrators in CIC filters.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 7.
    Abbas, Muhammad
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Gustafsson, Oscar
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Switching Activity Estimation of DDFS Phase AccumulatorsManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In this letter, equations for the one’s probability and switching activities for direct digital frequency synthesis (DDFS) phase accumulators are derived. These results are useful for obtaining good accuracy estimated of both leakage and dynamic power consumption for the phase accumulator and the phase-to-magnitude converter.

  • 8.
    Abbas, Muhammad
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Gustafsson, Oscar
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Blad, Anton
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Low-Complexity Parallel Evaluation of Powers Exploiting Bit-Level Redundancy2010In: Conference Record of the Forty Fourth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (ASILOMAR), 2010, 7-10 Nov. 2010 / [ed] Michael B. Matthews, Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society , 2010, p. 1168-1172Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work, we investigate the problem of computing any requested set of power terms in parallel using summations trees. This problem occurs in applications like polynomial approximation, Farrow filters (polynomial evaluation part) etc. In the proposed technique, the partial product of each power term is initially computed independently. A redundancy check is then made in each and among all partial products matrices at bit level. The redundancy here relates to the fact that same three partial products may be present in more than one columns, and, hence, can be mapped to the same full adder. The proposed algorithm is tested for different sets of powers and wordlengths to exploit the sharing potential.

  • 9.
    Abbas, Muhammad
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Gustafsson, Oscar
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Johansson, Håkan
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    On the Fixed-Point Implementation of Fractional-Delay Filters Based on the Farrow Structure2013In: IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems Part 1: Regular Papers, ISSN 1549-8328, E-ISSN 1558-0806, Vol. 60, no 4, p. 926-937Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, the fixed-point implementation of adjustable fractional-delay filters using the Farrow structure is considered. Based on the observation that the sub-filters approximate differentiators, closed-form expressions for the L-2-norm scaling values at the outputs of each sub-filter as well as at the inputs of each delay multiplier are derived. The scaling values can then be used to derive suitable word lengths by also considering the round-off noise analysis and optimization. Different approaches are proposed to derive suitable word lengths including one based on integer linear programming, which always gives an optimal allocation. Finally, a new approach for multiplierless implementation of the sub-filters in the Farrow structure is suggested. This is shown to reduce register complexity and, for most word lengths, require less number of adders and subtracters when compared to existing approaches.

  • 10.
    Abbas, Muhammad
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Gustafsson, Oscar
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Johansson, Håkan
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Scaling of fractional delay filters based on the Farrow structure2009In: Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2009. ISCAS 2009, Piscataway: IEEE , 2009, p. 489-492Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work we consider scaling of fractional delay filters using the Farrow structure. Based on the observation that the subfilters approximate the Taylor expansion of a differentiator, we derive estimates of the L2-norm scaling values at the outputs of each subfilter as well as at the inputs of each delay multiplier. The scaling values can then be used to derive suitable wordlengths in a fixed-point implementation.

  • 11.
    Abbas, Muhammad
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Gustafsson, Oscar
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wanhammar, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Power Estimation of Recursive and Non-Recursive CIC Filters Implemented in Deep-Submicron Technology2010In: Proceedings of International Conference on Green Circuits and Systems (ICGCS), 2010, Date: 21-23 June, 2010, IEEE , 2010, p. 221-225Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The power modeling of different realizations of cascaded integrator-comb (CIC) decimation filters has been a subject of several recent works. In this work we have extended these with modeling of leakage power, which is an important factor since the input sample rate may differ several orders of magnitude. Furthermore, we have pointed out the importance of the input wordlength on the comparison of recursive and nonrecursive implementations.

  • 12.
    Abbas, Muhammad
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Qureshi, Fahad
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Ullah Sheikh, Zaka
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Gustafsson, Oscar
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Johansson, Håkan
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Johansson, Kenny
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Comparison of Multiplierless Implementation of Nonlinear-Phase Versus Linear-Phase FIR filters2008Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    FIR filters are often used because of their linear-phase response. However, there are certain applications where the linear-phase property is not required, such as signal energy estimation, but IIR filters can not be used due to the limitation of sample rate imposed by the recursive algorithm. In this work, we discuss multiplierless implementation of minimum order, and therefore nonlinear-phase, FIR filters and compare it to the linear-phase counterpart.

  • 13. Order onlineBuy this publication >>
    Afzal, Nadeem
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Complexity and Power Reduction in Digital Delta-Sigma Modulators2014Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    A number of state-of-the-art low power consuming digital delta-sigma modulator (ΔΣ) architectures for digital-to-analog converters (DAC) are presented in this thesis. In an oversampling ΔΣ DAC, the primary job of the modulator is to reduce the word length of the digital control signal to the DAC and spectrally shape the resulting quantization noise. Among the ΔΣ topologies, error-feedback modulators (EFM) are well suited for so called digital to digital modulation.

    In order to meet the demands, various modifications to the conventional EFM architectures have been proposed. It is observed that if the internal and external digital signals of the EFM are not properly scaled then not only the design itself but also the signal processing blocks placed after it, may be over designed. In order to avoid the possible wastage of resources, a number of scaling criteria are derived. In this regard, the total number of signal levels of the EFM output is expressed in terms of the input scale, the order of modulation and the type of the loop filter.

    Further on, it is described that the architectural properties of a unit element-based DAC allow us to move some of the digital processing of the EFM to the analog domain with no additional hardware cost. In order to exploit the architectural properties, digital circuitry of an arbitrary-ordered EFM is split into two parts: one producing the modulated output and another producing the filtered quantization noise. The part producing the modulated output is removed after representing the EFM output with a set of encoded signals. For both the conventional and the proposed EFM architectures, the DAC structure remains unchanged. Thus, savings are obtained since the bits to be converted are not accumulated in the digital domain but instead fed directly to the DAC.

    A strategy to reduce the hardware of conventional EFMs has been devised recently that uses multiple cascaded EFM units. We applied the similar approach but used several cascaded modified EFM units. The compatibility issues among the units (since the output of each proposed EFM is represented by the set of encoded signals) are resolved by a number of architectural modifications. The digital processing is distributed among each unit by splitting the primary input bus. It is shown that instead of cascading the EFM units, it is enough to cascade their loop filters only. This leads not only to area reduction but also to the reduction of power consumption and critical path.

    All of the designs are subjected to rigorous analysis and are described mathematically. The estimates of area and power consumption are obtained after synthesizing the designs in a 65 nm standard cell library provided by the foundry.

    List of papers
    1. Power efficient arrangement of oversampling sigma-delta DAC
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Power efficient arrangement of oversampling sigma-delta DAC
    2012 (English)In: NORCHIP, 2012, IEEE , 2012, p. 1-4Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A hardware efficient arrangement of digital-to-analog conversion blocks is presented by segmenting digital-to-analog converter (DAC). This segmenting of DAC is done by using buss-split design of digital sigma-delta modulator (DSDM). The reduction in the word length of input to both DSDM and DAC is analyzed with respect to performance because the input word length decides the complexity of these components. We show that effective performance can be achieved from the presented hardware efficient arrangement. All conclusions are drawn based on theory and simulations.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    IEEE, 2012
    Keywords
    digital-analogue conversion;sigma-delta modulation;DSDM;buss-split design;digital sigma-delta modulator;digital-to-analog conversion blocks;hardware efficient arrangement;oversampling sigma-delta DAC;power efficient arrangement;Complexity theory;Hardware;Modulation;Quantization;Sigma delta modulation;Signal to noise ratio;DAC complexity;Digital sigma-delta modulator;bit-split;composite architecture;modulator’s complexity;noise shaping
    National Category
    Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-112892 (URN)10.1109/NORCHP.2012.6403119 (DOI)978-1-4673-2221-8 (ISBN)978-1-4673-2222-5 (ISBN)
    Conference
    2012 NORCHIP, November 12-14, Copenhagen, Denmark
    Available from: 2014-12-19 Created: 2014-12-19 Last updated: 2018-11-08Bibliographically approved
    2. Reducing Complexity and Power of Digital Multibit Error-Feedback Delta Sigma Modulators
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Reducing Complexity and Power of Digital Multibit Error-Feedback Delta Sigma Modulators
    2014 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems - II - Express Briefs, ISSN 1549-7747, E-ISSN 1558-3791, Vol. 61, no 9, p. 641-645Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    In this brief, we propose how the hardware complexity of arbitrary-order digital multibit error-feedback delta-sigma modulators can be reduced. This is achieved by splitting the combinatorial circuitry of the modulators into two parts, i.e., one producing the modulator output and another producing the error signal fed back. The part producing modulator output is removed by utilizing a unit-element-based digital-to-analog converter. To illustrate the reduced complexity and power consumption, we compare the synthesized results with those of conventional structures. Fourth-order modulators implemented with the proposed technique use up to 26% less area compared with conventional implementations. Due to the area reduction, the designs consume up to 33% less dynamic power. Furthermore, it can operate at a frequency 100 MHz higher than that of the conventional.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2014
    Keywords
    Delta-sigma (Delta Sigma); error-feedback multibit modulator; oversampling digital-to-analog converter
    National Category
    Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-111264 (URN)10.1109/TCSII.2014.2331105 (DOI)000341985600001 ()
    Available from: 2014-10-15 Created: 2014-10-14 Last updated: 2018-11-08Bibliographically approved
    3. On Scaling and Output Cardinality of Multi-Bit Digital Error-Feedback Modulators
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>On Scaling and Output Cardinality of Multi-Bit Digital Error-Feedback Modulators
    2012 (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In order to determine a maximum allowed input scale for the stable operation of higher-order delta-sigma modulators, the designers largely depend on the analytical and numerical analysis. In this brief, the maximum allowed input scale to a multi-bit digital error-feedback  deltasigma modulator of arbitrary order is derived, mathematically. The digital modulator with an arbitrary output word length is stable if its output does not overflow. Thus, to avoid overflow of the modulator output, the relations between the peak values of the involved digital signals are devised. A number of example configurations are presented to illustrate the usefulness of the derivations.

    National Category
    Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-112895 (URN)
    Available from: 2014-12-19 Created: 2014-12-19 Last updated: 2018-11-08Bibliographically approved
    4. Digital Multi-bit Cascaded Error-Feedback ΔΣ Modulators With Reduced Hardware and Power Consumption
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Digital Multi-bit Cascaded Error-Feedback ΔΣ Modulators With Reduced Hardware and Power Consumption
    2012 (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The hardware of the multi-bit digital error feedback modulator (EFM) of arbitrary order has recently been reduced by using multiple EFMs in cascade. In this paper, a modified cascading strategy is devised. Parts of the processing of consecutively placed EFM stages are merged such that a significant amount of circuitry is removed in each stage. In the proposed design, the modulated output is represented by a set of encoded signals to be used by the signal processing block placed after the EFM.

    To illustrate the savings, a number of configurations of fourth-order EFM designs, composed of two- and three-cascaded stages, have been synthesized in a 65 nm CMOS process technology using conventional and the proposed implementation techniques. Savings of 52.7% and 47%, in terms of area and power consumption, respectively, at an oversampling ratio of 4 could be obtain. The trade-off between sampling frequency and hardware cost is also presented. Due to reduced hardware an increase of up to 600 MHz in the sampling frequency is achieved.

    National Category
    Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-112896 (URN)
    Available from: 2014-12-19 Created: 2014-12-19 Last updated: 2018-11-08Bibliographically approved
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  • 14.
    Afzal, Nadeem
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Gustafsson, Oscar
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wikner, J. Jacob
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    On Scaling and Output Cardinality of Multi-Bit Digital Error-Feedback Modulators2012Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In order to determine a maximum allowed input scale for the stable operation of higher-order delta-sigma modulators, the designers largely depend on the analytical and numerical analysis. In this brief, the maximum allowed input scale to a multi-bit digital error-feedback  deltasigma modulator of arbitrary order is derived, mathematically. The digital modulator with an arbitrary output word length is stable if its output does not overflow. Thus, to avoid overflow of the modulator output, the relations between the peak values of the involved digital signals are devised. A number of example configurations are presented to illustrate the usefulness of the derivations.

  • 15.
    Afzal, Nadeem
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Sadeghifar, Reza
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wikner, Jacob
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    A study on power consumption of modified noise-shaper architectures for Sigma-Delta DACs2011In: Circuit Theory and Design (ECCTD), 2011, IEEE , 2011, p. 274-277Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, modified, hybrid architectures for digital, oversampled sigma-delta digital-to-analog converters (ΣΔDACs) are explored in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and power consumption. Two different architectures are investigated, both have variable configurations of the input and output word-length (i.e., the physical resolution of the DAC). A modified architecture, termed in this work as a composite architecture (CA), shows about 9 dB increase in SNR while maintaining a power-consumption at the same level as that of a so-called hybrid architecture (HA). The power estimation is done for modulators on the RTL level using a standard cell library in a 65-nm technology. The modulators are operated at a sampling frequency of 2 GHz.

  • 16.
    Afzal, Nadeem
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wikner, J. Jacob
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Power efficient arrangement of oversampling sigma-delta DAC2012In: NORCHIP, 2012, IEEE , 2012, p. 1-4Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A hardware efficient arrangement of digital-to-analog conversion blocks is presented by segmenting digital-to-analog converter (DAC). This segmenting of DAC is done by using buss-split design of digital sigma-delta modulator (DSDM). The reduction in the word length of input to both DSDM and DAC is analyzed with respect to performance because the input word length decides the complexity of these components. We show that effective performance can be achieved from the presented hardware efficient arrangement. All conclusions are drawn based on theory and simulations.

  • 17.
    Afzal, Nadeem
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wikner, J. Jacob
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Gustafsson, Oscar
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Digital Multi-bit Cascaded Error-Feedback ΔΣ Modulators With Reduced Hardware and Power Consumption2012Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The hardware of the multi-bit digital error feedback modulator (EFM) of arbitrary order has recently been reduced by using multiple EFMs in cascade. In this paper, a modified cascading strategy is devised. Parts of the processing of consecutively placed EFM stages are merged such that a significant amount of circuitry is removed in each stage. In the proposed design, the modulated output is represented by a set of encoded signals to be used by the signal processing block placed after the EFM.

    To illustrate the savings, a number of configurations of fourth-order EFM designs, composed of two- and three-cascaded stages, have been synthesized in a 65 nm CMOS process technology using conventional and the proposed implementation techniques. Savings of 52.7% and 47%, in terms of area and power consumption, respectively, at an oversampling ratio of 4 could be obtain. The trade-off between sampling frequency and hardware cost is also presented. Due to reduced hardware an increase of up to 600 MHz in the sampling frequency is achieved.

  • 18.
    Afzal, Nadeem
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wikner, Jacob
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    A Low-Complexity LMMSE Based Channel Estimation Algorithm for Multiple Standards in Mobile Terminals2010In: Proceedings of the Swedish System On Chip Conference, SSOCC 2010, 2010Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    A less complex and generic channel estimation algorithm for long term evolution (LTE) and digital video broadcasting-handheld (DVB-H) downlink standards, is proposed. The technique, here referred to as minimum mean square error sliding window (MSW) technique, obtains less computational complexity than previous mean squared error (MSE) algorithms [3] at the cost of some 0.3 dB less SNR. The computational complexity is decreased by a factor 3 for the LTE 5-MHz downlink case and by 30 for the DVB-H standard case. Simulated results in terms of mean squared error and bit error rates are presented for a quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) systems with interleaving and coding of the data. All simulations are done at the behaviolar-level level.

  • 19.
    Afzal, Nadeem
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wikner, Jacob
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Study of modified noise-shaper architectures for oversampled sigma-delta DACs2010In: NORCHIP, 2010, IEEE , 2010, p. 1-4Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, modified low-complex, hybrid architectures for digital, oversampled sigma-delta digital-to-analog converters (ΣΔDACs) are explored in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and subDAC complexity. The studied techniques illustrate the trade-off in terms of noise-shaper and DAC implementation complexity and loss in SNR. It is found that a fair amount of improvement in SNR is achieved by maintaining low-complexity of noise shaper. The complexity of the subDAC is yet a parameter, directly related to the number of output bits from the noise shaper. Two different architectures are investigated with respect to subDAC complexity and noise shaper complexity. It is shown that the required number of DAC unit elements (DUE) can be reduced to half.

  • 20.
    Afzal, Nadeem
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wikner, Jacob
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Gustafsson, Oscar
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Reducing Complexity and Power of Digital Multibit Error-Feedback Delta Sigma Modulators2014In: IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems - II - Express Briefs, ISSN 1549-7747, E-ISSN 1558-3791, Vol. 61, no 9, p. 641-645Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this brief, we propose how the hardware complexity of arbitrary-order digital multibit error-feedback delta-sigma modulators can be reduced. This is achieved by splitting the combinatorial circuitry of the modulators into two parts, i.e., one producing the modulator output and another producing the error signal fed back. The part producing modulator output is removed by utilizing a unit-element-based digital-to-analog converter. To illustrate the reduced complexity and power consumption, we compare the synthesized results with those of conventional structures. Fourth-order modulators implemented with the proposed technique use up to 26% less area compared with conventional implementations. Due to the area reduction, the designs consume up to 33% less dynamic power. Furthermore, it can operate at a frequency 100 MHz higher than that of the conventional.

  • 21.
    Ahmed Aamir, Syed
    et al.
    University of Bielefeld, Germany .
    Angelov, Pavel
    AnaCatum Design AB, Linkoping, Sweden .
    Wikner, Jacob
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    1.2-V Analog Interface for a 300-MSps HD Video Digitizer in Core 65-nm CMOS2014In: IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (vlsi) Systems, ISSN 1063-8210, E-ISSN 1557-9999, Vol. 22, no 4, p. 888-898Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper describes the front-end of a fully integrated analog interface for 300 MSps, high-definition video digitizers in a system on-chip environment. The analog interface is implemented in a 1.2 V, 65-nm digital CMOS process and the design minimizes the number of power domains using core transistors only. Each analog video receiver channel contains an integrated multiplexer with a current-mode dc-clamp, a programmable gain amplifier (PGA) and a pseudo second-order RC low-pass filter. The digital charge-pump clamp is integrated with low-voltage bootstrapped tee-switches inside the multiplexer, while restoring the dc component of ac-coupled inputs. The PGA contains a four-stage fully symmetric pseudo-differential amplifier with common-mode feedforward and inherent common-mode feedback, utilized in a closed loop capacitive feedback configuration. The amplifier features offset cancellation during the horizontal blanking. The video interface is evaluated using a unique test signal over a range of video formats for INL+/DNL+, INL-/DNL-. The 0.07-0.39 mV INL, 2-70 mu V DNL, and 66-74 dB of SFDR, enable us to target various formats for 9-12 bit Low-voltage digitizers.

  • 22.
    Ahmed Aamir, Syed
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Harikumar, Prakash
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wikner, Jacob J
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Frequency compensation of high-speed, low-voltage CMOS multistage amplifiers2013In: IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2013, IEEE conference proceedings, 2013, p. 381-384Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents the frequency compensation of high-speed, low-voltage multistage amplifiers. Two frequency compensation techniques, the Nested Miller Compensation with Nulling Resistors (NMCNR) and Reversed Nested Indirect Compensation (RNIC), are discussed and employed on two multistage amplifier architectures. A four-stage pseudo-differential amplifier with CMFF and CMFB is designed in a 1.2 V, 65-nm CMOS process. With NMCNR, it achieves a phase margin (PM) of 59° with a DC gain of 75 dB and unity-gain frequency (fug) of 712 MHz. With RNIC, the same four-stage amplifier achieves a phase margin of 84°, DC gain of 76 dB and fug of 2 GHz. Further, a three-stage single-ended amplifier is designed in a 1.1-V, 40-nm CMOS process. The three-stage OTA with RNIC achieves PM of 81°, DC gain of 80 dB and fug of 770 MHz. The same OTA achieves PM of 59° with NMCNR, while maintaining a DC gain of 75 dB and fug of 262 MHz. Pole-splitting, to achieve increased stability, is illustrated for both compensation schemes. Simulations illustrate that the RNIC scheme achieves much higher PM and fug for lower values of compensation capacitance compared to NMCNR, despite the growing number of low voltage amplifier stages.

  • 23.
    Ahmed, Tanvir
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System.
    High Level Model of IEEE 802.15.3c Standard and Implementation of a Suitable FFT on ASIC2011Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    A high level model of HSIPHY mode of IEEE 802.15.3c standard has been constructedin Matlab to optimize the wordlength to achieve a specific bit error rate (BER) depending on the application, and later an FFT has been implemented for different wordlengths depending on the applications. The hardware cost and power is proportional to wordlength. However, the main objective of this thesis has been to implement a low power, low area cost FFT for this standard. For that the whole system has been modeled in Matlab and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and wordlength of the system have been studied to achieve an acceptable BER. Later an FFT has been implemented on 65nm ASIC for a wordlength of 8, 12 and 16 bits. For the implementation, a Radix-8 algorithm with eight parallel samples has been adopted. That reduce the area and the power consumption significantly compared to other algorithms and architectures. Moreover, a simple control has been used for this implementation. Voltage scaling has been done to reduce thepower. The EDA synthesis result shows that for 16bit wordlength, the FFT has 2.64 GS/s throughput, it takes 1.439 mm2 area on the chip and consume 61.51mW power.

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  • 24.
    Ahmed, Tanvir
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Garrido, Mario
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Gustafsson, Oscar
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    A 512-point 8-parallel pipelined feedforward FFT for WPAN2011In: 2011 Conference Record of the Forty Fifth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (ASILOMAR), IEEE , 2011, p. 981-984Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents a 512-point feedforward FFT architecture for wireless personal area network (WPAN). The architecture processes a continuous flow of 8 samples in parallel, leading to a throughput of 2.64 GSamples/s. The FFT is computed in three stages that use radix-8 butterflies. This radix reduces significantly the number of rotators with respect to previous approaches based on radix-2. Besides, the proposed architecture uses the minimum memory that is required for a 512-point 8-parallel FFT. Experimental results show that besides its high throughput, the design is efficient in area and power consumption, improving the results of previous approaches. Specifically, for a wordlength of 16 bits, the proposed design consumes 61.5 mW and its area is 1.43 mm2.

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  • 25.
    Ahmed, Zubair
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Design of Autonomous Low Power Sensor for Soil Moisture Measurement.2013Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Drought is the most severe disaster compared to other disasters in human civilization and their impacts are serious which can cause hungur, thrist, food shortages, loss of livestock directly effects the human life. The main objective of this project is to develop an early warning system (EWS) [3] for drought indices by using wireless sensor networks (WSNs) which is the only way forward for an on-site monitoring and validation of locally defined drought indices [3].The designed wireless sensor network (WSN) consisting of a sensor unit, a master unit and a sensor power management unit (PMU). The sensor unit measures the moisture of the soil and transmitt the measured data through ZigBee module to the master unit. A real time clock (RTC) is also used in the sensor unit which records the information of second, minute, hour, day, month of day and year about when or what time the measurement taken. The master unit consisting of a SD-card and Bluetooth module. SD-card is used to store measured data from other sensor units and it is possible to take out the reading of measured data from the master unit by accessing the SD-card via Bluetooth inside the master unit to a PC or a smartphone mobile.To manage the power in the sensor unit and to make sensor alive for several years, the power management unit (PMU) manages the power level between two energy storage buffers (i.e., a supercapacitor and a Li+ ion battery) for a sensor node.

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  • 26.
    Alam, Syed Asad
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Gustafsson, Oscar
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Design of Finite Word Length Linear-Phase FIR Filters inthe Logarithmic Number System Domain2014In: VLSI design (Print), ISSN 1065-514X, E-ISSN 1563-5171, Vol. 2014, no 217495Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Logarithmic number system (LNS) is an attractive alternative to realize finite-length impulse response filters because ofmultiplication in the linear domain being only addition in the logarithmic domain. In the literature, linear coefficients are directlyreplaced by the logarithmic equivalent. In this paper, an approach to directly optimize the finite word length coefficients in theLNS domain is proposed. This branch and bound algorithm is implemented based on LNS integers and several different branchingstrategies are proposed and evaluated. Optimal coefficients in the minimax sense are obtained and compared with the traditionalfinite word length representation in the linear domain as well as using rounding. Results show that the proposed method naturallyprovides smaller approximation error compared to rounding. Furthermore, they provide insights into finite word length propertiesof FIR filters coefficients in the LNS domain and show that LNS FIR filters typically provide a better approximation error comparedto a standard FIR filter.

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    AsadLNS_VLSIJ_Hindawi
  • 27.
    Alam, Syed Asad
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Gustafsson, Oscar
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Implementation of Narrow-Band Frequency-Response Masking for Efficient Narrow Transition Band FIR Filters on FPGAs2011In: NORCHIP, 2011, IEEE conference proceedings, 2011, p. 1-4Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The complexity of narrow transition band FIR filters is highand can be reduced by using frequency response masking (FRM) techniques. Thesetechniques use a combination of periodic model filters and masking filters. Inthis paper, we show that time-multiplexed FRM filters achieve lowercomplexity, not only in terms of multipliers, but also logic elements compared to time-multiplexed singlestage filters. The reduced complexity also leads to a lower power consumption. Furthermore, we show that theoptimal period of the model filter is dependent on the time-multiplexing factor.

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    fulltext
  • 28.
    Alam, Syed Asad
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Gustafsson, Oscar
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Implementation of Time-Multiplexed Sparse Periodic FIR Filters for FRM on FPGAs2011Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Frequency-response masking (FRM) is a set of techniques for lowering the computational complexity of narrow transition band FIR filters. These FRM use a combination of sparse periodic filters and non-sparse filters. In this work we consider the implementation of these filters in a time-multiplexed manner on FPGAs. It is shown that the proposed architectures produce lower complexity realizations compared to the vendor provided IP blocks, which do not take the sparseness into consideration. The designs are implemented on a Virtex-6 device utilizing the built-in DSP blocks.

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    Implementation of Time-Multiplexed Sparse Periodic FIR Filters for FRM on FPGAs
  • 29.
    Ali, Rahman
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Design of Building Blocks in Digital Baseband Transceivers for Body-Coupled Communication2014Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Advances in communication technologies continue to increase information sharing among the people.~Short-range wireless networking technologies such as Bluetooth or ZigBee, which are mainly used for data transfer over short range, will, however, suffer from network congestion, high power consumption and security issues in the future.

    The body-coupled communication (BCC), a futuristic short-range wireless technology, uses the human body as a transmission medium. In BBC channel, a small electric field is induced onto the human body which enables the propagation of a signal between communication devices that are in the proximity or direct contact with the human body. The direct baseband transmission and simple architecture make BCC an attractive candidate for a future short-range wireless communication technology in particular applications such as body area network.

    The main focus of this thesis is on the design and implementation of digital baseband transmitter and receiver for the body-coupled communication. The physical layer (PHY) implementation of the digital baseband transmitter and receiver is inspired from the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet transmission protocol. The digital design is implemented at RTL level using hardware description language (VHDL). The functionality of the digital baseband transmitter and receiver is demonstrated by developing data transfer application layers.

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  • 30.
    Ali Shah, Syed Asmat
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Qazi, Sohaib Ayaz
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Design of an all-digital, reconfigurable sigma-deltamodulator2012Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis presents a model of reconfigurable sigma-delta modulator. These modulators areintended for high speed digital Digital to Analog Converters. The modulators are intendedto reduce complexity of current steering DACs and also considered as a front end of dataconverters. Quantization noise present in digital signal is pushed to higher frequencies bysigma-delta modulators. Noise in high band frequencies can be removed by a low pass filter.

    A test methodology involving generation of baseband signal, interpolation and digitizationis opted. Topologies tested in MATLAB® include signal feedback and error feedback modelsof first-order and second-order sigma-delta modulators. Error feedback and signal feedbackfirst-order modulators’ performance is quite similar. The SNR of a first-order error feedbackmodel is 52.3 dB and 55.9 dB for 1 and 2 quantization bits, respectively. In second-orderSDM, signal feedback provides best performance with 80 dB SNR.

    The other part of the thesis focuses on the implementation of the sigma-delta modulator(SDM) using faster time to market approach. SoC Encounter, a tool from Cadence, is theeasiest way to do this job. The modulators are implemented in 65-nm technology. The reconfigurablesigma-delta modulator is designed using Verilog-HDL language. Switches areintroduced to control the reconfigurable SDM for different input word lengths. Word-lengthcan vary from 0 to 4 bits. Modulator is designed to work for frequencies of 2 GHz. To netlistthe design, Design Compiler is used which is a tool from Synopsys®.

    The area of the chip reported by design compiler is 563.68 um. When the design is implementedin SoC Encounter, area of the chip is increased, because the core utilization, whiledesigning, is only 60%, which is 556.8 um. Remaining 40% area is used by buffers, inverterand filler cells during clock tree synthesis. The buffers and inverters are added to removethe clock phase delay between different registers. Power consumption of the chip is 319mW.Internal power of the modulators is 219.1 mW. Switching power of output capacitances is99.9 mW, which is 31% of the total power consumed. Main concern of the power loss isconsidered to be power leakage. To reduce the leakage power and achieve high speed designCORE65GPHVT libraries are used. Leakage power of the design is 2.825 uW which is0.00088% of the total power.

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    EXJOBB_digRfDacSdm_L
  • 31.
    Alvbrant, Joakim
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wikner, J Jacob
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Study and Simulation Example of a Redundant FIR Filter2012In: Proceedings 30th Norchip Conference, IEEE, 2012, p. 1-4Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper we present a study and simulation results of the structure and design of a redundant finite-impulse response (FIR) filter. The filter has been selected as an illustrative example for biologically-inspired circuits, but the structure can be generalized to cover other signal processing systems. In the presented study, we elaborate on signal processing properties of the filter if we apply a redundant architecture were different computing paths can be utilized. An option is to utilize different computing paths as inspired by biological architectures (BIAs). We present typical simulation results for a low-pass filter illustrating the trade-offs and costs associated with this architecture.

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    marble_0035
  • 32.
    Ambuluri, Sreehari
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Garrido, Mario
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Caffarena, Gabriel
    Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain.
    Ogniewski, Jens
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Ragnemalm, Ingemar
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    New Radix-2 and Radix-22 Constant Geometry Fast Fourier Transform Algorithms For GPUs2013Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents new radix-2 and radix-22 constant geometry fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms for graphics processing units (GPUs). The algorithms combine the use of constant geometry with special scheduling of operations and distribution among the cores. Performance tests on current GPUs show a significant improvements compared to the most recent version of NVIDIA’s well-known CUFFT, achieving speedups of up to 5.6x.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 33.
    Andersson, Erik
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Omkonstruktion och arkitekturbyte av autopilot för obemannade farkoster2012Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10,5 credits / 16 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis has been written at Linköping University for the company Instrument Control Sweden AB (ICS).

    ICS is a small company located in Linköping that develops software and hardware for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, UAV. At present, ICS has a fully functional autopilot called EasyPilot but they want to reduce the autopilot’s size to make it more attractive.

    The purpose of this thesis was to investigate if it was possible to reduce the size of the autopilot and how, in that case, it would be done. It was also necessary to examine whether the old processors should be replaced by new ones and how hard it would be to convert the old software to these new processors.

    To succeed with the goals many of the old components had to be changed for new, smaller ones. Some less necessary parts were also completely removed. The results showed that the size could be reduced quite a bit, exactly how much is hard to say since no PCB-layout were done.

    By doing some programming tests on the new components it could be shown that some parts of the old code could be reused on the new design. It was mainly algorithms and other calculations. However, a lot of new code still had to be written in order to successfully convert the old software to the new hardware. 

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 34.
    Andersson, Erik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System.
    Olsson, Christian
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System.
    Linearization of Power Amplifier using Digital Predistortion, Implementation on FPGA2014Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this thesis is to linearize a power amplifier using digital predistortion. A power amplifier is a nonlinear system, meaning that when fed with a pure input signal the output will be distorted. The idea behind digital predistortion is to distort the signal before feeding it to the power amplifier. The combined distortions from the predistorter and the power amplifier will then ideally cancel each other. In this thesis, two different approaches are investigated and implemented on an FPGA. The first approach uses a nonlinear model that tries to cancel out the nonlinearities of the power amplifier. The second approach is model-free and instead makes use of a look-up table that maps the input to a distorted output. Both approaches are made adaptive so that the parameters are continuously updated using adaptive algorithms. First the two approaches are simulated and tested thoroughly with different parameters and with a power amplifier model extracted from the real amplifier. The results are shown satisfactory in the simulations, giving good linearization for both the model and the model-free technique. The two techniques are then implemented on an FPGA and tested on the power amplifier. Even though the results are not as well as in the simulations, the system gets more linear for both the approaches. The results vary widely due to different circumstances such as input frequency and power. Typically, the distortions can be attenuated with around 10 dB. When comparing the two techniques with each other, the model-free method shows slightly better results.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 35.
    Andersson, Isak
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Karlsson, Melki
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Body Coupled Communication: Ändring av prototypkort2014Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10,5 credits / 16 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Communication using the human body as a transmission medium, the capacitive coupling between the skin and sensor, has been an active research area for PAN (Personal Area Network) since Thomas Guthrie Zimmerman introduced the technique in 1995. The reason for this is to examine the benefits and uses of a communication method that does not emit RF signals and thus reduce the risk of unauthorized interception.

    This report describes a thesis that examines the possibility of elimination of USB to UART converter on Microchip BodyCom through software USB-stack and combine this with Body Coupled Communication functionality in a single microcontroller. Furthermore, studies on if the application code in Body Coupled Communication transmitters can be modified to extend functionality.

    It was given in the conditions that microcontrollers from Microchip should be used, furthermore, low price and low power consumption were important, especially for the transmitter. The method for achieving this has been the use of Microchip BodyCom development kit with USB Microchip low pin count development kit and Microchip USB firmware framework.

    The result was that the USB- to UART-converter could be integrated with Microchip BodyCom, using software USB-stack and a modified program code for BodyCom in a single microcontroller.

    Only your imagination sets the limits for Body Coupled Communication can be used for. For example, it would be possible to exchange electronic business cards by a handshake or open a locked door only by using the handle.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 36.
    Andersson, Niklas
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Design of Integrated Building Blocks for the Digital/Analog Interface2015Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The integrated circuit has, since it was invented in the late 1950's, undergone a tremendous development and is today found in virtually all electric equipment. The small feature size and low production cost have made it possible to implement electronics in everyday objects ranging from computers and mobile phones to smart prize tags. Integrated circuits are typically used for data communication, signal processing and data storage. Data is usually stored in digital format but signal processing can be performed both in the digital and in the analog domain. For best performance, the right partition of signal processing between the analog and digital domain must be used. This is made possible by data converters converting data between the domains. A device converting an analog signal into a digital representation is called an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and a device converting digital data into an analog representation is called a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). In this work we present research results on these data converters and the results are compiled in three different categories. The first contribution is an error correction technique for DACs called dynamic element matching, the second contribution is a power efficient time-to-digital converter architecture and the third is a design methodology for frequency synthesis using digital oscillators.

    The accuracy of a data converter, i.e., how accurate data is converted, is often limited by manufacturing errors. One type of error is the so-called matching error and in this work we investigate an error correction technique for DACs called dynamic element matching (DEM). If distortion is limiting the performance of a DAC, the DEM technique increases the accuracy of the DAC by transforming the matching error from being signal dependent, which results in distortion, to become signal independent noise. This noise can then be spectrally shaped or filtered out and hereby increasing the overall resolution of the system. The DEM technique is investigated theoretically and the theory is supported by measurement results from an implemented 14-bit DAC using DEM. From the investigation it is concluded that DEM increases the performance of the DAC when matching errors are dominating but has less effect at conversion speeds when dynamic errors dominate.

    The next contribution is a new time-to-digital converter (TDC) architecture. A TDC is effectively an ADC converting a time difference into a digital representation. The proposed architecture allows for smaller and more power efficient data conversion than previously reported and the implemented TDC prototype is smaller and more power efficient as compared to previously published TDCs in the same performance segment.

    The third contribution is a design methodology for frequency synthesis using digital oscillators. Digital oscillators generate a sinusoidal output using recursive algorithms. We show that the performance of digital oscillators, in terms of amplitude and frequency stability, to a large extent depends on the start conditions of the oscillators. Further we show that by selecting the proper start condition an oscillator can be forced to repeat the same output sequence over and over again, hence we have a locked oscillator. If the oscillator is locked there is no drift in amplitude or frequency which are common problems for recursive oscillators not using this approach. To find the optimal start conditions a search algorithm has been developed which has been thoroughly tested in simulations. The digital oscillator output is used for test signal generation for a DAC or used to generate tones with high spectral purity using DACs.

    List of papers
    1. A comparison of dynamic element matching in DACs
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>A comparison of dynamic element matching in DACs
    1999 (English)In: Proceedings '99 : Oslo, Norway, 8-9 November 1999 / [ed] Trond Sæther, 1999, p. 385-390Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In the field of dynamic element matching, DEM, techniques, some "new" important theoretical results have been presented during the last decade. However, no comparison between these different DEM techniques (FRDEM, PRDEM, NSDEM) used in wideband digital-to-analog converters, DACs, has been reported. A brief review of different DEM techniques and a comparison between their properties in terms of complexity, etc., are presented in this paper together with simulation results showing the impact of using different DEM techniques.

    National Category
    Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-112582 (URN)8798263722 (ISBN)
    Conference
    The 17th NORCHIP Conference, November 8-9, Oslo, Norway
    Available from: 2014-12-04 Created: 2014-12-04 Last updated: 2018-11-08Bibliographically approved
    2. A strategy for implementing dynamic element matching in current-steering DACs
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>A strategy for implementing dynamic element matching in current-steering DACs
    2000 (English)In: Mixed-Signal Design, 2000. SSMSD. 2000 Southwest Symposium on, IEEE , 2000, p. 51-56Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Interesting comparisons of dynamic element matching (DEM) techniques, have been presented during the last decade. However, not many chip implementations of these DEM techniques have been presented so far. A brief review of different DEM techniques are presented in this paper together with a strategy for implementing the partial randomization DEM, PRDEM, technique in a 3.3 V supply, 14 bit CMOS current-steering wideband digital-to-analog converter (DAC)

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    IEEE, 2000
    Keywords
    0.35 micron;11 MHz;14 bit;3.3 V;88 MHz;CMOS wideband DAC;current-steering DACs;dynamic element matching;partial randomization technique;wideband digital-to-analog converter;CMOS integrated circuits;digital-analogue conversion;
    National Category
    Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70637 (URN)10.1109/SSMSD.2000.836445 (DOI)0-7803-5975-5 (ISBN)
    Conference
    SSMSD 2000, 27 - 29 Feb. 2000, San Diego, CA , USA
    Available from: 2011-09-14 Created: 2011-09-14 Last updated: 2018-11-08
    3. Models and Implementation of a Dynamic Element Matching DAC
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Models and Implementation of a Dynamic Element Matching DAC
    2003 (English)In: Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, ISSN 0925-1030, E-ISSN 1573-1979, Vol. 34, no 1, p. 7-16Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    The dynamic element matching (DEM) techniques for digital-to-analog converters (DACs) has been suggested as a promising method to improve matching between the DAC''s reference levels. However, no work has so far taken the dynamic effects that limit the performance for higher frequenciesinto account. In this paper we present a model describing the dynamic properties of a DEM DAC and compare the simulated results with measurements of a 14-bit current-steering DEM DAC implemented in a 0.35-μm CMOS process. The measured data agrees well with the results predicted by the used model. It is also shown that the DEM technique does not necessarily increase the performance of a DAC when dynamic errors are dominating the achievable performance.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Netherlands: Springer, 2003
    Keywords
    DAC, DEM, CMOS, matching, current-steering
    National Category
    Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-21845 (URN)10.1023/A:1020331415597 (DOI)
    Available from: 2009-10-06 Created: 2009-10-06 Last updated: 2017-12-13
    4. A Vernier Time-to-Digital Converter With Delay Latch Chain Architecture
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Vernier Time-to-Digital Converter With Delay Latch Chain Architecture
    2014 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems - II - Express Briefs, ISSN 1549-7747, E-ISSN 1558-3791, Vol. 61, no 10, p. 773-777Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    A new Vernier time-to-digital converter (TDC) architecture using a delay line and a chain of delay latches is proposed. The delay latches replace the functionality of one delay chain and the sample register commonly found in Vernier converters, hereby enabling power and hardware efficiency improvements. The delay latches can be implemented using either standard or full custom cells, allowing the architecture to be implemented in field-programmable gate arrays, digital synthesized application-specific integrated circuits, or in full custom design flows. To demonstrate the proposed concept, a 7-bit Vernier TDC has been implemented in a standard 65-nm CMOS process with an active core size of 33 mu m x 120 mu m. The time resolution is 5.7 ps with a power consumption of 1.75 mW measured at a conversion rate of 100 MS/s.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2014
    Keywords
    CMOS; delay latch; time-to-digital converter (TDC); Vernier
    National Category
    Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-112180 (URN)10.1109/TCSII.2014.2345289 (DOI)000343320500009 ()
    Available from: 2014-11-18 Created: 2014-11-18 Last updated: 2017-12-05
    5. Power-efficient time-to-digital converter for all-digital frequency locked loops
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Power-efficient time-to-digital converter for all-digital frequency locked loops
    2015 (English)In: 2015 EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON CIRCUIT THEORY AND DESIGN (ECCTD), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2015, p. 300-303Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An 8-bit time-to-digital converter (TDC) for all-digital frequency-locked loops ispresented. The selected architecture uses a Vernier delay line where the commonlyused D flip-flops are replaced with a single enable transistor in the delay elements.This architecture allows for an area efficient and power efficient implementation. Thetarget application for the TDC is an all-digital frequency-locked loop which is alsooverviewed in the paper. A prototype chip has been implemented in a 65 nm CMOSprocess with an active core area of 75μmˆ120μm. The time resolution is 5.7 ps with apower consumption of 1.85 mW measured at 50 MHz sampling frequency.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2015
    National Category
    Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-112589 (URN)10.1109/ECCTD.2015.7300008 (DOI)000380498200010 ()978-1-4799-9877-7 (ISBN)
    Conference
    European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design (ECCTD)
    Available from: 2014-12-04 Created: 2014-12-04 Last updated: 2019-01-07Bibliographically approved
    6. Steady-state cycles in digital oscillators
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Steady-state cycles in digital oscillators
    2014 (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Digital recursive oscillators locked in steady-state can be used to generate sinusoids with high spectral purity. The locking occurs when the oscillator returns to a previously visited state and repeats its sequence. In this work we propose a new search algorithm and two new search strategies to find all steady-states for a given oscillator configuration. The improvement in spurious-free dynamic range is between 7 and 40 dB compared to previously reported results. The algorithm is also able to find oscillator sequences for more frequencies than previously reported work. A key part of the method is the reduction of the search space made possible by a proposed extension of existing theory on recursive oscillators. Specific properties of digital oscillators in a steady-state are also discussed. It is shown that the initial states can be used to individually control the phase, amplitude, spectral purity, and also cycle length of the oscillator output.

    National Category
    Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-112590 (URN)
    Available from: 2014-12-04 Created: 2014-12-04 Last updated: 2018-11-08Bibliographically approved
    Download full text (pdf)
    Design of Integrated Building Blocks for the Digital/Analog Interface
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  • 37.
    Andersson, Niklas
    et al.
    Ericsson Microelectronics AB.
    Andersson, Ola
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Vesterbacka, Mark
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wikner, Jacob
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Models and Implementation of a Dynamic Element Matching DAC2003In: Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, ISSN 0925-1030, E-ISSN 1573-1979, Vol. 34, no 1, p. 7-16Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The dynamic element matching (DEM) techniques for digital-to-analog converters (DACs) has been suggested as a promising method to improve matching between the DAC''s reference levels. However, no work has so far taken the dynamic effects that limit the performance for higher frequenciesinto account. In this paper we present a model describing the dynamic properties of a DEM DAC and compare the simulated results with measurements of a 14-bit current-steering DEM DAC implemented in a 0.35-μm CMOS process. The measured data agrees well with the results predicted by the used model. It is also shown that the DEM technique does not necessarily increase the performance of a DAC when dynamic errors are dominating the achievable performance.

  • 38.
    Andersson, Niklas
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Vesterbacka, Mark
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Power-efficient time-to-digital converter for all-digital frequency locked loops2015In: 2015 EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON CIRCUIT THEORY AND DESIGN (ECCTD), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2015, p. 300-303Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An 8-bit time-to-digital converter (TDC) for all-digital frequency-locked loops ispresented. The selected architecture uses a Vernier delay line where the commonlyused D flip-flops are replaced with a single enable transistor in the delay elements.This architecture allows for an area efficient and power efficient implementation. Thetarget application for the TDC is an all-digital frequency-locked loop which is alsooverviewed in the paper. A prototype chip has been implemented in a 65 nm CMOSprocess with an active core area of 75μmˆ120μm. The time resolution is 5.7 ps with apower consumption of 1.85 mW measured at 50 MHz sampling frequency.

  • 39.
    Andersson, Niklas
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Vesterbacka, Mark
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Gustafsson, Oskar
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wikner, Jacob
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Steady-state cycles in digital oscillators2014Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Digital recursive oscillators locked in steady-state can be used to generate sinusoids with high spectral purity. The locking occurs when the oscillator returns to a previously visited state and repeats its sequence. In this work we propose a new search algorithm and two new search strategies to find all steady-states for a given oscillator configuration. The improvement in spurious-free dynamic range is between 7 and 40 dB compared to previously reported results. The algorithm is also able to find oscillator sequences for more frequencies than previously reported work. A key part of the method is the reduction of the search space made possible by a proposed extension of existing theory on recursive oscillators. Specific properties of digital oscillators in a steady-state are also discussed. It is shown that the initial states can be used to individually control the phase, amplitude, spectral purity, and also cycle length of the oscillator output.

  • 40.
    Andersson, Niklas
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson, Stockholm.
    Vesterbacka, Mark
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wikner, Jacob
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson, Stockholm.
    Rudberg, Mikael
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson, Stockholm.
    Förfarande för scrambling av dataord och scrambler2000Patent (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 41.
    Andersson, Niklas
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wikner, Jacob
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    A comparison of dynamic element matching in DACs1999In: Proceedings '99 : Oslo, Norway, 8-9 November 1999 / [ed] Trond Sæther, 1999, p. 385-390Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In the field of dynamic element matching, DEM, techniques, some "new" important theoretical results have been presented during the last decade. However, no comparison between these different DEM techniques (FRDEM, PRDEM, NSDEM) used in wideband digital-to-analog converters, DACs, has been reported. A brief review of different DEM techniques and a comparison between their properties in terms of complexity, etc., are presented in this paper together with simulation results showing the impact of using different DEM techniques.

  • 42.
    Andersson, Niklas
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wikner, Jacob
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    A strategy for implementing dynamic element matching in current-steering DACs2000In: Mixed-Signal Design, 2000. SSMSD. 2000 Southwest Symposium on, IEEE , 2000, p. 51-56Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Interesting comparisons of dynamic element matching (DEM) techniques, have been presented during the last decade. However, not many chip implementations of these DEM techniques have been presented so far. A brief review of different DEM techniques are presented in this paper together with a strategy for implementing the partial randomization DEM, PRDEM, technique in a 3.3 V supply, 14 bit CMOS current-steering wideband digital-to-analog converter (DAC)

  • 43.
    Andersson, Niklas
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wikner, Jacob
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Comparison of Different Dynamic Element Matching Techniques for Wideband CMOS DACs1999In: Proceedings of the 17th Norchip Conference, 1999Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In the field of dynamic element matching, DEM, techniques, some ”new” important theoretical results have been presented during the last decade. However, no comparison between these different DEM techniques (FRDEM, PRDEM, NSDEM) used in wideband digital-to-analog converters, DACs, has been reported. A brief review of different DEM techniques and a comparison between their properties in terms of complexity, etc., are presented in this paper together with simulation results showing the impact of using different DEM techniques.

  • 44.
    Andersson, Ola
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Modeling and Implementation of Current-Steering Digital-to-Analog Converters2005Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Data converters, i.e., analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs), are interface circuits between the analog and digital domains. They are used in, e.g., digital audio applications, data communication applications, and other types of applications where conversion between analog and digital signal representation is required. This work covers different aspects related to modeling, error correction, and implementation of DACs for communication applications where the requirements on the circuits in terms of speed and linearity are hard. The DAC architecture considered in this work is the current-steering DAC, which is the most commonly used architecture for high-speed applications.

    Transistor-level simulation of complex circuits using accurate transistor models require long simulation times. A transistor-level model of a DAC used in a system simulation is likely to be a severe bottleneck limiting the overall system simulation speed. Moreover, investigations of stochastic parameter variations require multiple simulation runs with different parameter values making transistor-level models unsuitable. Therefore, there is a need for behavioral-level models with reasonably short simulation times. Behavioral-level models can also be used to find the requirements on different building blocks on high abstraction levels, enabling the use of efficient topdown design methodologies. Models of different nonideal properties in current-steering DACs are used and developed in this work.

    Static errors typically dominates the low-frequency behavior of the DAC. One of the limiting factors for the static linearity of a current-steering DAC is mismatch between current sources. A well-known model of this problem is used extensively in this work for evaluation of different ideas and techniques for linearity enhancement. The highfrequency behavior of the DAC is typically dominated by dynamic errors. Models oftwo types of dynamic errors are developed in this work. These are the dynamic errors caused by parasitic capacitance in wires and transistors and glitches caused by asymmetry in the settling behavior of a current source.

    The encoding used for the digital control word in a current steering DAC has a large influence on the circuit performance, e.g., in terms static linearity and glitches. In this work, two DAC architectures are developed. These are denoted the decomposed and partially decomposed architectures and utilize encoding strategies aiming at a high circuit performance by avoiding unnecessary switching of current sources. The developed architectures are compared with the well-known binary-weighted and segmented architectures using behavioral-level simulations.

    It can be hard to meet a DAC design specification using a straightforward implementation. Techniques for compensation of errors that can be applied to improve the DAC linearity are studied. The well-known dynamic element matching (DEM) techniques are used for transforming spurious tones caused by matching errors into white or shaped noise. An overview of these techniques are given in this work and a DEM technique for the decomposed DAC architecture is developed. In DS modulation, feedback of the quantization error is utilized to spectrally shape the quantization noise to reduce its power within the signal band. A technique based on this principle is developed for spectral shaping of DAC nonlinearity errors utilizing a DAC model in a feedback loop. Two examples of utilization of the technique are given.

    Four different current-steering DACs implemented in CMOS technology are developed to enable comparison between behavioral-level simulations and measurements on actual implementations and to provide platforms for evaluation of different techniques for linearity improvement. For example, a 14-bit DEM DAC is implemented and measurement results are compared with simulation results. A good agreement between measured and simulated results is obtained. Moreover, a configurable 12-bit DAC capable of operating with different degrees of segmentation and decomposition is implemented to evaluate the proposed decomposed architecture. Measurement results agree with results from behavioral-level simulations and indicate that the decomposed architecture is a viable alternative to the commonly used segmented architecture.

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  • 45.
    Andersson, Ola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Andersson, Niklas
    n/a.
    Vesterbacka, Mark
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wikner, Jacob
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    A 14-Bit dual current-steering DAC2003In: Proc. Swedish System-on-Chip Conf., SSoCC'03, 2003Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    A 14-bit dual current-steering digital-to-analog converter implemented in a 0.25 µm CMOS process is presented in this work. Both implementation issues and measurement results are presented. The measured spurious-free dynamic range is higher than 73 dB for signal frequencies up to 3 MHz, and a measured multi-tone power ratio of approximately 71 dB is reported for an ADSL-like input.

  • 46.
    Andersson, Ola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Andersson, Niklas
    n/a.
    Vesterbacka, Mark
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wikner, Jacob
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    A differential DAC architecture with variable common-mode level2002In: Proc. 2002 IEEE Int. Symp. on Circuits and Systems, ISCAS'02, 2002, p. I-113-I-116Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A differential current-steering digital-to-analog converter (DAC) architecture allowing the common-mode level of the input signal to be varied is presented. Simulation results with models of different DAC nonlinearities indicate that the proposed architecture has a potential of improving the linearity of the converters.

  • 47.
    Andersson, Ola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Andersson, Niklas
    n/a.
    Vesterbacka, Mark
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wikner, Jacob
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    A method of segmenting digital-to-analog converters2003In: Proc. IEEE Southwest Symposium on Mixed-Signal Design, SSMSD'03, 2003, p. 32-37Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Segmented architectures are often used in digital-to-analog converters (DACs). Here we propose a DAC structure based on recursive decomposition of an N-bit binary DAC into two (N-1) bit DACs and one 1 bit DAC. A DAC model that includes matching errors has been simulated. The simulation results indicate that by using four layers of decomposition it is possible to achieve similar performance as when using seven bits of traditional segmentation.

  • 48.
    Andersson, Ola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Andersson, Niklas
    n/a.
    Vesterbacka, Mark
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wikner, Jacob
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Combining DACs for improved performance2002In: Proc. 4th IEE Int. Conf. on Advanced A/D and D/A Conversion Techniques and their Applications, ADDA'02, 2002Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This work is an overview of recently proposed methods on combining DACs in order to improve performance. Some further development of these techniques are also presented. The techniques aim at reducing glitches and sensitivity towards limited output impedance in current sources.

  • 49.
    Andersson, Ola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Andersson, Niklas
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Wikner, Jacob
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System. Linköping University, The Institute of Technology.
    Spectral shaping of DAC nonlinearity errors through modulation of expected errors2001In: Circuits and Systems, 2001. ISCAS 2001. The 2001 IEEE International Symposium on, IEEE , 2001, Vol. 3, p. 417-420Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Traditionally, delta-sigma modulation has been used for shaping of quantization noise. We present a modified version of delta-sigma modulation which also takes into account unwanted nonlinearities by feeding back not only the quantization error, but also the expected physical error. Behavioral-level simulations of a 5th-order structure showing an improvement of up to 4 effective bits are included

  • 50.
    Andersson, Ola
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering.
    Vesterbacka, Mark
    Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering. Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electronics System.
    A parameterized cell-based design approach for digital-to-analog converters2004In: Proc. IEEE Int. Workshop on System-on-Chip for Real-Time Applications, IWSOC'04, 2004, p. 225-228Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Due to the lack of proper design automation tools, designers are often forced to use full-custom design methodologies when designing analog and mixed-signal circuits. In this work, we discuss a design methodology based on parameterized cells intended for efficient design. The methodology is illustrated with the design of a 12-bit configurable current-steering DAC. Because the cells are parameterized, their layout must be described in a generalized way, resulting in a longer design time compared with a manual layout of a fixed circuit. However, the parameterized approach simplifies iteration of the layout process and block reuse.

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