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  • 1.
    Aardal-Eriksson, Elisabeth
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Salivary cortisol and posttraumatic stress reactions: methodological and applied studies before and after trauma2002Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The field of psychotraumatology has its roots in ancient history. During the past decades, the surveillance of the psychobiological background of reactions to and consequences of traumatic stress has made great progress and the complexity of the human stress response system stands out. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity, modulated by various neuroimmunological substances, seems to play a major role in the stress response. However, there are still inconsistencies in explanations of relationships between biological and psychological changes following traumatic stress. Moreover, the matter of predictive factors for the development of posttraumatic morbidity is still in a speculative phase.

    The aims of the present thesis were to further develop a commercial serum cortisol radioimmunoassay (RIA) for determination of cortisol in saliva and to test its reliability, specificity and sensitivity as a biochemical assay. The saliva sampling procedures and sample storage stability were also to be tested. Further issues were to investigate determinations of salivary cortisol and serum prolactin in relation to selfratings of posttraumatic psychological distress and general psychological health. Possible predictive and concurrent validity of salivary cortisol as a biochemical marker for posttraumatic psychological distress were to be tested.

    Cortisol is present in saliva mainly in non-protein form, representing the free, biologically active fraction of the total plasma cortisol concentration. In a first phase of the present thesis, the commercial serum cortisol RIA was modified for determination of cortisol in saliva. The relation between salivary and serum cortisol concentrations was tested. Reference ranges at 8 AM and 10 PM for the salivary cortisol assay were established from 195 healthy subjects. Salivary cortisol concentrations were tested in relation to serum cortisol in estimating adrenocortical function during endocrine dynamic function tests in 37 patients and 13 healthy controls. In testing salivary cortisol as a marker for stress for fieldwork use, a screening study was performed on 66 male rescue workers. Salivary cortisol at 8 AM and 10 PM and serum prolactin were determined and general psychological health and posttraumatic psychological distress were estimated with the self-rating scales General Health Questionnaire, Impact of Event Scale and Posttraumatic Symptom Scale. These scales were used in the second phase of the thesis. Three applied follow-up studies were performed with sampling of salivary cortisol and self-ratings: (a) a study of 31 UN-soldiers five days, two and nine months after a mine accident; (b) a study of 145 UN-soldiers before, at return, and two and six month after a six month mission. (c) a study of 101 UN-soldiers six and twelve months after a six month mission with severe combat exposure.

    The results from the present thesis indicate that the modified method of salivary cortisol determination possesses sufficient precision, accuracy, sample storage stability and procedural advantages for laboratory, clinical and field application. Moreover, it possesses moderate predictive information and moderate to high concurrent validity as a biochemical marker for posttraumatic psychological distress.

    List of papers
    1. Cortisol in Saliva: Reference Ranges and Relation to Cortisol in Serum
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cortisol in Saliva: Reference Ranges and Relation to Cortisol in Serum
    1995 (English)In: European Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, ISSN 0939-4974, Vol. 33, p. 927-932Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study was to establish morning and evening reference ranges for cortisol in saliva. Another objective was to compare the concentrations of the mainly free cortisol in saliva to those of total cortisol in serum as determined with a commercial radioimmunoassay. The concentrations were determined in matched samples of saliva and serum collected at 8am and 10pm from 197 healthy volunteers. The saliva samples were stable for at least 7 days at room temperature and for 9 months at —20 °C. Reference ranges, the central 95%, were estimated to 3.5—27.0 nmol/1 at 8 am and < 6.0 nmol/1 at 10 pm. The intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) was below 5% and total CV below 10%. The relation between the cortisol concentrations in serum and saliva was nonlinear with r = 0.86 for serum concentrations < 450 nmol/1 and r = 0.44 for serum concentrations ^ 450 nmol/1. In conclusion, the satisfactory precision of the analysis and the simple non-invasive sampling procedure suggest that saliva may be used for cortisol measurements in situations where blood sampling is difficult to perform.

    National Category
    Medical and Health Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-80129 (URN)10.1515/cclm.1995.33.12.927 (DOI)
    Available from: 2012-08-21 Created: 2012-08-21 Last updated: 2012-08-21Bibliographically approved
    2. Salivary cortisol: an alternative to serum cortisol determinations in dynamic function tests
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Salivary cortisol: an alternative to serum cortisol determinations in dynamic function tests
    1998 (English)In: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, ISSN 1434-6621, E-ISSN 1437-4331, Vol. 36, no 4, p. 215-222Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Salivary cortisol was measured as an alternative to serum cortisol as a marker for adrenocortical function following insulin tolerance test, corticotropin-releasing-hormone stimulation and adreno-corticotrophic hormone stimulation. During insulin tolerance test and corticotropin-releasing-hormone stimulation adreno-corticotrophic hormone was also measured. The tests were performed on healthy control subjects as well as on patients under investigation for various disturbances in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (insulin tolerance test: 3 controls on two occasions and 14 patients; corticotropin-releasing-hormone stimulation: 4 controls and 18 patients; adreno-corticotrophic hormone stimulation: 6 controls and 10 patients). Five patients underwent both insulin tolerance test and corticotropin-releasing-hormone stimulation. Using criteria for adequate cortisol response in serum, the patients were classified as good or poor responders. In 42 of the 45 tests performed the same conclusion as to cortisol status was drawn when based on serum and salivary cortisol responses. In healthy subjects and good responders the mean cortisol relative increase was greater in saliva than in serum in all three tests (p < 0.05). Characteristic of the results for the insulin tolerance test was a significant initial mean decrease (p < 0.05), not found in serum, and the highest observed salivary cortisol value was delayed for at least 30 minutes compared to that in serum. Plasma adreno-corticotrophic hormone correlated significantly with the cortisol concentrations determined 15 minutes later in serum (r = 0.54–0.64) and in saliva (r = 0.76–0.85). The more pronounced cortisol response in saliva than in serum and its closer correlation with adreno-corticotrophic hormone offer advantages over serum cortisol, suggesting salivary cortisol measurement may be used as an alternative parameter in dynamic endocrine tets.

    National Category
    Medical and Health Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-80133 (URN)10.1515/CCLM.1998.037 (DOI)
    Available from: 2012-08-21 Created: 2012-08-21 Last updated: 2017-12-07Bibliographically approved
    3. Salivary cortisol and serum prolactin in relation to stress rating scales in a group of rescue workers
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Salivary cortisol and serum prolactin in relation to stress rating scales in a group of rescue workers
    1999 (English)In: Biological Psychiatry, ISSN 0006-3223, E-ISSN 1873-2402, Vol. 46, no 6, p. 850-855Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Rescue service personnel are often exposed to traumatic events as part of their occupation, and higher prevalence rates of psychiatric illness have been found among this group.

    Methods: In 65 rescue workers, salivary cortisol at 8 am and 10 pm and serum prolactin at 8 am were related to the psychiatric self-rating scale General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) measuring psychiatric health, and the Impact of Events Scale (IES) and Post Traumatic Symptom Scale (PTSS) measuring posttraumatic symptoms.

    Results: Seventeen percent of the study population scored above the GHQ-28 cut-off limit but none scored beyond the cut-off limit in the IES and PTSS questionnaires. Salivary cortisol concentration at 10 pm correlated with statistical significance to anxiety (p < .005) and depressive symptoms (p < .01) measured with GHQ-28, as well as to posttraumatic symptoms, with avoidance behavior measured with IES (p < .01) and PTSS (p < .005). Two of the rescue workers were followed over time with the same sampling procedure after a major rescue commission.

    Conclusions: The correlation between evening salivary cortisol and anxiety, depressiveness, and posttraumatic avoidance symptoms indicates that these parameters can be used in screening and follow-up after traumatic stress events.

    National Category
    Medical and Health Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-24816 (URN)10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00381-3 (DOI)9214 (Local ID)9214 (Archive number)9214 (OAI)
    Available from: 2009-10-07 Created: 2009-10-07 Last updated: 2017-12-13Bibliographically approved
    4. Salivary cortisol, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and general health in the acute phase and during 9-month follow-up
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Salivary cortisol, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and general health in the acute phase and during 9-month follow-up
    2001 (English)In: Biological Psychiatry, ISSN 0006-3223, E-ISSN 1873-2402, Vol. 50, no 12, p. 986-993Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Because traumatic events are unpredictable, there are few studies of psychobiological states immediately following such events. Our study aimed to determine the relation of salivary cortisol to psychologic distress immediately after a traumatic event and then during follow-up.

    Methods: Measurement of morning and evening salivary cortisol and ratings of psychologic distress (using the Impact of Events Scale [IES], the Post Traumatic Symptom Scale, and the General Health Questionnaire) were performed with 31 United Nations soldiers at three time points—5 days and 2 and 9 months—following a mine accident in Lebanon.

    Results: Five days after the accident, 15 subjects reported substantial posttraumatic distress according to the IES, as well as significantly lower morning and higher evening cortisol levels compared with the low-impact group. Within 9 months, the posttraumatic distress of the high-impact group was reduced, accompanied by an increase in morning and a decrease in evening cortisol levels. There were significant relationships between evening cortisol and all rating scales at the first and third time points.

    Conclusions: Subclinical posttraumatic stress following an adverse event can be measured biologically via salivary cortisol levels soon after the event.

    National Category
    Medical and Health Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-24817 (URN)10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01253-7 (DOI)9215 (Local ID)9215 (Archive number)9215 (OAI)
    Available from: 2009-10-07 Created: 2009-10-07 Last updated: 2017-12-13Bibliographically approved
    5. Pre-trauma Salivary Cortisol Levels and General Health Ratings in Relation to Post-trauma Changes in Cortisol and Psychological Distress after UN-service in Bosnia
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Pre-trauma Salivary Cortisol Levels and General Health Ratings in Relation to Post-trauma Changes in Cortisol and Psychological Distress after UN-service in Bosnia
    (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: The psychobiology of post-traumatic distress is known to some extent, however the pre-trauma psychobiology is not. The aims of the present study were to relate pre- and post-trauma salivary cortisol levels and general health to post-traumatic distress in a Swedish UN-battalion in Bosnia.

    Methods: Salivary 8 AM and I 0 PM cortisol levels and "General Health Questionnaire" ratings were collected from 145 subjects before the six months' mission, at return and two and six months after mission. During follow-up, the ratings were extended by the "Impact of Events Scale" (IES) and "Post Traumatic Symptom Scale".

    Results: Low pre-trauma morning and evening salivary cortisol levels were statistically significantly related to high scores in all rating scales six months after mission and to increasing IES scores during follow-up. Low morning and high evening post-trauma salivary cortisol levels were related to high ratings of psychological distress six months after mission

    Conclusions: Pre-trauma salivary cortisol levels seem to be related to posttrauma psychological distress, however not to the extent that salivary cortisol levels in a simple way could be used for predictive screening.

    Keywords
    Saliva, cortisol, relation to, rating scales, traumatic stress, UN-soldiers
    National Category
    Medical and Health Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-80134 (URN)
    Available from: 2012-08-21 Created: 2012-08-21 Last updated: 2012-08-21Bibliographically approved
    6. Twelve Months Follow-up of Salivary Cortisol in Relation to Psychological Distress and General Health in Swedish UN-personnel after Severe Combat Exposure during Six Months Mission in Bosnia
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Twelve Months Follow-up of Salivary Cortisol in Relation to Psychological Distress and General Health in Swedish UN-personnel after Severe Combat Exposure during Six Months Mission in Bosnia
    (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Our group has presented evidence of relationships between salivary cortisol levels and psychological distress before, during and after trauma-related stress. The aim of the present study was to confirm the part of evidence of relationships between salivary cortisol and posttraumatic distress and their change over time.

    Methods: Salivary cortisol levels at 8 AM and 10 PM and self-ratings were collected from 106 subjects six and twelve months after a six months UNmission in Bosnia. The rating instruments were the "Impact of Event Scale" (IES), the "Post Traumatic Symptom Scale" and the "General Health Questionnaire".

    Results: Significant statistical interactions were found between changes in mean cortisol levels and IES scores over time. Decreasing evening cortisol levels over time were significantly related to decreasing IES scores and vice versa. Morning cortisol levels showed negative, and evening cortisol positive correlations with all rating scores.

    Conclusions: The evidence from previous studies on trauma related stress, that salivary cortisol is related to the development of posttraumatic stress reactions, the morning cortisol in reverse (negative) direction to that (positive) of evening cortisol, were confirmed.

    Keywords
    Saliva, cortisol, follow-up, relation to, rating scales, traumatic stress, UN-soldiers
    National Category
    Medical and Health Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-80136 (URN)
    Available from: 2012-08-21 Created: 2012-08-21 Last updated: 2012-08-21Bibliographically approved
  • 2.
    Aardal-Eriksson, Elisabeth
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Eriksson, Thomas E.
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Thorell, Lars-Håkan
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Pre-trauma Salivary Cortisol Levels and General Health Ratings in Relation to Post-trauma Changes in Cortisol and Psychological Distress after UN-service in BosniaManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: The psychobiology of post-traumatic distress is known to some extent, however the pre-trauma psychobiology is not. The aims of the present study were to relate pre- and post-trauma salivary cortisol levels and general health to post-traumatic distress in a Swedish UN-battalion in Bosnia.

    Methods: Salivary 8 AM and I 0 PM cortisol levels and "General Health Questionnaire" ratings were collected from 145 subjects before the six months' mission, at return and two and six months after mission. During follow-up, the ratings were extended by the "Impact of Events Scale" (IES) and "Post Traumatic Symptom Scale".

    Results: Low pre-trauma morning and evening salivary cortisol levels were statistically significantly related to high scores in all rating scales six months after mission and to increasing IES scores during follow-up. Low morning and high evening post-trauma salivary cortisol levels were related to high ratings of psychological distress six months after mission

    Conclusions: Pre-trauma salivary cortisol levels seem to be related to posttrauma psychological distress, however not to the extent that salivary cortisol levels in a simple way could be used for predictive screening.

  • 3.
    Aardal-Eriksson, Elisabeth
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Eriksson, Thomas E.
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Thorell, Lars-Håkan
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Salivary cortisol, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and general health in the acute phase and during 9-month follow-up2001In: Biological Psychiatry, ISSN 0006-3223, E-ISSN 1873-2402, Vol. 50, no 12, p. 986-993Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Because traumatic events are unpredictable, there are few studies of psychobiological states immediately following such events. Our study aimed to determine the relation of salivary cortisol to psychologic distress immediately after a traumatic event and then during follow-up.

    Methods: Measurement of morning and evening salivary cortisol and ratings of psychologic distress (using the Impact of Events Scale [IES], the Post Traumatic Symptom Scale, and the General Health Questionnaire) were performed with 31 United Nations soldiers at three time points—5 days and 2 and 9 months—following a mine accident in Lebanon.

    Results: Five days after the accident, 15 subjects reported substantial posttraumatic distress according to the IES, as well as significantly lower morning and higher evening cortisol levels compared with the low-impact group. Within 9 months, the posttraumatic distress of the high-impact group was reduced, accompanied by an increase in morning and a decrease in evening cortisol levels. There were significant relationships between evening cortisol and all rating scales at the first and third time points.

    Conclusions: Subclinical posttraumatic stress following an adverse event can be measured biologically via salivary cortisol levels soon after the event.

  • 4.
    Aardal-Eriksson, Elisabeth
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Eriksson, Thomas E.
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Thorell, Lars-Håkan
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Twelve Months Follow-up of Salivary Cortisol in Relation to Psychological Distress and General Health in Swedish UN-personnel after Severe Combat Exposure during Six Months Mission in BosniaManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Our group has presented evidence of relationships between salivary cortisol levels and psychological distress before, during and after trauma-related stress. The aim of the present study was to confirm the part of evidence of relationships between salivary cortisol and posttraumatic distress and their change over time.

    Methods: Salivary cortisol levels at 8 AM and 10 PM and self-ratings were collected from 106 subjects six and twelve months after a six months UNmission in Bosnia. The rating instruments were the "Impact of Event Scale" (IES), the "Post Traumatic Symptom Scale" and the "General Health Questionnaire".

    Results: Significant statistical interactions were found between changes in mean cortisol levels and IES scores over time. Decreasing evening cortisol levels over time were significantly related to decreasing IES scores and vice versa. Morning cortisol levels showed negative, and evening cortisol positive correlations with all rating scores.

    Conclusions: The evidence from previous studies on trauma related stress, that salivary cortisol is related to the development of posttraumatic stress reactions, the morning cortisol in reverse (negative) direction to that (positive) of evening cortisol, were confirmed.

  • 5.
    Aardal-Eriksson, Elisabeth
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Eriksson, Thomas
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Holm, Ann-Charlotte
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Lundin, Tom
    Department of Psychiatry, Uppsala Academic Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala (TL), Sweden.
    Salivary cortisol and serum prolactin in relation to stress rating scales in a group of rescue workers1999In: Biological Psychiatry, ISSN 0006-3223, E-ISSN 1873-2402, Vol. 46, no 6, p. 850-855Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Rescue service personnel are often exposed to traumatic events as part of their occupation, and higher prevalence rates of psychiatric illness have been found among this group.

    Methods: In 65 rescue workers, salivary cortisol at 8 am and 10 pm and serum prolactin at 8 am were related to the psychiatric self-rating scale General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) measuring psychiatric health, and the Impact of Events Scale (IES) and Post Traumatic Symptom Scale (PTSS) measuring posttraumatic symptoms.

    Results: Seventeen percent of the study population scored above the GHQ-28 cut-off limit but none scored beyond the cut-off limit in the IES and PTSS questionnaires. Salivary cortisol concentration at 10 pm correlated with statistical significance to anxiety (p < .005) and depressive symptoms (p < .01) measured with GHQ-28, as well as to posttraumatic symptoms, with avoidance behavior measured with IES (p < .01) and PTSS (p < .005). Two of the rescue workers were followed over time with the same sampling procedure after a major rescue commission.

    Conclusions: The correlation between evening salivary cortisol and anxiety, depressiveness, and posttraumatic avoidance symptoms indicates that these parameters can be used in screening and follow-up after traumatic stress events.

  • 6. Allgulander, Christer
    et al.
    Mangano, Richard
    Zhang, Jun
    Dahl, Alv A
    Lepola, Ulla
    Sjödin, Ingemar
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Emilien, Gerard
    Efficacy of venlafaxine ER in patients with social anxiety disorder: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparison with paroxetine2004In: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, ISSN 0885-6222, E-ISSN 1099-1077, Vol. 19, no 6, p. 387-396Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study evaluated the anxiolytic efficacy, safety and tolerability of a flexible dose of venlafaxine extended release (ER) compared with placebo and paroxetine in the short-term treatment of generalized social anxiety disorder (SAD). Adult outpatients with generalized SAD (n=434) were randomized to receive capsules of venlafaxine ER 75 mg to 225 mg/day, paroxetine 20 mg to 50 mg/day, or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy variable was the Liebowitz social anxiety scale total score. Secondary efficacy variables included the patient-rated social phobia inventory and the proportion of responders in each group (a responder was defined as having a clinical global impression-improvement score of 1 or 2). Treatment with venlafaxine ER was associated with significantly greater improvement than treatment with placebo for all primary and secondary efficacy variables (p<0.05). No significant differences in primary or secondary efficacy variables were observed between the venlafaxine ER and paroxetine groups. The week 12 response rates were 69%, 66% and 36% for the venlafaxine ER, paroxetine and placebo groups, respectively. Both active treatments were generally well tolerated and were associated with a similar incidence of adverse events. This study shows that venlafaxine ER is an effective, safe and well-tolerated drug treatment for SAD.

  • 7. Apelqvist, G
    et al.
    Wikell, C
    Carlsson, Björn
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Clinical Pharmacology.
    Hjorth, S
    Bergqvist, P B F
    Ahlner, Johan
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Clinical Pharmacology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology.
    Bengtsson, Finn
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Dynamic and kinetic effects of chronic citalopram treatment in experimental hepatic encephalopathy2000In: Clinical neuropharmacology, ISSN 0362-5664, E-ISSN 1537-162X, Vol. 23, no 6, p. 304-317Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Chronic hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome that arises in liver-impaired subjects. Patients with HE display various neuropsychiatric symptoms including affective disturbances and may therefore likely receive treatment with novel thymoleptics like citalopram (CIT). The simultaneous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic outcome of the commonly used serotonin-selective thymoleptic drugs in liver-impaired subjects with pending chronic HE is far from understood today. We therefore investigated the effects of chronic, body-weight-adjusted (10 mg ╖ kg-1 ╖ day-1), treatment with CIT in rats with and without portacaval shunts (PCS). Open-field activity was monitored. The 5-HT, 5-HIAA, noradrenaline (NA), and dopamine (DA) output were assessed in the frontal neocortex. The racemic levels of CIT and its metabolites DCIT and DDCIT, including the S- and R-enantiomers, were determined in serum, brain parenchyma, and extracellular fluid. The rats with PCS showed higher (2-3-fold) levels of CIT than rats undergoing a sham treatment with CIT in all compartments investigated. The PCS rats also showed elevated levels of DCIT and DDCIT. No major differences in the S/R ratios between PCS rats and control rats could be detected. The CIT treatment resulted in neocortical output differences between PCS rats and control rats mainly within the 5-HT and DA systems but not within the NA system. For the 5-HT system, this change was further evidenced by outspoken elevation in 5-HT output after KCl-depolarizing challenges. Moreover, the CIT treatment to PCS rats was shown to "normalize" the metabolic turnover of 5-HT, measured as a profound lowering of a basal elevation in the 5-HIAA levels. The CIT treatment resulted in an increased or "normalized" behavioral activity in the PCS group. Therefore, a dose-equal chronic treatment with CIT in PCS rats produced pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes not observed in control rats. The results further support the contention of an altered 5-HT neurotransmission prevailing in the chronic HE condition. However, the tentatively beneficial behavioral response also seen following chronic CIT treatment to PCS rats in this study has to be viewed in relation to both the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes observed.

  • 8. Apelqvist, G
    et al.
    Wikell, C.
    Hindfeldt, B
    Bergqvist, PBF
    Andersson, G.
    Bengtsson, Finn
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Altered open-field behavior in experimental chronic hepatic encephalopathy after single venlafaxine and citalopram challenges.1999In: Psychopharmacology, ISSN 0033-3158, E-ISSN 1432-2072, Vol. 143, p. 408-416Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 9. Arner, P
    et al.
    Sjöberg, S
    Nordin, Conny
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Eriksson, M
    Changes in cerebrospinal fluid signalling substances and appetite scores following 48 h fast in healthy volunteers2003In: Appetite, ISSN 0195-6663, E-ISSN 1095-8304, Vol. 41, no 2, p. 213-214Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    [No abstract available]

  • 10.
    Bengtsson, Bengt-O
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    On the hypersensitivity syndrome induced by the selective serotonin reuptake inhibiting antidepressant Zimeldine: A clinical and experimental study1992Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Zimeldine, the first selective neuronal serotonin (5-H1) reuptake inhibitor to be registered as an antidepressant was withdrawn from common use due to an acute flu-like adverse syndrome comprising fever, myalgia and/or arthralgia and signs of disturbed liver function. A few of these patients also developed a peripheral neuropathy, in the most serious form a Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). The reaction was tentatively termed a hypersensitivity syndrome (HSS).

    Patients who had developed a HSS during zimeldine therapy (HSS-patients) were compared to control patients who tolerated the drug.

    No predictor to the HSS emerged concerning demographic data, psychiatric illness, previous medical history, medications with zimeldine or other drugs, other diseases, professional or nutritional circumstances. Nor was there any sign that HSS-patients who also developed neurological symptoms had a different profile of the HSS than other HSS-patients. Earlier zin1eldine treatment per se was not seen to predispose for development of a HSS or any other kind of adverse experience during subsequent therapy. The spectrum of adverse reactions was in agreement with those reported in previous studies and no new case of the GBS was revealed. The estimated frequency of HSS ranged from 0.63 to 3.4 % in spontaneous reports to the regnlatory authority and 1.4- 13% in a written inquiry. Among closely monitored inpatients 31 %developed a HSS. The mechanism for the HSS does not seem to be related primarily to the 5-HT reuptake inhibition as such. No HLA-associated disposition for the HSS was found. Nor was there any support for a HLA-associated disposition for depressive disorders. The pathogenetic mechanism for the HSS seems to involve an inlmunological response to antigens related to zimeldine.

    Zimeldine and its main primary metabolite norzimeldine both suppressed clinical signs of experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) in Lewis rats. Imrnunomodulatory effects in vitro of zimeldine, its metabolites norzimeldine and CPP 200 as well as of other monoamine reuptake inhibiting antidepressants were identified in the same EAN model.

    These observations call for further research on immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of mental disorders as well as on the potential role of drugs acting on the monoamine systems in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The findings also justify a discussion on the application of immunological methods in the testing of new psychopharmacological drugs.

    Based on the presented results the tentatively used term for the adverse reactions to zimeldine, the hypersensitivity syndrome, seems justified.

  • 11.
    Bengtsson, Finn
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    "Neurologi. Diagnostisk handledning" av Bengt Hindfelt2001In: Neurologi : diagnostisk handledning / [ed] Hindfelt, Bengt, Linköping: Linköpings universitet , 2001, 1, p. -104Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Lägg i varukorgSpara som favorit Den här artikeln kan inte längre levereras innan jul. Fri frakt vid beställning på minst 99 kr för privatpersoner i Sverige - Läs mer

    Alltid återbäringBetala i din egen takt Ämnesområdet neurologi är omfattande. Det inkluderar skador och sjukdomar i det centrala (storhjärna, lillhjärna, hjärnstam och ryggmärg) och perifera nervsystemet (somatiska och autonoma) samt neuromuskulära transmissionsstörningar och muskelsjukdomar. Flera neurologiska sjukdomstillstånd kan rubriceras som folksjukdomar, t.ex. slaganfall (stroke), epilepsi, degenerativa hjärnsjukdomar såsom Alzheimers och Parkinsons sjukdom etc. Många patienter söker för neurologiska symtom utan att för den skull lida av organisk neurologisk sjukdom. Hit hör flertalet patienter med olika former av huvudvärk (t.ex. spänningshuvudvärk, migrän etc.), kortvariga medvetslöshetsattacker, yrsel etc. Sammantaget har det visat sig att var fjärde patient som söker i öppenvård söker för neurologiska symtom. Således är neurologiska symtom vanligt förekommande i klinisk praxis men inte liktydigt med neurologisk sjukdom eller skada. Denna bok är ett försök att hjälpa Dig i Din ”bedside-diagnostik” av vanliga neurologiska symtom. Grunden är en ingående anamnes i kombination med en noggrann somatisk och neurologisk undersökning. Utifrån vanligt förekommande symtom i klinisk praxis exemplifieras neurologisk differentialdiagnostik och utredning. Terapin har inte inkluderats. Innehåll, uppläggning (till stor del i algoritmisk form) etc. ersätter därför på inget sätt en god lärobok i neurologi som referenskälla. Avsikten med boken är att den skall vara till hjälp i den kliniska vardagen och till stöd i problembaserad undervisning för främst läkarstuderande. För att underlätta för läsaren att bredda sitt kunnande har de enskilda kapitlen försetts med kommentarer. Aktuella referenser har adderats för eventuella fördjupningsstudier.

  • 12.
    Bengtsson, Finn
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Postmarketing surveillance studier av antidepressiva via läkemedelsanalyser. I.2001In: Aktuell neuropsykiatrisk forskning / [ed] Finn Bengtsson and H. Lundbeck AB., Linköping: Linköpings universitet , 2001, p. 66-74Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 13. Bergkvist, P.
    et al.
    Carpenedo, R
    Apelqvist, G
    Moroni, F
    Bengtsson, Finn
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Plasma and brain levels of oxindole in experimental chronic hepatic encephalopathy: effects of systemic ammonium acetate and L-tryptophan.1999In: Pharmacology and Toxicology, ISSN 0901-9928, E-ISSN 1600-0773, Vol. 85, p. 138-143Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 14.
    Bogren, Lennart
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Bogren, Inga-Britt
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Early visual information processing and the defence mechanism test in schizophrenia.1999In: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, ISSN 0001-690X, E-ISSN 1600-0447, Vol. 6, p. 460-465Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 15.
    Bogren, Lennart
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Bogren, Inga-Britt
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Ohrt, Torbjörn
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Sjödin, Ingemar
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Panic disorder and the Defence Mechanism Test2002In: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, ISSN 0803-9488, E-ISSN 1502-4725, Vol. 56, p. 195-199Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim was to study defence categories according to the modified version of the Defence Mechanism Test (DMTm) and to see if there was a relationship between DMTm and severity of illness. The material consists of 23 patients with panic disorder according to DSM-III-R who participated in a long-term follow-up of two clinical trials. The most common defence categories were repression, denial, disavowal or denial of the threat relation or of the identity of the peripheral person. The patients with denial or polymorphous identification had more severe symptoms and the latter group also were more handicapped by their symptoms. Denial and disavowal or denial of the threat relation may be defence categories, which are not so effective in preventing the individual from experiencing anxiety. Polymorphous identification, although not so common, does not seem to be an appropriate defence among patients with panic disorder.

  • 16.
    Brändström, Sven
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry.
    Richter, Jörg
    Nylander, Per-Olof
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry.
    Further development of the temperament and character inventory2003In: Psychological Reports, ISSN 0033-2941, E-ISSN 1558-691X, Vol. 93, no 3 II, p. 995-1002Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Temperament and Character Inventory is an internationally used personality questionnaire based on Cloninger's psychobiological theory of personality. Given some limitations of Version 9 a revised version was developed. The structural equivalence of the two versions was demonstrated from a cross-cultural perspective with 309 and 173 healthy volunteers from Sweden and Germany, respectively, who completed both versions in one session. In testing for the replicability of the factors across both samples as well as across both versions, an orthogonal Procrustes rotation method was used. The reliability coefficients for the revision were higher than the former version for both samples. The factor structures of the inventory remain highly equivalent across cultures and across versions. The results indicate a cross-cultural transferability of the Temperament and Character dimensions of the inventory. The stability and the validity of the 7-factor model of personality, as suggested by Cloninger, are supported. The Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised represents an important and useful method for the assessment of personality.

  • 17.
    Bång, Magnus
    et al.
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, MDALAB - Human Computer Interfaces.
    Timpka, Toomas
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Department of Health and Society, Division of Preventive and Social Medicine and Public Health Science. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Public Health Sciences, Centre for Public Health Sciences.
    Eriksson, Henrik
    Linköping University, The Institute of Technology. Linköping University, Department of Computer and Information Science, MDALAB - Human Computer Interfaces.
    Holm, Einar
    Nordin, Conny
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Mobile phone computing for in-situ cognitive-behavioral therapy2007In: MedINFO 2007,2007, IOS Press, 2007, p. 1078-1082Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for psychological disorders is becoming increasingly popular on the Internet. However when using this workstation approach, components such as training and learning relaxation skills, problem solving, exposure exercises, and sleep management guidance must be done in the domestic environment. This paper describes design concepts for providing spatially explicit CBT with mobile phones. We reviewed and analyzed a set of treatment manuals to distinguish elements of CBT that can be improved and supported using mobile phone applications. The key advantage of mobile computing support in CBT is that multimedia can be applied to record, scale, and label anxiety-provoking situations where the need arises, which helps the CBT clients formulate and convey their thoughts and feelings to relatives and friends, as well as to therapists at subsequent treatment sessions.

  • 18. Börelius, Lisbeth
    et al.
    Foldemo, Anniqa
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in the West of Östergötland, Unit of Research and Development in Local Health Care, County of Östergötland.
    Holmberg, Tommy
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Department of Health and Society. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in the West of Östergötland, Unit of Research and Development in Local Health Care, County of Östergötland.
    Schöld, Anna-Karin
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Department of Health and Society. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in the West of Östergötland, Unit of Research and Development in Local Health Care, County of Östergötland.
    Thorell, Lars-Håkan
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Ylikivelä, Rita
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Department of Health and Society. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Heart Centre, Department of Clinical Physiology.
    Nettelbladt, Per
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Department of Health and Society. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in the West of Östergötland, Unit of Research and Development in Local Health Care, County of Östergötland.
    Själen i primärvården - psykisk ohälsa hos unga vuxna och deras upplevelser av vården2007Report (Other academic)
  • 19.
    Carlsson, Björn
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Clinical Pharmacology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology.
    Olsson, Gunilla
    Reis, Margareta
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry.
    Wålinder, Jan
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Nordin, Conny
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Lundmark, Jöns
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Adolescents on chronic oral dosing with racemic citalopram. Enantioselective analysis of citalopram and CYP2D6/CYP2C19 genotyping. 5 th Congress of the European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapuetics, Odense, Denmark 12-15 september 20012001In: Pharmacology and Toxicology,2001, 2001, p. 132-132Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 20.
    Carlsson, Björn
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology.
    Olsson, Gunilla
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Reis, Margareta
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Wålinder, Jan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Nordin, Conny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Lundmark, Jöns
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Geriatric. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Geriatric Medicine.
    Scordo, M. G.
    Dahl, M-L.
    Bengtsson, Finn
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology.
    Ahlner, Johan
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Enantioselective Analysis of Citalopram and Metabolites in Adolescents2001In: Therapeutic drug monitoring, ISSN 0163-4356, Vol. 23, no 6, p. 658-664Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Studies of the antidepressant effect and pharmacokinetics of citalopram have been performed in adults, but the effects on children and adolescents have only been studied to a minor extent despite its increasing use in these age groups. The aim of this study was to investigate a group of adolescents treated for depression, with respect to the steady-state plasma concentrations of the enantiomers of citalopram and its demethylated metabolites desmethylcitalopram and didesmethylcitalopram. Moreover, the authors studied the genotypes for the polymorphic cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 in relation to the different enantiomers. The S/R ratios of citalopram and desmethylcitalopram found in this study of 19 adolescents were similar to studies involving older patients. The concentrations of the R-(-)- and S-(+)-enantiomers of citalopram and desmethylcitalopram were also in agreement with values from earlier studies, the R-(-)-enantiomer (distomer) being the major enantiomer. The results indicate that the use of oral contraceptives may have some influence on the metabolism of citalopram. This might be because of an interaction of the contraceptive hormones with the CYP2C19 enzyme.

  • 21. Eklundh, Thomas
    et al.
    Gunnarsson, Tove
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Nordin, Conny
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Monoamine compounds in cerebrospinal fluid of healthy subjects punctured without preceding strict bed rest: A pilot study2001In: Neuropsychobiology, ISSN 0302-282X, E-ISSN 1423-0224, Vol. 43, no 1Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The interpretation of data on compounds in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is limited by several confounding factors, e.g. motor activity for which strict bed rest prior to lumbar puncture is recommended for standardisation. Now we report data from 14 healthy males employing the standardised procedure except for the requirement of strict bed rest. The levels of serotonin, noradrenaline, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol in the second CSF fraction (7-12 ml) were significantly higher than those in the first fraction (0-6 ml), indicating the presence of concentration gradients. 5-HIAA was negatively influenced by age and the neuraxis distance in the lying position and positively by atmospheric pressure. Storage time and atmospheric pressure contributed to the variance in dopamine. Both tyrosine, tryptophan and dopamine were linearly correlated with storage time. We also found a significant curvilinear correlation between tapping time and atmospheric pressure. On comparing with previous studies, the results support the notion that the issue of strict bed rest or not prior to lumbar puncture might have to be taken into consideration when interpreting lumbar monoamine CSF data.

  • 22.
    Eklundh, Thomas
    et al.
    Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Family Medicine, Psychiatric Section.
    Gunnarsson, Tove
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Örnhagen, Hans
    Division of Naval Medicine, National Defence Research Establishment, Department of Human Studies, Hårsfjärden, Sweden.
    Nordin, Conny
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Cerebrospinal fluid levels of monoamine compounds and cholecystokinin peptides after exposure to standardized barometric pressure2000In: Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, ISSN 0095-6562, E-ISSN 1943-4448, Vol. 71, no 11, p. 1131-1136Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Connections between mood changes and weather have been described throughout the ages, and in more recent years, there have been reports on a relationship between atmospheric pressure and neurotransmitter levels in cerebrospinal fluid.

    METHODS: To further investigate this issue under strictly standardized conditions, we have lumbar-punctured 8 healthy males under low (963 hPa) and high (1064 hPa) barometric pressure, using a pressure chamber.

    RESULTS: Under high pressure, the tyrosine concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were lower, while the cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4) levels were higher. No differences between low and high pressure were found for tryptophan, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), dopamine (DA), and sulphated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8S). The serum level of CCK-8S was higher under high pressure. On comparing concentration ratios between the second and the first CSF fraction, we found significantly increased ratios for homovanillic acid (HVA) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol (HMPG), but a decreased ratio for tyrosine under high pressure. The difference in the concentration ratios of HVA between low and high pressure correlated negatively with age. Intraspinal pressure correlated negatively with tapping time at low pressure.

    CONCLUSION: Our results are in line with the hypothesis that atmospheric pressure influences CSF levels of monoamine compounds and cholecystokinin peptides.

  • 23. Eklundh, Thomas
    et al.
    Nordin, Conny
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Intraspinal pressure influences CSF disposition of tryptophan and 5-HIAA2001In: Neuropsychobiology, ISSN 0302-282X, E-ISSN 1423-0224, Vol. 44, no 2, p. 84-87Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of monoamine compounds are influenced by factors such as age, gender, height, body weight, tapping time, and atmospheric pressure. We have now examined the role of intraspinal pressure. Thirteen male volunteers underwent lumbar puncture in the right decubitus position without preceding strict bed rest. The intraspinal pressure was recorded, and monoamine precursors, transmitters, and metabolites were analyzed in two consecutively collected CSF fractions. Tryptophan in 12 ml of CSF and the 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration ratio [fraction II (7-12 ml CSF)/fraction I (0-6 ml CSF)] correlated with the intraspinal pressure. Hypothetically, the intraspinal pressure may be a confounding factor for a correct interpretation of CSF tryptophan and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations, and this is an issue that has to be addressed in future CSF studies. Copyright ⌐ 2001 S. Karger AG, Basel.

  • 24. Ekselius, Lisa
    et al.
    Bengtsson, Finn
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    von Knorring, Lars
    Non-compliance with pharmacotherapy of depression is associated with a sensation seeking personality.2000In: International Clinical Psychopharmacology, ISSN 0268-1315, E-ISSN 1473-5857, Vol. 15, p. 273-278Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 25. Engström, C
    et al.
    Brändström, Sven
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry.
    Sigvardsson, S
    Cloninger, R
    Nylander, Per-Olof
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry.
    Bipolar disorder. II: Personality and age of onset2003In: Bipolar Disorders, ISSN 1398-5647, E-ISSN 1399-5618, Vol. 5, no 5, p. 340-348Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine whether personality i.e. temperament and character interacts with age of onset in bipolar disorder. Methods: Bipolar patients were recruited among in- and outpatients from lithium dispensaries of northern Sweden. Patients were diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria for bipolar disorder type I and II. Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) was used for measuring personality. TCI was administered to 100 lithium treated bipolar patients and 100 controls. Results: Treatment response was significantly lower (p = 0.005) in patients with early onset compared with late onset. Family history (p = 0.013) and suicide attempts (p = 0.001) were also significantly more common in patients with early onset. Further, patients with early onset were significantly higher (p = 0.045) in the temperament factor harm avoidance (HA) than patients with late onset, but the difference was weak. Patients with early onset had more fear of uncertainty (HA2, P = 0.022) and were more shy (HA3, p = 0.030). Bipolar I patients showed similar results as those in the total bipolar group (I and II), with significantly higher HA (p = 0.019, moderate difference), HA2 (p = 0.015) and HA3 (p = 0.043) in patients with early onset compared with late onset. Bipolar II patients showed no differences between early and late age of onset but the groups are small and the results are therefore uncertain. Conclusions: Early age of onset in bipolar disorder was correlated to an increase in severity, family history, poorer treatment response and poorer prognosis. Early onset was also correlated to personality.

  • 26.
    Engström, Christer
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry.
    Brändström, Sven
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry.
    Sigvardsson, Sören
    Cloninger, C Robert
    Nylander, Per-Olof
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry.
    Bipolar disorder. III: Harm avoidance a risk factor for suicide attempts2004In: Bipolar Disorders, ISSN 1398-5647, E-ISSN 1399-5618, Vol. 6, no 2, p. 130-138Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives: The aim of the study was to examine whether personality, i.e. temperament and character influence suicide attempts in bipolar patients. Methods: Bipolar patients were recruited from lithium dispensaries. Temperament and character inventory (TCI) was administered to 100 euthymic bipolar patients and 100 controls. Results: Age of onset was significantly lower in patients with suicide attempts in the total bipolar group (I and II) and bipolar I patients compared with patients without suicide attempts. Bipolar (I and II) and bipolar I patients with suicide attempts were significantly higher in harm avoidance (HA) and reward dependence compared with patients without suicide attempts. Patients (I and II) with suicide attempts had significantly more anticipatory worry, fatigability and asthenia than patients without suicide attempts. Bipolar I patients with suicide attempts had significantly more fatigability and asthenia and were more dependent than patients without suicide attempts. HA was lowest in patients with no suicide attempts and no family history of suicide, higher in patients with family history of suicide or patients with suicide attempts, and significantly highest in patients with suicide attempts and family history of suicide. Patients with suicide attempts and family history of suicide had more anticipatory worry, fatigability and asthenia. Bipolar disorder was significantly correlated to HA and suicide attempts to HA and PS. Family history of suicide and gender were significantly correlated to suicide attempts. Conclusions: Age of onset, HA, PS, gender and family history of suicide had a moderate to very strong effect on suicide attempts in bipolar patients. © Blackwell Munksgaard, 2004.

  • 27. Engström, Christer
    et al.
    Brändström, Sven
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry.
    Sigvardsson, Sören
    Cloninger, Robert
    Nylander, Per-Olof
    Bipolar disorder: I. Temperament and character2004In: Journal of Affective Disorders, ISSN 0165-0327, E-ISSN 1573-2517, Vol. 82, no 1, p. 131-134Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: The nature of the relationship between personality and bipolar affective disorders is an important but unanswered question. Methods: We have studied personality in bipolar patients by using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). TCI were administered to 100 euthymic bipolar patients and 100 controls from the normal population. Results: Bipolar patients were significantly higher in harm avoidance (HA) and lower in reward dependence (RD), self-directedness (SD), and cooperativeness (CO) than controls. Bipolar patients are more fatigable, less sentimental, more independent, less purposeful, less resourceful, less empathic, less helpful, less pure-hearted, and have less impulse control than controls. Bipolar II patients are more impulsive, more fatigable, less resourceful, and have less impulse control than bipolar I patients. Limitations: Our results are limited to euthymic bipolar patients and cannot be generalized to affective disorders. Conclusions: Even when clinically euthymic on lithium maintenance, bipolar patients continue to have a characteristic cognitive deficit. This is in agreement with cognitive theories about cognitive deficits in depression that are regarded as important vulnerability factors in mood disorders.

  • 28. Erhardt, Sophie
    et al.
    Blennow, Kaj
    Nordin, Conny
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Skogh, Elisabeth
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Lindström, Leif
    Engberg, Göran
    Kynurenic acid levels ae elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia2001In: Neuroscience Letters, ISSN 0304-3940, E-ISSN 1872-7972, Vol. 313, no 1-2, p. 96-98Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Kynurenic acid is an endogenous glutamate antagonist with a preferential action at the glycine-site of the N-methyl D-aspartate-receptor. Mounting evidence indicate that the compound is significantly involved in basal neurophysiological processes in the brain. In the present investigation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) level of kynurenic acid was analyzed in 28 male schizophrenic patients and 17 male healthy controls by means of high pressure liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. Schizophrenic patients showed elevated CSF levels of kynurenic acid (1.67 ▒ 0.27 nM) compared to the control group (0.97 ▒ 0.07 nM). Furthermore, CSF levels of kynurenic acid in schizophrenic patients were also found to correlate with age. The present finding is indicative of a contribution of kynurenic acid in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. ⌐ 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 29.
    Foldemo, Annica
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Bogren, Lennart
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Need assessment and quality of life in outpatients with schizophrenia: a 5-year follow-up study2002In: Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, ISSN 0283-9318, E-ISSN 1471-6712, Vol. 16, no 4, p. 393-398Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The present study is a 5-year follow-up of patients with schizophrenia who were in-patients for more than 3 months in 1993. In all, 19 patients fulfilled the criteria and were interviewed 6 months after their discharge. Seventeen of them also participated in a follow-up 5 years later. Their needs were independently rated by themselves and by their key workers according to the Camberwell Assessment of Need (CAN, research version 3.0). The interview with the patients also included quality of life assessed by the Quality of Life Scale (QLS-100). The results from CAN showed a difference when using a cut-off point for higher vs. lower problem at 10 needs. Using this cut-off point, five patients at the baseline and one at the follow-up had higher problems. The need ranking with key workers showed a correlation of ρ = 0.68 at the baseline and ρ = 0.74 at the follow-up. QLS-100 showed that the patient's total number of unsatisfied items were significantly higher (p = 0.01) at the baseline than at the follow-up. At the follow-up, full insight into their illness was shown by most of the patients. There are several possible explanations associated with the increased quality of life, e.g. less unsatisfied items among some patients and greater autonomy at the follow-up.

  • 30.
    Foldemo, Annica
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Ek, Anna-Christina
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Nursing Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Bogren, Lennart
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Needs in outpatients with schizophrenia, assessed by the patients themselves and their parents and staff2004In: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, ISSN 0933-7954, E-ISSN 1433-9285, Vol. 39, no 5, p. 381-385Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background:

    There has been a change in psychiatric care from a hospital-oriented care system to an outpatient-centred system, which has underlined the importance of support alternatives.

    Methods:

    The sample was drawn from outpatients with schizophrenia at an outpatient clinic in 2001. We used structured interviews when interviewing outpatients, parents and staff. The interview with the patient included the patient’s needs, global function, clinical global impression and insight. Both parents and staff were interviewed about the patient’s needs.

    Results:

    The mean value of GAF was 56 ± 10, CGI 4 ± 1 and 89% of the patients had full insight into their illness. The patients rated the total score of the severity of needs at a mean of 7 ± 4, while the parents’ and staff’s rating was 9 ± 5. The needs ranking between patients and parents and patients and staff showed a correlation of rho = 0.65 (p < 0.01) and parents and staff rho =0.95 (p < 0.01). The parents rated more problems involving physical health and money than the patients.

    Conclusion:

    When planning mental health in the future, it is important to assess the views of the patients, the parents and the staff from a multiple perspective.

  • 31.
    Foldemo, Annica
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Gullberg, Mats
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Nursing Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Ek, Anna-Christina
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Nursing Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Bogren, Lennart
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Quality of life and burden in parents of outpatients with schizophrenia2005In: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, ISSN 0933-7954, E-ISSN 1433-9285, Vol. 40, no 2, p. 133-138Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background

    Since the late 1950s, several studies have reported the burden faced by families living with a mentally ill relative. These studies have pointed out the importance of a progressive mental health service, focusing not only on the treatment of the patients, but also on the needs of the relatives. The aims of the present study were to compare the quality of life of parents of outpatients with schizophrenia with a randomly selected reference group and the relation between quality of life and burden on the parents.

    Subjects

    The sample comprised all parents (n=38) of outpatients with schizophrenia at an outpatient clinic in 2001, where the patients had contact at least once a week with both parents and staff. The parents were compared with a reference group (n=698).

    Methods

    The self-rating scale Quality of Life Index (QLI) was used to assess quality of life in both groups. In the case of the parents, semistructured interviews were supplemented by the data collection to assess the degree of burden with the Burden Assessment Scale (BAS). The outpatients were also interviewed to assess their global function with the Global Assessment of Functioning scale (GAF) and the Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI).

    Results

    The parents were significantly less satisfied with their overall quality of life (p<0.05). There was a correlation between lower overall quality of life and higher perceived burden r=0.58 (p<0.01). There was also a correlation between lower values on the family subscale and social subscale within the QLI and higher subjective burden r=0.54 (p<0.01) and r=0.52 (p<0.01), respectively.

    Conclusion

    These results indicate that caregiving has an influence on the family situation and on the quality of life of parents. These findings suggest that the professions working with the parents must have an approach focusing not only on the care given to the ill daughter or son, but also on the parents’ situation.

  • 32.
    Foldemo, Anniqa
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Living with schizophrenia from the perspective of outpatients and their parents2004Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this thesis was to investigate how outpatients with schizophrenia experienced their situation in terms of need and quality of life. A further aim was to investigate how their parents experienced the need of their daughter or son and how it influenced their own life. In order to investigate need and quality of life of outpatients with schizophrenia according to DSM-III-R, (n=19) at baseline and five-year follow-up (n=17) the outpatients completed the following questionnaires: Camberwell Assessment of Need (CAN-R), the Quality of Life Scale (QLS-100), the Global Assessment of function (1) and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) at follow-up the Insight Scale (2). In study II, outpatients with schizophrenia according to DSM-IV (n=32) and their parents (n=44) and staff (n=31) were included. To investigate the outpatients' need both the patients, their parents and staff completed the CAN-R questionnaire. In study III, the quality of life of the parents (n=38) was investigated with the help of the questionnaire Quality of Life Index (QLI), which was completed by the parents and a reference group (n=689). In addition, the questionnaire Burden Assessment Scale (BAS) was used in order to describe the parents' burden. In order to better understand how living with outpatients with schizophrenia (n=8) influenced parents, the parents were interviewed and data were analysed according to the Empirical Phenomenological Psychological (EPP) method. The total number of needs in study I, according to CAN, was 7.1 ± 3.2 at the baseline and 6.3 ± 2.8 at the follow-up. Using our cut-off point, 5 patients at the baseline and 1 at the follow-up had greater problems. The outpatients were more satisfied with their quality of life after five years than baseline (p< 0.05). The need ranking of key workers and patients showed a correlation rho=0.68 (p<0.05) at the baseline and rho=0.74 (p<0.05) at the follow-up. The difference in number of needs was that the key workers identified more topics where the patients had needs than the patients did themselves. The outpatients in study II, rated the total score of the severity of needs at a mean of 7 ± 4, while the mean score for both parents and the staff was 9 ± 5. The unmet needs in mean values for the patients were 2 ± 2 and 4 ± 5 for both parents and the staff. The needs ranking between patients and parents and patients and staff both showed a correlation of rho=0.65 (p<0.01). The correlation between parents and staff was rho=0.95 (p<0.01). Parents and staff rated needs in different areas. There was a correlation between the total number of needs and how the patients functioned rho=0.53 (p <0.01) and the severity of illness rho=0.64 (p<0.01), respectively, assessed by GAF and CGI. The parents were significantly less satisfied with their overall quality of life with a mean value of 19.5 ± 4.0 compared with the reference group, which had a mean value of 21.2 ± 4.1 (p<0.05); however, when divided into age groups, there was no significant difference in quality of life in the oldest age group 71-80. There were significant correlations between lower overall quality of life and higher burden r=0.58 (p<0.01) as well as between lower psychological/spiritual values and higher burden r=0.42 (p<0.05). The experience of living with a mentally ill daughter or son includes both emotions and changed reality that parents must adapt to. Four points relating to the general structure of themes were identified; emotions in parenthood, changes in the families, interaction with others and adaptation to the illness. All the themes included also five subthemes: confusion following the first appearance of the illness, interpreting the illness and loss in terms of grief, the importance of support, adaptation to the loss and feelings about the future in terms of worry and hope. In order to support the outpatients and their parents, it is important to assess need, listen more on their experiences and increase our knowledge about their situation.

    List of papers
    1. Need assessment and quality of life in outpatients with schizophrenia: a 5-year follow-up study
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Need assessment and quality of life in outpatients with schizophrenia: a 5-year follow-up study
    2002 (English)In: Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, ISSN 0283-9318, E-ISSN 1471-6712, Vol. 16, no 4, p. 393-398Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    The present study is a 5-year follow-up of patients with schizophrenia who were in-patients for more than 3 months in 1993. In all, 19 patients fulfilled the criteria and were interviewed 6 months after their discharge. Seventeen of them also participated in a follow-up 5 years later. Their needs were independently rated by themselves and by their key workers according to the Camberwell Assessment of Need (CAN, research version 3.0). The interview with the patients also included quality of life assessed by the Quality of Life Scale (QLS-100). The results from CAN showed a difference when using a cut-off point for higher vs. lower problem at 10 needs. Using this cut-off point, five patients at the baseline and one at the follow-up had higher problems. The need ranking with key workers showed a correlation of ρ = 0.68 at the baseline and ρ = 0.74 at the follow-up. QLS-100 showed that the patient's total number of unsatisfied items were significantly higher (p = 0.01) at the baseline than at the follow-up. At the follow-up, full insight into their illness was shown by most of the patients. There are several possible explanations associated with the increased quality of life, e.g. less unsatisfied items among some patients and greater autonomy at the follow-up.

    National Category
    Medical and Health Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-27677 (URN)10.1046/j.1471-6712.2002.00107.x (DOI)12415 (Local ID)12415 (Archive number)12415 (OAI)
    Available from: 2009-10-08 Created: 2009-10-08 Last updated: 2017-12-13
    2. Needs in outpatients with schizophrenia, assessed by the patients themselves and their parents and staff
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Needs in outpatients with schizophrenia, assessed by the patients themselves and their parents and staff
    2004 (English)In: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, ISSN 0933-7954, E-ISSN 1433-9285, Vol. 39, no 5, p. 381-385Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Background:

    There has been a change in psychiatric care from a hospital-oriented care system to an outpatient-centred system, which has underlined the importance of support alternatives.

    Methods:

    The sample was drawn from outpatients with schizophrenia at an outpatient clinic in 2001. We used structured interviews when interviewing outpatients, parents and staff. The interview with the patient included the patient’s needs, global function, clinical global impression and insight. Both parents and staff were interviewed about the patient’s needs.

    Results:

    The mean value of GAF was 56 ± 10, CGI 4 ± 1 and 89% of the patients had full insight into their illness. The patients rated the total score of the severity of needs at a mean of 7 ± 4, while the parents’ and staff’s rating was 9 ± 5. The needs ranking between patients and parents and patients and staff showed a correlation of rho = 0.65 (p < 0.01) and parents and staff rho =0.95 (p < 0.01). The parents rated more problems involving physical health and money than the patients.

    Conclusion:

    When planning mental health in the future, it is important to assess the views of the patients, the parents and the staff from a multiple perspective.

    National Category
    Medical and Health Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-23683 (URN)10.1007/s00127-004-0750-8 (DOI)3181 (Local ID)3181 (Archive number)3181 (OAI)
    Available from: 2009-10-07 Created: 2009-10-07 Last updated: 2017-12-13
    3. Quality of life and burden in parents of outpatients with schizophrenia
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Quality of life and burden in parents of outpatients with schizophrenia
    2005 (English)In: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, ISSN 0933-7954, E-ISSN 1433-9285, Vol. 40, no 2, p. 133-138Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Background

    Since the late 1950s, several studies have reported the burden faced by families living with a mentally ill relative. These studies have pointed out the importance of a progressive mental health service, focusing not only on the treatment of the patients, but also on the needs of the relatives. The aims of the present study were to compare the quality of life of parents of outpatients with schizophrenia with a randomly selected reference group and the relation between quality of life and burden on the parents.

    Subjects

    The sample comprised all parents (n=38) of outpatients with schizophrenia at an outpatient clinic in 2001, where the patients had contact at least once a week with both parents and staff. The parents were compared with a reference group (n=698).

    Methods

    The self-rating scale Quality of Life Index (QLI) was used to assess quality of life in both groups. In the case of the parents, semistructured interviews were supplemented by the data collection to assess the degree of burden with the Burden Assessment Scale (BAS). The outpatients were also interviewed to assess their global function with the Global Assessment of Functioning scale (GAF) and the Clinical Global Impression scale (CGI).

    Results

    The parents were significantly less satisfied with their overall quality of life (p<0.05). There was a correlation between lower overall quality of life and higher perceived burden r=0.58 (p<0.01). There was also a correlation between lower values on the family subscale and social subscale within the QLI and higher subjective burden r=0.54 (p<0.01) and r=0.52 (p<0.01), respectively.

    Conclusion

    These results indicate that caregiving has an influence on the family situation and on the quality of life of parents. These findings suggest that the professions working with the parents must have an approach focusing not only on the care given to the ill daughter or son, but also on the parents’ situation.

    National Category
    Medical and Health Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-24418 (URN)10.1007/s00127-005-0853-x (DOI)6521 (Local ID)6521 (Archive number)6521 (OAI)
    Available from: 2009-10-07 Created: 2009-10-07 Last updated: 2017-12-13
    4. Between hope and worry: a phenomenological study of parents of outpatients with schizophrenia
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Between hope and worry: a phenomenological study of parents of outpatients with schizophrenia
    (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: In recent decades, most of the care for the severely mentally ill has shifted from hospital care to care in the community. In the community, the families' responsibilities for care and support has increased. The objectives of the present study were to describe the experiences and strategies when being a parent of an outpatient with schizophrenia. Two researchers interviewed eight parents of outpatients with schizophrenia. A phenomenological perspective guided the study and the analysis was performed in accordance with the Empirical Phenomenological Psychological Method (EPP). Four themes created the meaniog of liviog with a mentally ill child. These themes were: emotions in parenthood, change in the families, interaction with others and adaptation to the illness

    The results have been interpreted and discussed io the light of the first onset of the ilioess, loss and grief and the creation of meaning and hope.

    Conclusion: these results suggest that atl the parents in the present study experienced a loss of their former child, underwent a grief process, needed to interact with others and used emotionally focused coping strategies.

    National Category
    Medical and Health Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-85070 (URN)
    Available from: 2012-11-01 Created: 2012-11-01 Last updated: 2012-11-01
  • 33.
    Foldemo, Anniqa
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Ek, Anna-Christina
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Nursing Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Gustafsson, Lars-Åke
    Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Bogren, Lennart
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Between hope and worry: a phenomenological study of parents of outpatients with schizophreniaManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: In recent decades, most of the care for the severely mentally ill has shifted from hospital care to care in the community. In the community, the families' responsibilities for care and support has increased. The objectives of the present study were to describe the experiences and strategies when being a parent of an outpatient with schizophrenia. Two researchers interviewed eight parents of outpatients with schizophrenia. A phenomenological perspective guided the study and the analysis was performed in accordance with the Empirical Phenomenological Psychological Method (EPP). Four themes created the meaniog of liviog with a mentally ill child. These themes were: emotions in parenthood, change in the families, interaction with others and adaptation to the illness

    The results have been interpreted and discussed io the light of the first onset of the ilioess, loss and grief and the creation of meaning and hope.

    Conclusion: these results suggest that atl the parents in the present study experienced a loss of their former child, underwent a grief process, needed to interact with others and used emotionally focused coping strategies.

  • 34.
    Gunnarsson, Tove
    et al.
    Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Family Medicine, Psychiatric Section, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospitel, Sweden.
    Eklundh, Thomas
    Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Family Medicine, Psychiatric Section, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospitel, Sweden.
    Eriksson, Mats
    Department of Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospitel, Sweden.
    Sjöberg, Stefan
    Department of Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospitel, Sweden.
    Nordin, Conny
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Cholecystokinin peptides in cerebrospinal fluid: a study in healthy male subjects lumbar-punctured without preceding strict bed-rest1999In: Journal of neural transmission, ISSN 0300-9564, E-ISSN 1435-1463, Vol. 106, no 3-4, p. 275-282Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In a recent study we analysed the concentrations of two forms of cholecystokinin (CCK), CCK-8S (sulphated) and CCK-4 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from 14 healthy male volunteers lumbar-punctured after a minimum of eight hours of strict bed-rest.

    We have now lumbar-punctured another group of 14 healthy males, using the same procedure except for the requirement of strict bed-rest prior to puncture.

    In contrast to our previous study, the concentration of CCK-4 (but not CCK-8S) was significantly higher in the second CSF fraction (7–12 ml) than in the first one (0–6 ml). On using the concentration ratio between the second and first fraction, CCK-8S (but not CCK-4) correlated positively with the atmospheric pressure, which is in contrast to our previous study in which a significant negative correlation was found.

    When the lumbar CSF concentrations were expressed as the concentration per minute of tapping-time (an estimate of the mass flow), atmospheric pressure, age and the neuraxis distance in the lying position made significant contributions to the variance in CCK-8S. A significant positive correlation with atmospheric pressure was found for CCK-4.

    In conclusion, the results indicate that the question of strict bed-rest or not prior to lumbar puncture may have to be considered when interpreting data on lumbar CSF concentrations of CCK. A controlled study is warranted.

  • 35.
    Gunnarsson, Tove
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Mahoney, Colleen
    Royal Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
    Shlik, Jahov
    Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Estonia.
    Bradwejn, Jacques
    Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa/Royal Ottawa Hospital and Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
    Knott, Verner
    Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa/Royal Ottawa Hospital and Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
    Acute Effects of Cholecystokinin Tetrapeptide on Brain Stem Auditory Evoked Potentials in Healthy Volunteers2003In: Pharmacopsychiatry, ISSN 0176-3679, E-ISSN 1439-0795, Vol. 36, no 5, p. 181-186Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study investigated the effects of continuous slow intravenous infusion of cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4) on brain stem auditory evoked potentials (BSAEP) in healthy subjects. Twenty-four subjects, 15 females and 9males, were assigned to infusion with either placebo or CCK-4 in a randomized, double-blind, parallel group design. BSAEPs, mood, physical symptoms, and vital signs were assessed once before infusion and at 10 min and 40 min after the onset of infusion. In the 16 subjects (N = 8, CCK-4; N = 8, placebo) CCK-4, compared to placebo, delayed peak I latency during early infusion, slowed the latencies of peaks III and V, and decreased the amplitude of peak III throughout the infusion. No significant treatment differences were observed with respect to symptoms, mood, or cardiovascular measures. These preliminary findings suggest that CCK-4 may interfere with information processing in the brain stem auditory pathways and that prolonged intravenous CCK-4 administration may be a useful challenge paradigm for investigating CCK's modulatory role on brain stem mechanisms mediating anxiety and panic in humans.

  • 36.
    Gunnarsson, Tove
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Sjöberg, Stefan
    Department of Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospital, Sweden.
    Eriksson, Mats
    Department of Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospital, Sweden.
    Nordin, Conny
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Cholecystokinin peptides in cerebrospinal fluid: a pilot study in hypothyroid patients1999In: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, ISSN 0885-6222, E-ISSN 1099-1077, Vol. 14, no 2, p. 113-117Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4) and the sulphated octapeptide (CCK-8) were measured in cerebrospinal fluid obtained from nine hypothyroid patients before and during L-thyroxine treatment. Before treatment, CCK-4 and CCK-8S correlated negatively with S-TSH, whereas CCK-8S also showed a positive correlation with S-T3. During treatment, S-T4 correlated negatively with CCK-8S. CSF collection time was significantly shorter during treatment than prior to treatment for the first (0–6 ml) CSF fraction. On taking CSF collection time into account, the levels of both CCK-4 and CCK-8S in the first CSF fraction were significantly increased during medication. Our results are consistent with an impact of the hypothyroid disorder and L-thyroxine treatment on the disposition of CCK compounds in CSF. This might be due to an altered CSF circulation, but other mechanisms (e.g. metabolism or elimination) cannot be ruled out.

  • 37.
    Gunnarsson, Tove
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Sjöberg, Stefan
    Department of Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
    Eriksson, Mats
    Department of Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
    Nordin, Conny
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Depressive Symptoms in Hypothyroid Disorder with some Observations on Biochemical Correlates2001In: Neuropsychobiology, ISSN 0302-282X, E-ISSN 1423-0224, Vol. 43, no 2, p. 70-74Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Lumbar punctures and ratings of depressive symptoms were done in hypothyroid patients before and during L-thyroxine therapy. Before treatment, the most prominent symptoms were concentration difficulties, lassitude, and reduced sexual interest. All patients suffered from sleep disturbances. Suicidal thoughts did not occur at all. Inner tension was negatively correlated with the anxiogenic cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), while reduced sexual interest was negatively correlated with CSF tryptophan. Furthermore, failing memory correlated negatively with T3 as well as T4 in serum. A positive correlation was found between failing memory and serum TSH. All patients improved significantly during treatment. No biochemical correlates were found. In conclusion, hypothyroidism is associated with major depressive symptoms. CSF CCK-4 and tryptophan, as well as serum thyroid hormones, may constitute biochemical correlates for some of these symptoms.

  • 38. Hashimoto, Kenji
    et al.
    Engberg, Göran
    Shimizu, Eiji
    Nordin, Conny
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Lindström, Leif H
    Iyo, Masaomi
    Elevated glutamine/glutamate ratio in cerebrospinal fluid of first episode and drug naive schizophrenic patients2005In: BMC Psychiatry, E-ISSN 1471-244X, Vol. 5Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Recent magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies report that glutamine is altered in the brains of schizophrenic patients. There were also conflicting findings on glutamate in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of schizophrenic patients, and absent for glutamine. This study aims to clarify the question of glutamine and glutamate in CSF of first episode and drug naive schizophrenic patients. Method: Levels of glutamine and glutamate in CSF of 25 first episode and drug-naive male schizophrenic patients and 17 age-matched male healthy controls were measured by a high performance liquid chromatography. Results: The ratio (126.1 (median), 117.7 ± 27.4 (mean ± S.D.)) of glutamine to glutamate in the CSF of patients was significantly (z = -3.29, p = 0.001) higher than that (81.01 (median), 89.1 ± 22.5 (mean ± S.D.)) of normal controls although each level of glutamine and glutamate in patients was not different from that of normal controls. Conclusion: Our data suggests that a disfunction in glutamate-glutamine cycle in the brain may play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. © 2005 Hashimoto et al, licensee BioMed Central Ltd.

  • 39. Hashimoto, Kenji
    et al.
    Engberg, Göran
    Shimizu, Eiji
    Nordin, Conny
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Lindström, Leif H
    Iyo, Masaomi
    Reduced D-serine to total serine ratio in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug naive schizophrenic patients2005In: Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, ISSN 0278-5846, E-ISSN 1878-4216, Vol. 29, no 5, p. 767-769Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Several lines of evidence suggest that d-serine, an endogenous agonist of the glycine site on the NMDA receptors, might play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether levels of d- and l-serine or d-serine ratio (d-serine/total serine) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were altered in first episode and drug-naive schizophrenic patients. The CSF levels of d- and l-serine in 25 male first episode and drug-naive schizophrenic patients and 17 age-matched male healthy subjects were measured using a column-switching high performance liquid chromatography system. The percentage of d-serine in the total serine of patients was significantly (z = - 2.01, p = 0.044) lower than that of controls. This study suggests that synthetic or metabolic pathways of d-serine may be abnormal in the brain of drug-naive schizophrenic patients, supporting the NMDA receptor dysfunction hypothesis of schizophrenia. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  • 40.
    Holmlund, Ulla
    Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Psychogenic needs and masculinity-femininity across adolescence: their relationschips to dysmenorrhea and psychiatric symptoms1991Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Holmlund, Ulla. 1991. Psychogenic needs and Masculinity-Femininity across adolescence. Their relationships to dysmenorrhea and psychiatric symptoms.

    Personality traits assessed as psychogenic needs, and psychological Masculinity-Femininity defined as interests and attitudes were examined longitudinally from the age of 15 to 25 years in healthy Swedish women.

    Across adolescence, the women became more self-confident and assertive, but also more conforming and socially dependent. Women at 25 were also more conventionally feminine than at 15. Those changes were quite uniform for the individuals of the sample as a whole.

    The relationships between personality variables, psychogenic needs and psychological Masculinity-Femininity, and the occurence of dysmenorrhea were studied. Severe dysmenorrhea was associated to personality variables, mainly high scores in Guilt Feelings and psychological Femininity.

    Possible relationships between dysmenorrhea and the occurence of symptoms of anxiety and depression, and between personality variables and anxiety and depressive symptoms was examined in a subsample, considered to be representative for psychogenic needs. Women with severe dysmenorrhea were slightly more affected by anxiety and depressive symptoms compared to those who never had experienced dysmenorrhea. High scores in the psychogenic needs Defence of Status and Guilt Feelings assessed in early teenage were associated to the presence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in adulthood. The positiverelationships between the reported experience of good relations to siblings and peers, low scores in Defence of Status and Guilt Feelings, and the abscence of psychiatric symptoms, reflect the importance of a favourable early environment for healthy personality development.

  • 41. Humble, M
    et al.
    Bejerot, S
    Bergqvist, PB
    Bengtsson, Finn
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Reactivity of serotonin in whole blood: relationship with drug response in obsessive-compulsive disorder?2001In: Biological Psychiatry, ISSN 0006-3223, E-ISSN 1873-2402, Vol. 49, p. 360-368Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 42. Isaksson, Björn
    et al.
    Thorell, Lars-Håkan
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Bengtsson, Finn
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Clinical Pharmacology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Pharmacology.
    Rosén, I
    Jeppsson, I
    Hepatic encephalopathy verified by psychometric testing and EEG in cirrhotic patients: Effects of mesocaval interposition shunt or sclerotherapy2005In: HPB, ISSN 1365-182X, Vol. 7, no 1, p. 65-72Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background. The aim of this randomised prospective study was to evaluate hepatic encephalopathy after mesocaval interposition shunt operation and after repeated endoscopic sclerotherapy. Methods. Forty-five patients with bleeding oesophageal varices due to liver cirrhosis were randomised to the two treatment groups, 24 to the shunt group and 21 to the sclerotherapy group. The patients were evaluated preoperatively regarding blood tests, hepatic encephalopathy as measured by electroencephalogram with spectral analysis and by a battery of psychometric tests. The direction of portal flow in the shunt group was investigated by shunt phlebography and ultrasonography with Doppler. During follow-up the same investigations were performed twice at median 6.7 and 14.7 months after operation. Results. No statistically significant difference was found during follow-up regarding blood tests and electroencephalography with spectral analysis. Although the preoperative psychometric tests showed that the shunt group performed significantly better than the sclerotherapy group, the first follow-up showed that the shunt group performed statistically worse than the sclerotherapy group in seven of the tests: Synonyms (measuring verbal ability), Block Design Test (measuring visuo-spatial ability), Memory for Design Test, Error Score (measuring memory function), Revised Visual Retention Test, correct answers and the same test error answers (measuring visuo-spatial memory, ability and immediate memory), Digit Symbol Test (measuring perceptual ability) and Trial Making Test B (measuring cognitive motor abilities). Conclusions. Patients treated by mesocaval interposition shunt showed a progressive general reduction in psychometric performance compared with patients treated with repeated sclerotherapy, in whom a general intellectual improvement was observed. This finding corresponds to the reverse direction of the preoperative portal flow to a hepatofugal pattern at first follow-up and at 12 months among two-thirds of the patients. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.

  • 43.
    Josefsson, Ann
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Obstetrics and gynecology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Linköping.
    Larsson, Caroline
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Obstetrics and gynecology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Linköping.
    Sydsjö, Gunilla
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Obstetrics and gynecology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Linköping.
    Nylander, Per-Olof
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry.
    Temperament and character in women with postpartum depression2007In: Archives of Women's Mental Health, ISSN 1434-1816, E-ISSN 1435-1102, Vol. 10, no 1Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: To investigate whether women with postpartum depression differ in personality traits from healthy postpartum women, healthy controls from the normal Swedish population and non-postpartum women with major depression. Methods: Forty-five women with postpartum depression were compared with 62 healthy postpartum women, 62 age-matched, healthy, non-postpartum women from a normal sample and 74 non-postpartum women with major depression from a clinical sample. The edinburgh postnatal depression scale was used in order to screen for postpartum depression. A clinical diagnostic interview was done including a rating with the Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale. Personality i.e. temperament and character was measured by the temperament and character inventory. Results: Harm avoidance (HA) was higher (p < 0.001) and self-directedness (SD) scored lower (p < 0.001) in women with postpartum depression compared to healthy postpartum women. These differences were the most important differences between these two groups. Women with postpartum depression scored lower (p = 0.001) in cooperativeness (CO) and higher (p = 0.019) in self-transcendence (ST) compared to healthy postpartum women. Women with postpartum depression scored overall similar to women with major depression. Conclusion: High HA and low SD can be seen as vulnerability factors for developing a depression and especially in a stressful situation as childbirth. © 2006 Springer-Verlag.

  • 44. Kechagias, Stergios
    et al.
    Kechagias, Stergios
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Internal Medicine.
    Kullman, Eric
    Kullman, Eric
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, MKC - Medicin och kirurgicentrum, EMK-magtarm.
    Ludvigsson, Johnny
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Pediatrics. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Barn.
    Sjödin, Ingemar
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Almér, Lars-Olof
    Almér, Lars-Olof
    Invärtesmedicin MAS, Malmö.
    En AT-skrivning bör inte enbart ha lätta frågor om vanliga tillstånd!2002In: Läkartidningen, ISSN 0023-7205, E-ISSN 1652-7518, Vol. 100, p. 1739-1739Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 45. Kielhofner, Gary
    et al.
    Haglund, Lena
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Ekbladh, Elin
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Occupational Therapy.
    Hedlund, M
    Psychometric properties of the work environment impact scale: a cross-cultural study.1999In: Work: A journal of Prevention, Assessment and rehabilitation, ISSN 1051-9815, E-ISSN 1875-9270, Vol. 12, p. 71-77Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 46. Knott, Verner
    et al.
    Mahoney, Colleen
    Bradwejn, Jacques
    Shlik, Jakov
    Gunnarsson, Tove
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Effects of acute cholecystokinin infusion on hemispheric EEG asymmetry and coherence in healthy volunteers2003In: Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, ISSN 0278-5846, E-ISSN 1878-4216, Vol. 27, no 1, p. 179-184Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study investigated the effects of continuous slow infusion of cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK-4), a neuropeptide with panicogenic properties, on functional hemispheric differences, as indexed by quantitative electroencephalographic (EEG) asymmetry and coherence measures. Twenty-four adult volunteers (15 females and 9 males) were assigned to infusion with either placebo or CCK-4 in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group design, with EEG being recorded before and during (10 and 40 min) a 60-min infusion period. No significant treatment differences were observed for absolute EEG power but, compared to placebo, CCK-4 infusion increased asymmetry and reduced coherence of slow-wave activity at midtemporal recording sites. These findings support the contention that functional imbalance of the temporal cortex, perhaps mediated by CCK-4, is involved in panic disorder (PD).

  • 47.
    Kugelberg, Fredrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Clinical Pharmacology. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry.
    Apelqvist, Gustav
    Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Carlsson, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Clinical Pharmacology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Ahlner, Johan
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Clinical Chemistry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Bengtsson, Finn
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Clinical Pharmacology. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    In vivo steady-state pharmacokinetic outcome following clinical and toxic doses of racemic citalopram to rats2001In: British Journal of Pharmacology, ISSN 0007-1188, E-ISSN 1476-5381, Vol. 132, no 8, p. 1683-1690Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]
    • The thymoleptic drug citalopram (CIT) belongs to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and is today extensively used in psychiatry. Further clarification of the enantiomer-selective distribution of racemic CIT in both clinical and toxic doses is highly warranted.

    • By a steady-state in vivo paradigm, rats underwent chronic systemic exposure for 10 days by using osmotic pumps and the total as well as the individual distributions of the S- and R-enantiomers of CIT, and its metabolites in serum and two different brain regions, were analysed.

    • In serum, the S/R ratios in the groups treated with 10, 20, or 100 mg kg−1 day−1 were 0.94, 0.83, and 0.34, respectively. The ratios were almost the same in the brain regions.

    • In the group treated with 100 mg kg−1 day−1, the serum and brain total CIT levels were found to be 20 times and 6 – 8 times higher than in the rats treated with 10 or 20 mg kg−1 day−1, respectively. In all groups, the CIT levels were higher in brain tissue as compared to serum.

    • In a spontaneous open-field behavioural test, a correlation between clinical and toxic drug concentrations was observed.

    • In conclusion, the R-enantiomer was present in an increased proportion compared with the S-enantiomer when higher steady-state CIT concentration was prevailing. This is of particular interest, since the S-enantiomer is responsible for the inhibition of serotonin reuptake in vitro. The present data may be of importance, as full understanding on where different racemic or enantiomeric drug effects of CIT and its main metabolites are unravelled.

  • 48.
    Kugelberg, Fredrik C.
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Clinical Pharmacology. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Apelqvist, Gustav
    Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine,Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Bengtsson, Finn
    Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Clinical Pharmacology. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Effects of chronic citalopram treatment on central and peripheral spontaneous open-field behaviours in rats2002In: Pharmacology and Toxicology, ISSN 0901-9928, E-ISSN 1600-0773, Vol. 90, no 6, p. 303-310Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The spontaneous open-field behavioural effects of 10 days of chronic treatment with two clinical doses (10 and 20 mg/kg daily) and one high/toxic dose (100 mg/kg daily) of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram (delivered subcutaneously by implanted osmotic pumps) were examined in rats. Central and peripheral arena locomotor and rearing activities were recorded simultaneously, and the data were assessed during the first hour as well as during the following 24 hr (the latter for effects on the diurnal rhythm). Rats treated with 100 mg/kg daily exhibited lower peripheral locomotor and rearing activities than the other groups during the first test hour. The ratio between central and peripheral activity increased in a dose-dependent non-proportional manner during the first test hour, indicating a general increase in the central arena activity exerted by the rats when treated with citalopram. No major differences were observed between any of the four groups in overall behavioural activities over the 24-hr period. This study indicated that the open-field locomotor and rearing behaviours in normal rats were affected by increasing doses of racemic citalopram, particularly during the first hour of adaptation.

  • 49.
    Lundberg, Kristina
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry.
    Josefsson, Ann
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Obstetrics and gynecology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Paediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Linköping.
    Nordin, Conny
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Diurnal and seasonal variation of cholecystokinin peptides in humans2007In: Neuropeptides, ISSN 0143-4179, E-ISSN 1532-2785, Vol. 41, no 1, p. 59-63Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cholecystokinin (CCK) was determined in plasma obtained from 10 female (aged 23.4 ± SD 2.3 years) and nine male (aged 22.0 ± SD 1.4 years) healthy volunteers. Blood samples were drawn three times (8.00 a.m., 12 noon and 8.00 a.m.) on each of two sessions, one in the winter (November-December) and one in the summer (April-July). The participants had fasted (and were nicotine-free) since midnight preceding the sampling. A standardized breakfast was served after the first sampling. CCK was determined by radioimmunoassay. The area under the curve 0-24 h (AUC)CCK Winter was lower than AUCCCK Summer (F1:17 = 4.73, P = 0.0440) in the whole group of volunteers. On comparing the CCK concentrations within each session, there was an overall difference in winter (F2:36 = 14.81, P < 0.0001) as well in summer (F2:36 = 18.39, P < 0.0001). Post hoc comparisons yielded a difference between the 8.00 a.m. and 12 noon concentrations on the first day in winter (t = -3.96, P = 0.0009) as well as in summer (t = -4.64, P = 0.0002). The difference between the summer and winter AUCsCCK correlated with the difference between AUCs for temperatures in summer and winter (r = 0.58, P = 0.0089). The correlation was accounted for by the females (r = 0.73, P = 0.0171). The results are in accord with a diurnal and a seasonal variation of CCK in human plasma. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 50.
    Lundin, Fredrik
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Neurology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Neurology.
    Rousseau, Andreas
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Psychiatry. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Kadowaki, Åsa
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Welfare and Care (IVV). Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Department of Psychiatry.
    Risperidon gav avföringsinkontinens som följd av sänkt analsfinktertonus2004In: Läkartidningen, ISSN 0023-7205, E-ISSN 1652-7518, Vol. 101, p. 4006-4008Article in journal (Other academic)
123 1 - 50 of 107
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