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  • 1.
    Abdiu, Avni
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burns. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand surgery UHL.
    Larsson, Sven-Erik
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Orthopaedic Centre, Department of Orthopaedics Linköping.
    Wasteson, Åke
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Cell biology.
    Walz, Thomas
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Suramin blocks growth-stimulatory effects of platelet-derived growth factor on malignant fibrous histiocytomas in vitro.1999In: Cancer Letters, ISSN 0304-3835, E-ISSN 1872-7980, Vol. 146, p. 189-194Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 2.
    Abdiu, Avni
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burns. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand surgery UHL.
    Wingren, Sten
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology.
    Larsson, S-E
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Orthopaedic Centre, Department of Orthopaedics Linköping.
    Wasteson, Åke
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Cell biology.
    Walz, Thomas
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Effects of human platelet-derived growth factor-AB on sarcoma growth in vitro and in vivo.1999In: Cancer Letters, ISSN 0304-3835, E-ISSN 1872-7980, Vol. 141, p. 39-45Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 3.
    Aesoy, R.
    et al.
    Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Biomics Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Sanchez, B.C.
    Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Biomics Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Norum, J.H.
    Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
    Lewensohn, R.
    Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Biomics Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Viktorsson, K.
    Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Biomics Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Linderholm, Barbro
    Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    An autocrine VEGF/VEGFR2 and p38 signaling loop confers resistance to 4-hydroxytamoxifen in MCF-7 breast cancer cells2008In: Molecular Cancer Research, ISSN 1541-7786, E-ISSN 1557-3125, Vol. 6, no 10, p. 1630-1638Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Tamoxifen, a partial estrogen receptor antagonist, is part of the standard treatment of both primary and advanced breast cancers. However, significant proportions of breast cancers are either de novo resistant or develop tamoxifen resistance during the course of treatment through mechanisms which have been only partly characterized. We have previously found that high vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) expression and concomitant high p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity within breast cancers predict a poor outcome for tamoxifen-treated patients. Here, we have molecularly dissected how VEGF/VEGFR2 and p38 are linked, and contribute to tamoxifen resistance within breast cancer using a MCF-7 BC cell model with different 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) responsiveness. We report that MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines with tamoxifen resistance have increased secretion of VEGF and increased signaling through VEGFR2 compared with parental MCF-7 cells. 4-OHT treatment caused the ablation of VEGF secretion in parental MCF-7 cells, whereas in the tamoxifen-resistant subline, a VEGF/ VEGFR2 signaling loop was still evident upon treatment. Increased basal levels of total and phosphorylated p38 were observed in tamoxifen-resistant cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of p38 reduced the proliferation of both tamoxifen-responsive and tamoxifen-resistant cells and showed an additive growth-inhibitory effect in combination with 4-OHT. A connection between VEGF/ VEGFR2 and p38 signaling was identified by VEGF and VEGFR2 knockdown, which equally reduced both the total and the active forms of p38 in tamoxifen-resistant cells. Taken together, our results suggest that decreased sensitivityto 4-OHT is caused by a death-protecting VEGF/VEGFR2 and p38 growth factor loop in breast cancer cells. Inhibition of these signaling pathways may be beneficial to overcome tamoxifen resistance. Copyright © 2008 American Association for Cancer Research.

  • 4.
    Ahnström, Marie
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Askmalm Stenmark, Marie
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Nordenskjöld, Bo
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Fornander, Tommy
    Karolinska University Hospital.
    Skoog, Lambert
    Karolinska University Hospital.
    Stål, Olle
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Altered expression of cyclin E and the retinoblastoma protein influences the effect of adjuvant therapy in breast cancer2009In: International Journal of Oncology, ISSN 1019-6439, E-ISSN 1791-2423, Vol. 34, no 2, p. 441-448Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cyclin E and the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) are both important regulators of the G(1) phase in the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin E and lost expression of Rb has previously been observed in breast tumours at frequencies of 10-50% and 20-30%, respectively. We explored the prognostic role of cyclin E and Rb in breast cancer patients randomised for tamoxifen (TAM), CMF (cyclophosphamide, metotrexate, 5-fluorouracil) chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT) and how their expression affects the patients response to treatment. Protein expression was assessed with immunohistochemistry. We found overexpression of cyclin E in 32.1% (71/221) of the tumours and loss of Rb expression in 25.0% (59/236). Increased expression of cyclin E correlated to dysfunctional p53 (P=0.003) while loss of Rb correlated to normal p53 status (P=0.001). Our results suggest that patients with high cyclin E tumours have less benefit from tamoxifen (ER+, TAM vs. no TAM; RR=0.97; 95% CI, 0.36-2.60) than patients whose tumours show low expression (ER+, TAM vs. no TAM; RR =0.41; 95% CI, 0.24-0.72). Cyclin E also tended to predict the benefit from radiotherapy with a local recurrence rate of 0.31 (RT vs. CMF; 95% CI, 0.12-0.93) for patients with low expression and 0.68 (RT vs. CMF; 95% CI, 0.2-2.32) for patients with high expression of cyclin E. When the p53 status was taken in consideration the results showed that patients with both normal p53 and normal Rb expression had considerably lower locoregional recurrence rate when treated with radiotherapy instead of CMF (RR=0.17; 95% CI, 0.052-0.58) as compared to patients with either altered Rb or p53 or both (RR=0.70; 95% CI, 0.28-1.73).

  • 5.
    Ahnström Waltersson, Marie
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Karlsson, Elin
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Nordenskjöld, Bo
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Fornander, Tommy
    Department of Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-104 01 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Skoog, Lambert
    Department of Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-104 01 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Stål, Olle
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    miR-206 expression is downregulated in cyclin D1 amplified breast tumoursManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Amplification in the 11q13 region has been found in around 15% of all breast cancers and is strongly correlated with oestrogen receptor (ER) positive tumours. We have previously found that amplification of at least one of the genes PAK1 or CCND1 is associated with decreased recurrencefree survival among ER+ patients. Other genes in the amplicon might also contribute to this effect and situated close to CCND1 are the FGF-3, -4 and - 19 genes. The FGF-4 protein has been shown to inhibit the expression of the ERα regulator miR-206 in chicken embryo. In this study we analysed 23 tumours with and 27 tumours without previously detected 11q13 amplification to explore if 11q13 amplification is associated with decreased levels of miR-206 and if miR-206 is associated with ER expression. Using real-time PCR, we found that miR-206 expression was inversely correlated to CCND1 and 11q13 amplification (P=0.016 and P=0.022 respectively). Tumours with low miR-206 expression had higher levels of ERα than tumours with intermediate and high expression (P=0.043). We conclude that miR-206 might be an important regulator of the ERα. Our finding that low mir-206 is associated with CCND1 amplification and thereby also FGF-4 amplification points towards the possibility of a miR-206 regulator, FGF-4 or another FGF, present in the amplicon.

  • 6.
    Ahnström Waltersson, Marie
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Nordenskjöld, Bo
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Haematology UHL.
    Rutqvist, Lars Erik
    Department of Oncology, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Skoog, Lambert
    Department of Cytology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Stål, Olle
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Role of cyclin D1 in ErbB2-positive breast cancer and tamoxifen resistance.2005In: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, ISSN 0167-6806, E-ISSN 1573-7217, Vol. 91, no 2, p. 145-151Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cyclin D1 plays an important role in the regulation of the G1 phase in the cell cycle. In mammary epithelial cells the expression of cyclin D1 is regulated through the oestrogen receptor and via ErbB2 signalling. Here we investigated the prognostic significance of cyclin D1 among 230 breast cancer patients randomised for tamoxifen, CMF chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The importance of combined cyclin D1 and ErbB2 overexpression was also analysed. Immunohistochemical analysis of the cyclin D1 expression resulted in 69 (29.8%) weakly positive, 107 (46.5%) moderately positive and 54 (23.7%) strongly positive cases. The prognostic importance of ErbB2 was significantly greater for patients whose tumours overexpressed cyclin D1 than for other patients (p = 0.026). In the former group, ErbB2 overexpression was strongly associated with increased risk of recurrence (RR = 4.7; 95% CI, 2.1-10.4) and breast cancer death (RR = 5.4; 95% CI, 2.3-12.6). This result is in accordance with experimental studies demonstrating a link between cyclin D1 and ErbB2 in oncogenesis. Among oestrogen receptor positive patients, those with moderate cyclin D1 expression significantly did benefit from tamoxifen treatment (RR = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.21-0.82) whereas those with weak or strong expression did not. Therefore cyclin D1 might be a predictive marker for tamoxifen resistance.

  • 7.
    Alkner, S.
    et al.
    Lund University Hospital.
    Bendahl, P.-O.
    Lund University Hospital.
    Ferno, M.
    Lund University Hospital.
    Nordenskjöld, Bo
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Ryden, L.
    Lund University Hospital.
    Tamoxifen reduces the risk of contralateral breast cancer in premenopausal women: Results from a controlled randomised trial2009In: European Journal of Cancer, ISSN 0959-8049, Vol. 45, no 14, p. 2496-2502Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Adjuvant treatment with tamoxifen reduces the risk of contralateral breast cancer in hormone-responsive postmenopausal patients, whereas the effect in premenopausal women has not been fully elucidated. We have therefore studied the effect of tamoxifen on contralateral breast cancer in premenopausal women in a controlled randomised trial. Patients and methods: Premenopausal women (564) with stage II breast cancers were randomised to 2 years of tamoxifen versus control irrespective of oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) status. The median follow-up for patients not developing a contralateral cancer was 14 years. Results: In the control group 35 women, and in the tamoxifen group 17 women, developed a contralateral breast cancer as a primary event. Tamoxifen significantly reduced the risk of contralateral breast cancer in all women regardless of age (hazard ratio (HR) 0.5, p = 0.02). In subgroup analysis the risk reduction was most pronounced in patients less than40 years of age (HR 0.09, p = 0.02). A risk reduction was also seen in women 40-49 years of age or ≥50 years of age, although in these subgroups this did not reach statistical significance. The reduced risk of contralateral breast cancer was persistent during the whole follow-up time. Conclusion: In this randomised trial, adjuvant treatment using tamoxifen for 2 years reduced the incidence of contralateral breast cancer by 50% in all premenopausal women, and by 90% in women less than40 years of age. The effect of tamoxifen was not significantly dependent on time.

  • 8.
    Alkner, S
    et al.
    Lund University.
    Bendahl, P-O
    Lund University.
    Grabau, D
    Lund University.
    Lovgren, K
    Lund University.
    Stål, Olle
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Ryden, L
    Lund University.
    Ferno, M
    Lund University.
    AIB1 is a predictive factor for tamoxifen response in premenopausal women2010In: ANNALS OF ONCOLOGY, ISSN 0923-7534, Vol. 21, no 2, p. 238-244Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Clinical trials implicate the estrogen receptor ( ER) coactivator amplified in breast cancer 1 (AIB1) to be a prognostic and a treatment-predictive factor, although results are not unanimous. We have further investigated this using a controlled randomised trial of tamoxifen versus control. Materials and methods: A total of 564 premenopausal women were entered into a randomised study independent of ER status. Using a tissue microarray, AIB1 and ER were analysed by immunohistochemistry. Results: AIB1 scores were obtained from 349 women. High AIB1 correlated to factors of worse prognosis (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, Nottingham histological grade 3, and lymph node metastases) and to ER negativity. In the control arm, high AIB1 was a negative prognostic factor for recurrence- free survival (RFS) (P = 0.02). However, ER-positive patients with high AIB1 responded significantly to tamoxifen treatment (P = 0.002), increasing RFS to the same level as for systemically untreated patients with low AIB1. Although ER-positive patients with low AIB1 had a better RFS from the beginning, this was not further improved by tamoxifen (P = 0.8). Conclusions: In the control group, high AIB1 was a negative prognostic factor. However, ER-positive patients with high AIB1 responded significantly to tamoxifen. This implicates high AIB1 to be an independent predictive factor of improved response to tamoxifen and not, as has previously been discussed, a factor predicting tamoxifen resistance.

  • 9. Amini, Rose-Marie
    et al.
    Enblad, Gunilla
    Gustavsson, Anita
    Ekman, Tor
    Erlanson, Martin
    Haapaniemi, Eva
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Glimelius, Bengt
    Treatment outcome in patients younger than 60 years with advanced stages (IIB-IV) of Hodgkin's disease: the Swedish National Health Care Programme experience.2000In: European Journal of Haematology, ISSN 0902-4441, E-ISSN 1600-0609, Vol. 65, p. 379-389Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 10. Arlehag, L
    et al.
    Adell, Gunnar
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Knutsen Holmqvist, Annica
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Thorstenson, Sten
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology.
    Sun, Xiao-Feng
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    ATM expression in rectal cancers with or without preoperative radiotherapy2005In: Oncology Reports, ISSN 1021-335X, E-ISSN 1791-2431, Vol. 14, no 2, p. 313-317Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Patients with ATM (Ataxia-Telangiectasia mutated) mutation show increased sensitivity to radiation and have a higher risk of developing malignancies. The present study aimed to investigate whether ATM expression was related to radiotherapy, and clinicopathological and biological variables in rectal cancers. ATM expression was immunohistochemically examined in 78 rectal cancers from patients who participated in a Swedish rectal cancer trial of preoperative radiotherapy. Of 78 patients, 44 underwent surgery alone, and 34 underwent both preoperative radiotherapy and surgery. Fifty-eight cases had normal rectal mucosa adjacent to the tumour. The results showed that, compared to normal mucosa, tumours had less nuclear (p=0.03) but more cytoplasmic expression of ATM (p=0.004). In tumours, less expression of ATM, either in the nucleus (p=0.07) or in the cytoplasm (p=0.02 for staining intensity, and p=0.07 for staining percentage), tended to be correlated with male patients. Also, ATM expression was not related to radiotherapy or other clinicopathological and biological variables (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the pattern of ATM expression was changed from normal mucosa to tumour. Less expression of ATM may be related to males.

  • 11.
    Aus, Gunnar
    et al.
    Department of Urology, Sahlgrens University Hospital, 413 45, Göteborg, Sweden.
    Nordenskjöld, Kerstin
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Robinson, David
    Department of Surgery, Höglandssjukhuset, Eksjö, Sweden.
    Rosell, Johan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Varenhorst, Eberhard
    Department of Urology and Surgery, Vrinnevisjukhuset, Norrköping, Sweden.
    Prognostic Factors and Survival in Node-Positive (N1) Prostate Cancer: A Prospective Study Based on Data from a Swedish Population-Based Cohort2003In: European Urology, ISSN 0302-2838, E-ISSN 1873-7560, Vol. 43, no 6, p. 627-631Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: At presentation of prostate cancer, patients with proven lymph node metastasis (N1) are comparatively rare. It is difficult to give prognostic information based on the present literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of known risk factors in patients with pelvic node involvement and without distant metastasis.

    Methods: From the population-based, prospective prostate cancer tumour registry of the South–East Region in Sweden, we collected data on all 181 patients with N1, M0 prostate cancer diagnosed from January 1987 to October 2000 with a follow-up to December 2001. Mean follow-up was 62 months. Pre-operative risk factors as age, T-category, serum PSA, tumour grade and also primary treatment given was correlated to the outcome.

    Results: Median age at diagnosis was 65 years. Cancer-specific survival was highly variable with 5-year survival of 72%, a median of 8 years and the projected 13-year figure was 31%. T-category, age, PSA or treatment did not affect the outcome while poorly differentiated tumours had a tendency towards lower cancer-specific survival (p=0.0523) when compared to well and moderately differentiated tumours.

    Conclusions: This population-based cohort of prostate cancer patients with pelvic node involvement treated principally with non-curative intent had a median cancer-specific survival of 8 years. Preoperatively known risk factors seem to have but a modest impact on the prognosis for patients in this stage of the disease.

  • 12.
    Baker, Ann-Marie
    et al.
    University of Aberdeen.
    Sun, Xiao-Feng
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Southall, Stacey M
    Institute for Cancer Research.
    Wilson, Jon R
    Institute for Cancer Research.
    Erler, Janine T
    Institute for Cancer Research.
    The Role of Lysyl Oxidase in SRC-Dependent Proliferation and Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer2011In: JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE, ISSN 0027-8874, Vol. 103, no 5, p. 407-424Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background Emerging evidence implicates lysyl oxidase (LOX), an extracellular matrix-modifying enzyme, in promoting metastasis of solid tumors. We investigated whether LOX plays an important role in the metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods We analyzed LOX expression in a patient CRC tissue microarray consisting of normal colon mucosa (n = 49), primary (n = 510), and metastatic (n = 198) tissues. LOX was overexpressed in CRC cell line SW480 (SW480+LOX), and the expression was knocked down in CRC cell line SW620 using LOX-specific short hairpin RNA (SW620+shLOX). Effect of LOX manipulation on three-dimensional cell proliferation and invasion was characterized in vitro. Effect of LOX manipulation on tumor proliferation and metastasis was investigated in a subcutaneous tumor mouse model (n = 3 mice per group) and in an intrasplenic metastatic mouse model (n = 3 mice per group). The mechanism of LOX-mediated effects via v-src sarcoma (Schmidt-Ruppin A-2) viral oncogene homolog (avian) (SRC) was investigated using dasatinib, an inhibitor of SRC activation. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results Compared with normal colon tissue (n = 49), LOX expression was statistically significantly increased in tumor tissues (n = 510) of CRC patients (P andlt; .001), and a greater increase was observed in metastatic tissue (n = 198). SW480+LOX cells showed a statistically significantly increased three-dimensional proliferation (P = .037) and invasion (P = .015), whereas SW620+shLOX cells showed reduced proliferation (P = .011) and invasion (P = .013) compared with controls. Subcutaneous tumor growth in mice was statistically significantly increased in SW480+LOX tumors (P = .036) and decreased in SW620+shLOX tumors (P = .048), and metastasis was statistically significantly increased in SW480+LOX tumors (P = .044) and decreased in SW620+shLOX tumors (SW620 control vs SW620+shLOX, mean = 1.0 luminescent signal, 95% confidence interval = 0.3 to 1.7 luminescent signal, vs mean = 0.3 luminescent signal, 95% confidence interval = 0.1 to 0.5 luminescent signal; P = .035) compared with controls. LOX-mediated effects on tumor progression were associated with SRC activation, and these effects were inhibited by dasatinib. Conclusions LOX showed an important role in CRC cell proliferation and metastasis and was dependent on the activation of SRC. These results have the potential to identify patients with high SRC activity, who may benefit from dasatinib treatment.

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  • 13.
    Bendrik, Christina
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Dabrosin, Charlotta
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Estradiol Increases IL-8 Secretion of Normal Human Breast Tissue and Breast Cancer In Vivo2009In: Journal of Immunology, ISSN 0022-1767, E-ISSN 1550-6606, Vol. 182, no 1, p. 371-378Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    IL-8 or CXCL8 has been associated with tumor angiogenesis, metastasis, and poor prognosis in breast cancer. Estrogen is crucial in breast carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Whether sex steroids affect IL-8 secretion of normal breast tissue or breast cancer is not known. Several cell types in a tissue secrete IL-8. Hence, regulatory mechanisms of IL-8 need to be investigated in whole tissue. We used microdialysis to sample IL-8 in normal human breast tissue in situ in pre- and postmenopausal women, preoperatively in breast cancers of women, and in experimental breast cancer in mice. We found a significant positive correlation between IL-8 and estradiol in normal breast tissue and hormone-dependent breast cancer in vivo. Ex vivo, estradiol exposure increased the IL-8 secretion of normal whole breast tissue in culture. In experimental breast cancer, estradiol increased IL-8 whereas the anti-estrogen tamoxifen inhibited the secretion of IL-8 both in vitro and extracellularly in vivo in tumors of nude mice. An anti-IL-8 Ab inhibited endothelial cell proliferation induced by cancer cell produced IL-8 and tumors with low IL-8 levels exhibited decreased angiogenesis. Our results strongly suggest that estradiol has a critical role in the regulation of IL-8 in normal human breast tissue and human breast cancer. IL-8 may present a novel therapeutic target for estrogen driven breast carcinogenesis and tumor progression.

  • 14.
    Bendrik, Christina
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Dabrosin, Charlotta
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    MMP-3 and MMP-9 Gene Transfer Decrease Growth and Angiogenesis in Breast Cancer Xenografts In Vivo2009Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are largely implicated in tumor behaviour due to their extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling capacities. Although MMP activity generally is discussed in terms of facilitating tumor invasion, MMP inhibition in clinical trials has failed. Increasing amounts of data show that MMPs may inhibit tumor progression by generating anti-angiogenic factors such as endostatin from the tumoral stroma. We have previously shown that intratumoral gene transfer of MMP-9 induced tumor regression and reduced angiogenesis of breast cancer in vivo. Whether MMP activities induce tumor progression or regression may depend on type of MMP and the expression level in the tumor tissue. In this study we treated established breast cancers in nude mice with adenovirus vectors carrying the human genes of MMP-3 or MMP-9 in low or high dose. Microdialysis was used to sample endostatin in situ and tumor growth was monitored for 35 days. Tumors in mice treated with low-dose of either MMP-3 or MMP-9 vectors exhibited tumor stasis throughout the experiment whereas high-dose gene transfer of either MMP-3 or MMP-9 induced significant tumor regression compared to controls treated with empty vectors. The extracellular in vivo levels of endostatin were increased in tumors that received either high or low MMP-3 or MMP-9 gene transfer and these tumors exhibited decreased microvessel area compared to controls. Our results propose that increased expression of MMP-3 and MMP-9 have therapeutic effects of established breast cancer in a dose dependent manner where a slight increase of MMP expression results in tumor stasis and a high expression of either MMP-3 or MMP-9 by gene transfer results in a potent tumor regression.

  • 15.
    Bendrik, Christina
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Dabrosin, Charlotta
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    MMP-3 and MMP-9 Gene Transfer Decrease Growth and Angiogenesis in Breast Cancer Xenografts In Vivo in CANCER RESEARCH, vol 69, issue 24, pp 761S-761S2009In: CANCER RESEARCH, 2009, Vol. 69, no 24, p. 761S-761SConference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    n/a

  • 16.
    Bendrik, Christina
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Karlsson, Lisa
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Dabrosin, Charlotta
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Increased endostatin generation and decreased angiogenesis via MMP-9 by tamoxifen in hormone dependent ovarian cancer2010In: CANCER LETTERS, ISSN 0304-3835, Vol. 292, no 1, p. 32-40Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There are several similarities between breast and ovarian cancer but anti-estrogen treatment is rarely used in ovarian cancer. We have previously shown that the most widely used anti-estrogen tamoxifen increased MMP-9 activity and endostatin generation in breast cancer. Here, we show that tamoxifen exposure of highly hormone responsive ovarian cancer cells decreased proliferation, and increased MMP-9 activity leading to increased levels of endostatin both in cell culture in vitro and in solid tumors of nude mice. Tamoxifen exposed tumors also exhibited significantly decreased tumor growth and vascularisation. Moreover, in ascites from ovarian cancer patients, MMP-9 was undetectable in majority of cases but a significant correlation of MMP-2 and endostatin was found. The effects on MMPs and endostatin generation are previously unknown mechanisms of estradiol and tamoxifen in ovarian cancer, which may have therapeutic implications in future anti-cancer options of hormone dependent ovarian cancer.

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  • 17.
    Bendrik, Christina
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Robertson, Jennifer
    Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
    Gauldie, Jack
    Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
    Dabrosin, Charlotta
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Gene transfer of matrix metalloproteinase-9 induces tumor regression of breast cancer in vivo2008In: Cancer Research, ISSN 0008-5472, E-ISSN 1538-7445, Vol. 68, no 9, p. 3405-3412Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are important regulators of angiogenesis and tumor progression by degradation of extracellular matrix. Clinical trials using MMP inhibitors have failed and recent studies suggest that MMPs may in contrast suppress tumor growth. It is not known, however, if MMPs or their inhibitors, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP), can be used as therapy of established cancer. Here, adenovirus vectors carrying the human genes for MMP-9, TIMP-1, or empty controls were injected intratumorally in breast cancers established in mice supplemented with estradiol and treated with tamoxifen. Microdialysis was used to quantify MMP activity and sampling of endostatin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in situ. We show that AdMMP-9 increased MMP activity in vivo, decreased tumor growth rate, and decreased microvessel area significantly. AdMMP-9 therapy resulted in significantly increased levels of endostatin in vivo, whereas VEGF levels were unaffected. As previously shown, tamoxifen exposure by itself increased MMP activity in all treatment groups. Moreover, the combined therapy with AdMMP-9 and tamoxifen further reduced tumor growth and increased the endostatin levels compared with either treatment alone. Gene transfer of TIMP-1 had no effects on tumor progression and counteracted the therapeutic effect of tamoxifen in our breast cancer model. This is the first report showing that overexpression of MMP-9 results in increased generation of antiangiogenic fragments, decreased angiogenesis, and therapeutic effects of established breast cancer.

  • 18. Bergh, Jonas
    et al.
    Wiklund, Tom
    Erikstein, Björn
    Lidbrink, Elisabet
    Lindman, Henrik
    Malmström, Per
    Kellokumpu-Lehtinen, Pirkko
    Bengtsson, Nils-Olof
    Söderlund, Gustaf
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Anker, Gun
    Wist, Erik
    Ottosson, Susanne
    Salminen, Eeva
    Ljungman, Per
    Holte, Harald
    Nilsson, Jonas
    Blomqvist, Carl
    Wilking, Nils
    Tailored fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide compared with marrow-supported high-dose chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment for high-risk breast cancer: A randomised trial2000In: The Lancet, ISSN 0140-6736, E-ISSN 1474-547X, Vol. 356, no 9239, p. 1384-1391Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Chemotherapy drug distribution varies greatly among individual patients. Therefore, we developed an individualised fluorouracil, epirubicin, cyclophosphamide (FEC) regimen to improve outcomes in patients with high-risk early breast cancer. We then did a randomised trial to compare this individually tailored FEC regimen with conventional adjuvant chemotherapy followed by consolidation with high-dose chemotherapy with stem-cell support. Methods: 525 women younger than 60 years of age with high-risk primary breast cancer were randomised after surgery to receive nine cycles of tailored FEC to haematological equitoxicity with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) support (n=251), or three cycles of FEC at standard doses followed by high-dose chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, thiotepa, and carboplatin (CTCb), and peripheral-blood stem-cell or bone-marrow support (n=274). Both groups received locoregional radiation therapy and tamoxifen for 5 years. The primary outcome measure was relapse-free survival, and analysis was by intention to treat. Findings: At a median follow-up of 34.3 months, there were 81 breast-cancer relapses in the tailored FEC group versus 113 in the CTCb group (double triangular method p=0.04). 60 deaths occurred in the tailored FEC group and 82 in the CTCb group (log-rank p=0.12). Patients in the CTCb group experienced more grade 3 or 4 acute toxicity compared with the tailored FEC group (p<0.0001). Two treatment-related deaths (0.7%) occurred in the CTCb group. Six patients in the tailored FEC group developed acute myeloid leukaemia and three developed myelodysplastic syndrome. Interpretation: Tailored FEC with G-CSF support resulted in a significantly improved relapse-free survival and fewer grade 3 and 4 toxicities compared with marrow-supported high-dose chemotherapy with CTCb as adjuvant therapy of women with high-risk primary breast cancer.

  • 19. Berglund, P
    et al.
    Stighall, M
    Jirström, K
    Rydén, L
    Ferno, M
    Nordenskjöld, Bo
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Landberg, G
    Cyclin E confers a prognostic value in premenopausal breast cancer patients with tumours exhibiting an infiltrative growth pattern2008In: Journal of Clinical Pathology, ISSN 0021-9746, E-ISSN 1472-4146, Vol. 61, no 2, p. 184-191Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims: To investigate the prognostic value of cyclin E in relation to tumour growth pattern by analysing stage II primary breast cancers from premenopausal women not subjected to any further adjuvant treatment. To analyse the value of cyclin E as a predictor of tamoxifen response, by comparing untreated and treated patients with oestrogen receptor positive tumours. Methods: Breast cancer samples, assembled in tissue microarrays, were immunohistochemically stained for cyclin E and evaluated regarding the presence of nuclear staining. The overall growth characteristics of each tumour were assessed using whole tissue sections. Results: Tumours displaying a pushing margin phenotype were strongly associated with high cyclin E levels, lymph node negative disease, a high histological grade and oestrogen receptor negativity, and exhibited a better prognosis compared to tumours with an infiltrative growth pattern. In the total cohort of non-treated patients (n = 187), cyclin E was not associated with recurrence free survival (RFS). However, when analysing the subgroup of tumours lacking a pushing growth pattern (n = 141), cyclin E was significantly associated with RFS, independent of histological grade and node status. There was no significant difference in tamoxifen response with regard to different cyclin E levels. Conclusion: The prognostic value of cyclin E in premenopausal breast cancer is limited to patients with breast carcinomas exhibiting an exclusively infiltrative growth pattern. This limitation could be explained by the presence of a small but distinct subgroup of cyclin E-high breast cancers with a pushing margin phenotype and a more favourable outcome.

  • 20. Bergman, Vivi
    et al.
    Leanderson, Per
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Pain and Occupational Centre, Occupational and Environmental Medicine Centre.
    Starkhammar, Hans
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Tagesson, Christer
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Pain and Occupational Centre, Occupational and Environmental Medicine Centre.
    Urinary excretion of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and malondialdehyde after high dose radiochemotherapy preceding stem cell transplantation2004In: Free Radical Biology & Medicine, ISSN 0891-5849, E-ISSN 1873-4596, Vol. 36, no 3, p. 300-306Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The urinary excretion of the hydroxylated DNA base 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) was monitored in 11 patients with hematological malignancies undergoing total body irradiation and high-dose chemotherapy preceding bone marrow transplantation. Nine patients showed a prompt increase in urinary 8-OHdG (8-25 times the initial baseline level) on days 0-7 after irradiation onset, the excretion then decreased during the aplastic period and increased again when engraftment took place (in 7 patients). A significant positive correlation was found between urinary 8-OHdG and whole blood leukocyte count, both on day 5 (p = .04, r = .72) and on day 22 (p = .009, r = .80) after irradiation onset. One patient who lacked the first peak of 8-OHdG excretion showed low blood leukocyte counts (less than 2×109/l) before therapy onset, this patient, however, later had a successful engraftment and then also showed considerable increases in both 8-OHdG excretion and leukocyte count. These observations suggest leukocytes play a part in the excretion of 8-OHdG after conditioning therapy preceding bone marrow transplantation. As opposed to the biphasic 8-OHdG excretion, the excretion of MDA showed a single peak appearing on days 11-19 after radiochemotherapy onset, i.e., during the period in which the patients suffered from cytopenia, mucositis, and other side effects of the treatment. It is suggested, therefore, that these clinical manifestations are associated with increased lipid peroxidation. Altogether, these findings illustrate the utility of serial urinary samples for monitoring oxidative stress due to conditioning therapy in clinical practice. They also demonstrate that different oxidative stress markers may behave quite differently regarding their appearance in the urine after whole-body oxidative stress.

  • 21.
    Bergmann, T K
    et al.
    University of South Denmark.
    Brasch-Andersen, C
    University of South Denmark.
    Green, Henrik
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Mirza, M
    Odense University Hospital.
    Pedersen, R S
    University of South Denmark.
    Nielsen, F
    University of South Denmark.
    Skougaard, K
    Herlev Hospital.
    Wihl, J
    Lund Hospital.
    Keldsen, N
    Herning Hospital.
    Damkier, P
    Odense University Hospital.
    Friberg, L E
    Uppsala University.
    Peterson, Curt
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Vach, W
    University of South Denmark.
    Karlsson, M O
    Uppsala University.
    Brosen, K
    University of South Denmark.
    Impact of CYP2C8*3 on paclitaxel clearance: a population pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenomic study in 93 patients with ovarian cancer2011In: PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL, ISSN 1470-269X, Vol. 11, no 2, p. 113-120Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of CYP2C8*3 and three genetic ABCB1 variants on the elimination of paclitaxel. We studied 93 Caucasian women with ovarian cancer treated with paclitaxel and carboplatin. Using sparse sampling and nonlinear mixed effects modeling, the individual clearance of unbound paclitaxel was estimated from total plasma paclitaxel and Cremophor EL. The geometric mean of clearance was 385 l h(-1) (range 176-726 l h(-1)). Carriers of CYP2C8*3 had 11% lower clearance than non-carriers, P = 0.03. This has not been shown before in similar studies; the explanation is probably the advantage of using both unbound paclitaxel clearance and a population of patients of same gender. No significant association was found for the ABCB1 variants C1236T, G2677T/A and C3435T. Secondarily, other candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms were explored with possible associations found for CYP2C8*4 (P = 0.04) and ABCC1 g.7356253C andgt; G (P = 0.04).

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  • 22. Berhelsen, K
    et al.
    Hansen, S
    Rosenberg, Per
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Advanced epithelial ovarian cancer: 1998 consensus statement.1999In: Annals of Oncology, ISSN 0923-7534, E-ISSN 1569-8041, Vol. 10, p. 87-92Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 23. Bernsen, Monique R
    et al.
    Smetsers, Toon
    van der Westerlo, Els
    Ruiter, Dirk
    Håkansson, Leif
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Gustafsson, Bertil
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Pathology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Pathology and Clinical Genetics.
    van Kuppevelt, Toin
    Krysander, Lennart
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burns. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand surgery UHL.
    Rettrup, Björn
    Håkansson, Annika
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Heparan sulphate epitope-expression is associated with the inflammatory response in metastatic malignant melanoma2003In: Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, ISSN 0340-7004, E-ISSN 1432-0851, Vol. 52, no 12, p. 780-783Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Heparan sulphate (HS) represents a heterogeneous class of molecules on cell membranes and extracellular matrices. These molecules are involved in a variety of biological processes, including immune responses, through their binding and functional modulation of proteins. Recently a panel of HS-epitope-specific, human single chain antibodies have been generated by phage display, facilitating analysis of the structural heterogeneity of HS in relation to pathological conditions. In a pilot study a heterogeneous staining pattern in melanoma metastases was observed with one of the clones (EW4G1). Using a double-staining technique, the expression of this epitope was studied in 12 metastatic melanoma lesions in relation to the presence of a CD3 + cell infiltrate. Different staining patterns with EW4G1 were observed in the different lesions. The different staining patterns were associated with the presence and pattern of inflammation with CD3+ cells. A pronounced staining pattern of blood vessels with EW4G1 was associated with a more or less brisk presence of CD3+ cells, while a pronounced staining of tumour cells or tumour cell matrix or absence of staining with EW4G1 was associated with absence of CD3+ cells. These results suggest a dualistic role for HS in the recruitment and intratumoural migration of CD3+ cells, depending on the location of expression of its epitope recognized by EW4G1. Further characterization of the structural diversity of HS and its function in T-cell recruitment and migration is therefore warranted, since detailed understanding of this relation may provide new targets for therapeutic intervention, such that better homing and migration of T cells (in)to tumours might be achieved in immunologically based treatment strategies.

  • 24. Bernsen, MR
    et al.
    Håkansson, Leif
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Gustafsson, Bertil
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Pathology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Pathology and Clinical Genetics.
    Krysander, Lennart
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burns. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand surgery UHL.
    Rettrup, B
    Ruiter, D
    Håkansson, Annika
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    On the biological relevance of MHC class II and B7 expression by tumour cells in melanoma metastases2003In: British Journal of Cancer, ISSN 0007-0920, E-ISSN 1532-1827, Vol. 88, no 3, p. 424-431Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A large number of studies have indicated that specific immune reactivity plays a crucial role in the control of malignant melanoma. In this context, expression of MHC I, MHC II and B7 molecules by melanoma cells is seen as relevant for the immune response against the tumour. For a better understanding of the biological relevance of MHC II and B7 expression by tumour cells in metastatic melanoma, we studied the expression of these molecules in melanoma metastases in relation to the inflammatory response, regression of the tumour and survival from 27 patients treated with biochemotherapy (30 mg m-2 Cisplatin and 250 mg m-2 decarbazine (dimethyl-triazene-imidazole-carboxamide, DTIC) on days 1-3 i.v., and 107 IU IFN-a2b 3 days a week s.c., q. 28d). In 19 out of 27 lesions studied, we found expression of MHC II by the tumour cells, while only in one out of II tumour biopsies obtained from untreated metastatic melanoma patients, MHC II expression was detected. Expression of B7.1 and B7.2 by tumour cells was found in nine out of 24 and 19 out of 24 lesions, respectively. In all cases where B7.1 expression was found, expression of B7.2 by the tumour cells was also seen. In general, no or only few inflammatory cells positive for B7 were found. Expression of MHC II by tumour cells was positively correlated with the presence of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, regression of the lesion, and with time to progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) of the patient. However, no significant correlation between B7.1 or B7.2 expression and regression of the tumour, TTP or OS was found. In light of other recent findings, these data altogether do support a role as biomarker for MHC II expression by tumour cells, however, its exact immunological pathomechanism(s) remain to be established. ⌐ 2003 Cancer Research UK.

  • 25.
    Bostner, Josefine
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Ahnström Waltersson, Marie
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Fornander, T
    Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Skoog, L
    Department of Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Nordenskjöld, Bo
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Stål, Olle
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Amplification of CCND1 and PAK1 as predictors of recurrence and tamoxifen resistance in postmenopausal breast cancer.2007In: Oncogene, ISSN 0950-9232, E-ISSN 1476-5594, Vol. 26, no 49, p. 6997-7005Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The 11q13 region is amplified in approximately 15% of all breast tumors. Situated in this region are the cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) and the p-21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) gene. Both genes encode proteins shown to activate the estrogen receptor (ER), leading to transcription of CCND1 and other ER-responsive genes. Here, we investigate the prognostic and treatment predictive role of CCND1 and PAK1 gene amplification in postmenopausal breast cancer patients randomized to tamoxifen treatment or no adjuvant treatment. Amplification of CCND1 and PAK1, assessed by real-time PCR, was observed in 12.5 and 9.3%, respectively. Amplification of PAK1 was seen in 37% of the CCND1-amplified tumors, indicating coamplification (P<0.001). In ER-positive patients, amplification of at least one of the genes indicated a reduced recurrence-free survival (P=0.025). When response to tamoxifen treatment was analysed, patients with PAK1 amplification showed decreased benefit from the drug (ER+; relative risk ratio (RR)=1.62; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.47-5.55) compared to patients without amplification (ER+; RR=0.53; 95% CI, 0.32-0.88). This was not evident for CCND1 amplification. We show that PAK1 may be a predictor of tamoxifen resistance and furthermore, we do not discard PAK1 as a potential candidate oncogene in the 11q13 amplicon. In addition, we show that high pak1 protein levels may predict tamoxifen insensitivity.

  • 26.
    Bostner, Josefine
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Fornander, T
    Karolinska Instititute.
    Skoog, L
    Karolinska Instititute.
    Nordenskjöld, Bo
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Stal, Olle
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Estrogen Receptor alpha Phosphorylation on Serine 305, p21-Activated Kinase 1 and Tamoxifen Response in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer in CANCER RESEARCH, vol 69, issue 24, pp 596S-596S2009In: CANCER RESEARCH, 2009, Vol. 69, no 24, p. 596S-596SConference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    n/a

  • 27.
    Bostner, Josefine
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Skoog, Lambert
    Karolinska University Hospital.
    Fornander, Tommy
    Karolinska University Hospital.
    Nordenskjöld, Bo
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Stål, Olle
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Estrogen Receptor-alpha Phosphorylation at Serine 305, Nuclear p21-Activated Kinase 1 Expression, and Response to Tamoxifen in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer2010In: Clinical Cancer Research, ISSN 1078-0432, E-ISSN 1557-3265, Vol. 16, no 5, p. 1624-1633Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: In vitro, p21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1) phosphorylates the serine 305 residue of the estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) and influences the response of breast cancer cells to tamoxifen. We investigated the influence of Pak1 and pER alpha(ser305) on breast cancer prognosis and results of tamoxifen therapy. Experimental Design: We examined Pak1 and pER alpha(ser305) protein by immunohistochemistry in a series of 912 tumors from node-negative breast cancer patients randomized to tamoxifen or no adjuvant endocrine treatment. Results: Cytoplasmic Pak1 correlated to large tumors and ER negativity, whereas nuclear Pak1 and pER alpha(ser305) correlated to small tumors and ER positivity. Nuclear expression of Pak1 and pER alpha(ser305) predicted reduced response to tamoxifen in patients with ER alpha-positive tumors (tamoxifen versus no tamoxifen: hazard ratio (HR), 1.33; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.42-4.2; P = 0.63), whereas patients lacking this combination benefitted significantly from tamoxifen (HR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.30-0.62; P less than 0.0001). Similar nonsignificant trends were detected in analyses of the proteins separately. Pak1 in the cytoplasm was an independent prognostic marker, indicating increased recurrence rate (HR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.17-2.74; P = 0.0068) and breast cancer mortality (HR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.14-3.46; P = 0.016) for patients randomized to no adjuvant treatment. Conclusion: Our results suggest that patients with tumors expressing Pak1 and pER alpha(ser305) in combination are a group in which tamoxifen treatment is insufficient. In addition, the pathway may be of interest as a drug target in breast cancer. Furthermore, the findings support previous studies showing that Pak1 has differential roles in the cytoplasm and the nucleus.

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  • 28.
    Bourghardt Peebo, Beatrice
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Ophthalmology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of Ophthalmology UHL.
    Gan, Lisha
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Ophthalmology.
    Sun, Xiao-Feng
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Knutsen Holmqvist, Annica
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Rearden, Ann
    Fagerholm, Per
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Ophthalmology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Reconstruction Centre, Department of Ophthalmology UHL.
    Expression of the focal adhesion protein PINCH in normal and alkali-injured corneas and the role of PMNs2007In: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica, ISSN 1395-3907, E-ISSN 1600-0420, Vol. 85, no 4, p. 395-400Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: To evaluate the role of particularly interesting new cysteine-histidine-rich protein (PINCH) in corneal wound healing and early neovascularization and to assess the influence of granulocytes. Methods: A standardized corneal alkali wound was inflicted under general anaesthesia to the right eye of 14 New Zealand White rabbits. Seven of the rabbits received i.v. 5 mg/kg fucoidin every 2 hours to prevent granulocytes from entering the wound area. After 36 hours, the rabbits were killed, the corneas excised, fixed in 4% formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. The sections were double-stained with antibodies against PINCH and with haematoxylin. Results: In the normal cornea and limbus, PINCH was weakly expressed in the corneal epithelium and in a wedge of the conjunctival stroma. In the wounded corneas, PINCH expression was seen in the frontline of repopulating endothelial and epithelial cells, and in active keratocytes. The vascular endothelium and the granulocytes expressed PINCH, as did the conjunctival epithelium. In the fucoidin-treated rabbits, PINCH expression was markedly reduced. The vascular endothelial cells and the few granulocytes did not express PINCH in these rabbits. Conclusions: PINCH is only slightly expressed in the normal cornea. A corneal wound induces PINCH expression in the repopulating cells, in the vascular endothelial cells of the limbus, in the limbal epithelium and in the granulocytes. Exclusion of granulocytes reduces expression of PINCH and there is no expression at all in the vascular endothelium. © 2007 The Authors Journal compilation 2007 Acta Ophthalmol Scand.

  • 29. Bu, H
    et al.
    Rosdahl, Inger
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of dermatology and venereology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Venerology in Östergötland.
    Holmdahl-Källén, K
    Sun, Xiao-Feng
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Zhang, Hong
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of dermatology and venereology.
    Significance of glutathione S-transferases M1, T1 and P1 polymorphisms in Swedish melanoma patients.2007In: Oncology Reports, ISSN 1021-335X, E-ISSN 1791-2431, Vol. 17, no 4, p. 859-864Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 were examined in melanoma patients and tumor-free individuals. Relationships between the polymorphisms and tumor characteristics and pigment phenotypes of the patients were analyzed. There was no significant difference in GSTM1 null and GSTT1 null genotypes nor GSTP1 GG genotype between melanoma patients and controls. In melanoma patients, these polymorphisms were not correlated with early or later onset of melanomas or gender of the patients. Frequency of GSTM1 null genotype was higher in patients with melanoma >2.5 mm than in those with tumors <1.0 mm, and higher frequency was found in nodular melanoma than in the other tumor types. GSTP1 GG genotype was more often found in the patients with brown and mixed eye color or brown and black hair than those with blue and green eyes or blond hair. It is unlikely that polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 are general risk factors for melanoma in the Swedish population. GSTM1 null genotype was correlated with Breslow thickness and tumor type, which might serve as an additional biomarker for a rapid tumor progression. GSTP1 GG increases risk for melanoma in the subgroup of individuals with dark eyes or hair.

  • 30.
    Bu, Huajie
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Rosdahl, Inger
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Dermatology and Venerology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Venerology in Östergötland.
    Sun, Xiao-Feng
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Holmdahl-Källenand, Katarina
    Zhang, Hong
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Dermatology and Venerology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Importance of polymorphisms at NF-κB1 and NF-κBIα genes in melanoma risk, clinicopathological features and tumor progression in Swedish melanoma patients2007In: Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, ISSN 0171-5216, E-ISSN 1432-1335, Vol. 133, no 11, p. 859-866Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study, functional polymorphisms of NF-κB1 and NF-κBIα genes were examined in 185 melanoma patients and 438 tumor-free individuals. Associations of the polymorphisms with melanoma risk, age and pigment phenotypes of the patients and clinico-pathological tumor characteristics were analyzed. DNAs were isolated from mononuclear cells of venous blood. Polymorphisms of the genes were genotyped by a PCR-RFLP technique, and transcription level of NF-κBIα was examined by a quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR. Results showed that both ATTG insertion polymorphism of NF-κB1 and A to G polymorphism of NF-κBIα genes were correlated with melanoma risk, especially, in a combination of ATTG2/ATTGT2 and GG. NF-κB1 ATTG2/ATTG2 and NF-κBIα GG genotypes were associated with male gender and age > 65 years (at diagnosis). Patients with ATTG1/ATTG1 genotype had thinner tumors and lower Clark levels at diagnosis. Frequency of ATTG1/ATTG1 genotype was higher in patients with melanomas on intermittently sun-exposed pattern of the body and NF-κBIα GG was more frequent in the patients with melanomas at rarely exposed sites. There were no differences in the gene transcription level between patients with different NF-κBIα genotypes. These data suggest that NF-κB1 and NF-κBIα genes might be susceptible genes for melanoma risk and functional polymorphisms of these genes might be biological predictors for melanoma progression.

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  • 31.
    Bu, Huajie
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Dermatology and Venerology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Rosdahl, Inger
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Dermatology and Venerology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Venerology in Östergötland.
    Sun, Xiao-Feng
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Zhang, Hong
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Dermatology and Venerology. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences.
    Genotype < 21CAs/>= 21CAs and allele < 21CAs of the MANBA gene in melanoma risk and progression in a Swedish population2009In: Molecular medicine reports, ISSN 1791-2997, Vol. 2, no 2, p. 259-263Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cutaneous melanoma is characterized by poor patient outcome in its later stages. The search for genetic markers is therefore crucial for the identification of populations at risk for melanoma. Highly polymorphic CA repeats in 3 proximity in the MANBA gene were examined by PCR-capillary electrophoresis in 185 Swedish melanoma patients and 441 tumor-free age- and gender-matched individuals. The associations of the polymorphisms with melanoma risk, the pigment phenotypes of the patients and tumor characteristics were analyzed. A significant difference in allelic distribution between melanoma patients and tumor-free individuals was observed. The frequency of the MANBA genotype <21CAs/>= 21CAs was significantly higher in melanoma patients than in the controls. When comparing allele distribution in patients and their matched controls, the allele <21 CAs was found to be associated with the female gender (39.8 vs. 31.2%, P=0.041, OR=1.46, 95% Cl 1.02-2.10), but not with male gender (34.4 vs. 30.9%, P=0.39). Within the melanoma group, there were no differences in the distribution of the MANBA alleles associated with patient gender or age before or after 55 years at diagnosis, nor was there any association between the MANBA genotype and pigment phenotype or tumor sites. The MANBA allele <21CAs was, however, associated with thin melanomas at diagnosis (Breslow thickness <= 1.5 mm and Clark levels I and II). In conclusion, these data suggest that MANBA polymorphisms might be an indicator of tumor growth and progression and, together with other markers, could be used to identify individuals at increased risk of melanoma.

  • 32.
    Börjeson, Sussanne
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Care, Nursing Science. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Creating practical antiematic guidelines2002In: Newsletter, ISSN 0260-5104, Vol. 9Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 33.
    Börjeson, Sussanne
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Nursing Science. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Hursti, T.J.
    Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Tishelman, C.
    Department of Nursing, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Peterson, Curt
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Steineck, G.
    Department of Oncology/Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Treatment of nausea and emesis during cancer chemotherapy: Discrepancies between antiemetic effect and well-being2002In: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, ISSN 0885-3924, E-ISSN 1873-6513, Vol. 24, no 3, p. 345-358Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between antiemetic effect and well-being in patients receiving four different antiemetic treatment strategies, representing developments in the field during the past 15 years. A total of 162 women with ovarian cancer receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy and participating in two comparative antiemetic trials were enrolled and studied for up to four cycles. In study I, a combined antiemetic strategy including a nursing intervention program (increased access to support and increased information) and antiemetics based on high-dose metoclopramide and dexamethasone was compared with the standard antiemetic treatment during the 1980s. In study II, ondansetron plus dexamethasone/placebo was evaluated. The assessment methods used were similar for all patients. Questionnaires were used to assess frequency, intensity, and duration of nausea, emesis, anxiety, pain, and well-being at baseline, and for acute (24 hours after chemotherapy) and delayed (up to 2 weeks after chemotherapy) symptoms. The mean intensity of acute nausea during the first cycle was higher in the groups in study I, as compared to the groups in study II. The group receiving a nursing intervention reported better well-being than the other groups. Duration of nausea was an important predictor of well-being, even when nausea intensity was controlled. Apart from nausea intensity, nausea duration and nursing interventions may be important determinants for well-being during chemotherapy. © U.S. Cancer Pain Relief Committee, 2002.

  • 34.
    Börjeson, Sussanne
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Nursing Science. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Johansson, Birgitta
    Uppsala.
    Onkologisk omvårdnad2008In: Onkologi, Liber AB , 2008, 1, p. 232-242Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Onkologisk omvårdnad har utvecklats i ett nära och unikt samarbete mellan kliniska specialister och erfarna lärare inom området. Boken är indelad i tre delar som var för sig behandlar olika specialområden inom onkologisk vård. Del I ägnas i sin helhet åt de olika kunskaper och färdigheter som sjuksköterskan bör besitta för att kunna tillgodose de behov patienter med cancer och deras närstående har i mötet med sjukdomen och behandlingen. Del II ger en introduktion i allmän onkologi med epidemiologi, genetik, klassifikation, diagnostik, behandlingsprinciper och behandlingsformer. Del III beskriver de viktigaste sjukdomsgrupperna, deras behandling samt speciella omvårdnadsproblem och åtgärder. Boken riktar sig i första hand till specialistutbildningen till onkologisjuksköterska och till sjuksköterskor som är verksamma på sjukhus eller andra vårdinstitutioner samt inom hemsjukvården. Vissa delar är även lämpliga för grundutbildningen.

  • 35.
    Börjeson, Sussanne
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Nursing Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Langius-Eklöf, Ann
    Örebro Universitet.
    Tishelman, Carol
    Karolinska Institutet.
    State of Science Conference in Cancer Care - identification of front line research topics2010In: Acta Oncologica, ISSN 0284-186X, E-ISSN 1651-226X, Vol. 49, no 2, p. 134-135Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 36. Carlsson, L
    et al.
    Håkansson, Annika
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Nordenskjöld, Bo
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Common cancer-related symptoms among GP patients - Opportunistic screening in primary health care2001In: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, ISSN 0281-3432, E-ISSN 1502-7724, Vol. 19, no 3, p. 199-203Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective-To study the occurrence of symptoms related to the five most common forms of cancer among patients regularly visiting primary care. To estimate the proportion of symptoms needing GP examination, and the number of tumours thus diagnosed. Design-Patients with some form of non-malignant chronic disease received a letter with information about cancer-related symptoms along with an invitation to regular check-up. The letter described the most common symptoms of breast, colorectal, lung, prostate and skin cancers. Setting-12 health centres in Kalmar County, Sweden. Subjects-5200 patients aged over 40 years. Results-One patient in 13 reported cancer-related symptoms to the GP. Women reported more symptoms than men, and almost half of them had had symptoms at previous check-ups. The GP was able to explain 7 out of 10 patients' symptoms directly. When other symptoms were examined, 8 cancers were diagnosed as well as 6 pre-malignant tumours, corresponding to 3 tumour diagnoses per 1000 check-ups. Conclusion-While attending regular check-ups, patients may not report symptoms which cause anxiety and sometimes indicate serious diseases. It is possible to widen the perspective and link both primary and secondary prevention of certain cancers to the check-up.

  • 37.
    Chavez Sanchez, B
    et al.
    Karolinska Institute & University Hospital.
    Sundqvist, M
    Kalmar Hospital.
    Stål, Olle
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Linderholm, B
    PROLONGED TAMOXIFEN TREATMENT INCREASES SURVIVAL FOR PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY BREAST CANCERS EXPRESSING HIGH LEVELS OF VEGF2009In: in ANNALS OF ONCOLOGY, vol 20, 2009, Vol. 20, p. 47-47Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 38.
    Clinchy, Birgitta
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery.
    Fransson, Annelie
    Druvefors, Pelle
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of surgery. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Surgery in Östergötland.
    Hellsten, Anna
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery.
    Håkansson, Annika
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Gustafsson, Bertil
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Pathology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Pathology and Clinical Genetics.
    Sjödahl, Rune
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Division of surgery. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Surgery in Östergötland.
    Håkansson, Leif
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Preoperative interleukin-6 production by mononuclear blood cells predicts survival after radical surgery for colorectal carcinoma2007In: Cancer, ISSN 0008-543X, E-ISSN 1097-0142, Vol. 109, no 9, p. 1742-1749Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND. Colorectal cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer in the Western world. Staging based on histopathology is currently the most accurate predictor of outcome after surgery. Colorectal cancer is curable if treated at an early stage (stage I-III). However, for tumors in stages II and III there is a great need for tests giving more accurate prognostic information defining the patient population in need of closer follow-up and/or adjuvant therapy. Furthermore, tests that provide prognostic information preoperatively could provide a guide both for preoperative oncologic treatment and the surgical procedure. METHODS. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated preoperatively, within a week before primary surgery, from 39 patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer. The PBMCs were cultured in vitro for 24 hours in the presence of autologous serum and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) production was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Staging based on histopathology was performed in all patients. Patients were followed for at least 54 months. RESULTS. A production of >5000 pg/mL of IL-6 identified colorectal cancer patients with a poor prognosis. Eight out of 13 patients with >5000 pg/mL IL-6 died from cancer within the follow-up period, whereas no cancer-related deaths were recorded among 21 patients with 5000 pg/mL IL-6 or less. A multivariate Cox regression analysis, stratified for T- and N-stage, identified IL-6 production as an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS. IL-6 production in vitro by PBMC can predict survival after radical surgery for colorectal cancer. © 2007 American Cancer Society.

  • 39. Clinchy, Birgitta
    et al.
    Gunnerås, Marie
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology.
    Håkansson, Annika
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Håkansson, Leif
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Production of IL-1Ra by human mononuclear blood cells in vitro: Influence of serum factors2006In: Cytokine, ISSN 1043-4666, E-ISSN 1096-0023, Vol. 34, no 5-6, p. 320-330Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In vitro cell culture models that measure cytokine production can be of great value when analyzing regulatory mechanisms underlying various pathological conditions. However, testing the function of peripheral blood cells has to take into consideration that serum factors are likely to be of importance in maintaining their function. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is a cytokine of key importance in immune regulation and is believed to be involved in numerous pathological processes, such as autoimmunity and cancer. We investigated the influence of normal, human serum on spontaneous production of IL-1Ra by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro. IL-1Ra production in vitro spanned over a wide range of concentrations, which could be attributed to a combined effect of both cellular parameters and properties of the serum used. The production of IL-1Ra in vitro could be correlated to the level of immobilized IgG, especially IgG1 and IgG3, which is adsorbed from the serum and bound to the tissue culture wells during culture. However, the amount of serum IgG adsorbed to the tissue culture wells could not necessarily be predicted based on the serum concentration of IgG. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 40.
    Clinchy, Birgitta
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine.
    Youssefi, Reza
    Håkansson, Leif
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Differences in adsorption of serum proteins and production of IL-1ra by human monocytes incubated in different tissue culture microtiter plates2003In: JIM - Journal of Immunological Methods, ISSN 0022-1759, E-ISSN 1872-7905, Vol. 282, no 1-2, p. 53-61Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In vitro cell culture models can be of great value in order to further analyze the regulatory mechanisms underlying the inappropriate function of the immune system in diseases such as autoimmunity and cancer. Cell culture conditions have to be well controlled in a way that they mirror the in vivo situation. The objective of this study was to compare tissue culture microtiter plates from different manufacturers with respect to their ability to support monokine production by human monocytes cultured in human serum. Tissue culture ware, made of polystyrene, undergoes treatment by the manufacturers to make the surface more suitable for culture of adherent cell populations. It is possible that quality differences in this treatment can lead to variations in protein binding properties and thereby influence the adherence and functional properties of monocytes. We measured spontaneous interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) production by peripheral blood monocytes, cultured in human serum, in five different microtiter plates made for adherent cell culture. Culture in plates from two of the five manufacturers resulted in significantly lower amounts of secreted IL-1ra. IL-1ra release by human monocytes can be induced by adherent IgG cross-linking membrane receptors for the Fc part of IgG (Fc?R). We found that reduced IL-1ra production coincided with a reduced capacity for binding of serum IgG in one case. Furthermore, this brand of microtiter plate also displayed the lowest level of adsorption of human albumin. We conclude that the protein adsorption properties of the plastic tissue culture ware have to be taken into consideration when assessing monokine production by human monocytes in vitro.

  • 41.
    Copier, J
    et al.
    St Georges University.
    Dalgleish, A G
    St Georges University.
    Britten, C M
    Leiden University.
    Finke, L H
    Argos Therapeut.
    Gaudernack, G
    Norwegian Radium Hospital.
    Gnjatic, S
    Mem Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre.
    Kallen, K
    Merck KGaA.
    Kiessling, R
    Karolinska Hospital.
    Schuessler-Lenz, M
    Paul Ehrlich Institute.
    Singh, H
    Immat Biotechnol GmbH.
    Talmadge, J
    Department of Pathology & Microbiology, Omaha.
    Zwierzina, H
    Innsbruck.
    Håkansson, L
    Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy2009In: EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER, ISSN 0959-8049, Vol. 45, no 8, p. 1424-1431Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A series of cancer vaccines have been evaluated in clinical trials with encouraging results, but the demonstration of clinical benefit in confirmatory studies has so far proven to be difficult. The development of cancer vaccines is hampered by a range of issues particular to this field of research. On 12th March 2008, the Biotherapy Development Association convened a workshop to discuss issues faced by scientists and clinicians involved in the development of cancer vaccines. This paper is a review of the field, based on discussions held at the BDA workshop, and describes biological barriers encountered in generating effective immune responses to tumours, methodological obstacles encountered in the improvement of immunological monitoring which aims to improve inter-laboratory and inter-trial comparisons, challenges in clinical trial design and problems posed by the lack of specific regulation for cancer vaccines and the impact on their development. Ultimately, a number of general solutions are posed: (1) better patient selection, (2) use of multi-modal treatments that affect several aspects of the immune system at once, (3) a requirement for the development of good biomarkers to stratify patients for selection prior to trial and as surrogates for clinical response and (4) harmonisation of SOPs for immunological monitoring of clinical trials.

  • 42.
    Dabrosin, Charlotta
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Increase of free insulin-like growth factor-1 in normal human breast in vivo late in the menstrual cycle2003In: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, ISSN 0167-6806, E-ISSN 1573-7217, Vol. 80, no 2, p. 193-198Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Prolonged exposure to endogenous and exogenous sex steroids increases the risk of breast cancer but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Increased levels of circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and low levels of IGF binding protein are associated with increased risk of breast cancer suggesting that IGF-1 has to be in its free form to be biologically active. Little is known about sex steroid regulation of IGF-1 locally in the breast. In this study microdialysis was used to determine the local levels of free IGF-1 in normal human breast tissue in healthy female volunteers during the menstrual cycle. The results showed that the extracellular levels of free IGF-1 locally in the breast were doubled in the luteal phase, when estradiol and progesterone levels were elevated, compared with the follicular phase. In plasma, free IGF-1 levels also exhibited a cyclic variation but to a less extent. The increased local levels of the tree form of IGF-1 may promote proliferation in the breast epithelium. This could be important in sex steroid dependent breast cancer development.

  • 43.
    Dabrosin, Charlotta
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Increased extracellular local levels of estradiol in normal breast in vivo during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle2005In: Journal of Endocrinology, ISSN 0022-0795, E-ISSN 1479-6805, Vol. 187, no 1, p. 103-108Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Estrogen exposure is a major risk factor for breast cancer. Tissue estrogen originates from the ovaries but a significant portion is also produced by enzyme activity locally in the breast itself. How these enzymes are regulated is not fully understood. The extracellular space, where the metabolic exchange and cell interactions take place, reflects the environment that surrounds the epithelium but there has been no previous study of hormone concentrations in this compartment. In the present study microdialysis was used to measure extracellular estrogen concentrations in breast tissue and abdominal subcutaneous fat in 12 healthy women in vivo. It was found that women with high plasma progesterone levels had significant increased levels of estradiol in breast tissue compared with fat tissue (breast tissue 168 ± 6 pM, subcutaneous fat, 154 ± 5 pM, P<0.05), whereas women with low plasma progesterone exhibited no difference. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between local breast tissue estradiol and plasma progesterone levels (r=0.709, P<0.01). There was no difference in estrone sulphate in breast and fat tissue regardless of progesterone levels. Estrone was not detectable. The results in this study suggest that progesterone may be one regulator in the local conversion of estrogen precursors into potent estradiol in normal breast tissue. © 2005 Society for Endocrinology.

  • 44.
    Dabrosin, Charlotta
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Microdialysis - an in vivo technique for studies of growth factors in breast cancer.2005Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Changes in the microenvironment are important in the development of cancer and further tumor growth. Although landmark discoveries have been made regarding genetic alterations in cancer at a cellular level very little is known about protein regulation in the extracellular space. In the microenvironment many growth factors are activated at a post-translational level by interactions of different cell types such as epithelial cells, fibroblasts, adipose cells, and immune cells. The extracellular space is the bioactive site for the majority of growth factors and increased knowledge of protein activation in this compartment is of utmost importance for our comprehension of tumor biology. Microdialysis is a minimally invasive technique, which enables sampling of molecules in the extracellular space. It is applicable in human cancer as well as in experimental tumors. This review describes microdialysis, its application and the up to date literature of microdialysis for detection of growth factors in cancer with special emphasis on breast cancer.

  • 45.
    Dabrosin, Charlotta
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Positive correlation between estradiol and vascular endothelial growth factor but not fibroblast growth factor-2 in normal human breast tissue in vivo2005In: Clinical Cancer Research, ISSN 1078-0432, E-ISSN 1557-3265, Vol. 11, no 22, p. 8036-8041Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: Angiogenesis is crucial in tumor development and progression. Ovarian hormones regulate angiogenesis in the reproductive tract but very little is known about its regulation in the normal breast. Sex steroids play an important role in breast cancer development by poorly understood mechanisms. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) are potent stimulators of angiogenesis. Both VEGF and FGF-2 function in autocrine/ paracrine pathways and there is a major contribution of bioactive proteins by a posttranslational activation of sequestered molecules in the extracellular space. A direct measurement of these molecules in the extracellular compartment is, therefore, needed. Experimental Design: In this study, microdialysis was used to measure extracellular VEGF and FGF-2 in normal human breast tissue in situ in 11 premenopausal and 5 postmenopausal women. Results: Significantly higher level of VEGF in breast tissue of premenopausal women was found. Plasma as well as local estradiol and breast tissue VEGF exhibited significant correlations, whereas progesterone had no correlation with breast VEGF. FGF-2 did not correlate with either estradiol or progesterone. Conclusion: The result suggests that estradiol is a more potent regulator of free VEGF levels than progesterone in the normal breast. The control of free FGF-2 seems to be independent of sex steroids in the breast. Estrogen induction of free extracellular VEGF may be one mechanism involved in sex steroid - dependent breast carcinogenesis. © 2005 American Association for Cancer Research.

  • 46.
    Dabrosin, Charlotta
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Sex steroid regulation of angiogenesis in breast tissue2005In: Angiogenesis, ISSN 0969-6970, E-ISSN 1573-7209, Vol. 8, no 2, p. 127-136Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Angiogenesis is essential for normal function in the female reproductive tract and a prerequisite for growth and metastasis of solid tumors. Several factors, both inducers and inhibitors, play essential roles in the regulation of the angiogenic process. Exposure to sex steroids increases the risk of breast cancer but the mechanisms are poorly understood and the importance of angiogenesis in breast carcinogenesis is undefined. In the female reproductive tract ovarian hormones tightly regulate angiogenesis. The breast is also a target organ for sex steroids but very little is known about sex steroid effects on angiogenesis in normal breast tissue and breast cancer. In this review several regulators of angiogenesis, and their relation to sex steroids, in breast tissue are discussed. Increased knowledge in this area is of utmost importance for future therapeutic treatment options and for breast cancer prevention. © Springer 2005.

  • 47.
    Dabrosin, Charlotta
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Oncology . Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Variability of vascular endothelial growth factor in normal human breast tissue in vivo during the menstrual cycle2003In: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 0021-972X, E-ISSN 1945-7197, Vol. 88, no 6, p. 2695-2698Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Exposure to sex steroids increases the risk of breast cancer, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. Angiogenesis is crucial in tumor development and progression. Very little is known about the regulation of angiogenesis in the normal breast. Vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF) has a key stimulatory role in angiogenesis. Interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis in vivo. These factors function in autocrine/paracrine pathways, therefore, direct measurements in the target tissue are needed. I measured VEGF and IP-10 in normal human breast tissue in situ in healthy women, using microdialysis, in the follicular and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. In breast tissue, VEGF levels increased in the luteal phase, compared with the follicular phase (17.8+/-4 pg/ml to 34+/-9 pg/ml, P<0.05). Plasma VEGF did not show a cyclic variation (10.6&PLUSMN,2.8 pg/ml vs. 14.6&PLUSMN,3.5 pg/liter, P=0.3). IP-10 levels did not vary during the menstrual cycle either in breast tissue (65&PLUSMN,17 pg/ml vs. 75&PLUSMN,21 pg/ml, P=0.6) or in plasma (64&PLUSMN,7 pg/ml vs. 81&PLUSMN,10 pg/ml, P=0.06). The data suggests that, in the luteal phase, VEGF and IP-10, in the normal human breast, exhibit a proangiogenic profile. This may be one mechanism by which sex steroids contribute to breast cancer development.

  • 48.
    Dabrosin, Charlotta
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Johansson, Ann-Charlotte
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Pathology.
    Öllinger, Karin
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Neuroscience and Locomotion, Pathology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre for Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Pathology and Clinical Genetics.
    Decreased secretion of Cathepsin D in breast cancer in vivo by tamoxifen: Mediated by the mannose-6-phosphate/IGF-II receptor?2004In: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, ISSN 0167-6806, E-ISSN 1573-7217, Vol. 85, no 3, p. 229-238Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The lysosomal protease Catliepsin D (Cath D) is associated with increased invasiveness and metastasis in breast cancer. Both estrogen and tamoxifen have been reported to increase Cath D, which seems to contradict the efficacy of tamoxifen as an adjuvant for estrogen dependent breast cancer. Cath D is bioactive in the extracellular space but very little is known about hormonal regulation of secreted Cath D in vivo. In this study we used microdialysis to sample the extracellular fluid in estrogen receptor positive MCF-7 tumors in nude mice. We show that tamoxifen in combination with estradiol decreased secreted Cath D compared with estradiol treatment only in solid tumors in situ. Cell culture of MCF-7 cells revealed that estradiol and tamoxifen increased intracellular proteolytic activity of Cath D in a similar fashion whereas secretion of Cath D was increased by estradiol and inhibited by tamoxifen. Immunofluorescence showed that estradiol located Cath D to the cell surface, while tamoxifen accumulated Cath D to dense lysosomes in perinuclear regions. Moreover, tamoxifen increased the intracellular transporter of Cath D, the mannose 6-phosphate/IGF-II receptor (M6P/IGF2R). In contrast, estradiol decreased the levels of this receptor. Thus, secretion of Cath D is hormone dependent and may be mediated by altered expression of the M6P/IGF2R. Our results highlight the importance of measurements of proteins in all compartments where they are biological active and show that microdialysis is a viable technique for sampling of Cath D in vivo.

  • 49.
    Dabrosin, Charlotta
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Margetts, Peter J
    Gauldie, Jack
    Estradiol increases extracellular levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in vivo in murine mammary cancer2003In: International Journal of Cancer, ISSN 0020-7136, E-ISSN 1097-0215, Vol. 107, no 4, p. 535-540Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and metastasis and an important prognostic factor in breast cancer. VEGF, a key factor for angiogenesis, has been correlated with tumor vessel density in breast cancer. Estrogen, another crucial factor in breast cancer, stimulates VEGF, and an ERE in the VEGF gene has been defined. VEGF is bioactive in the extracellular fluid, where it becomes available to endothelial cells. Whether E2 affects VEGF levels in the extracellular fluid is not known. We show, using intratumoral microdialysis in vivo, that E2 treatment increased tumor extracellular levels of VEGF in an estrogen-dependent breast cancer model. Moreover, extracellular levels of VEGF in the tumor showed a strong correlation with total tumor VEGF, contrary to plasma levels of VEGF. Ninety-three percent of measured VEGF in the extracellular fluid in the tumor was tumor-derived, while only 45% of VEGF in circularing plasma originated from the tumor. We conclude that E2 increases extracellular VEGF and that microdialysis is a sensitive method for measurement of local VEGF production in vivo. Our results have potential application to the assessment of tumor characteristics in vivo in human tumors for individualized cancer therapy.

  • 50.
    Dabrosin, Charlotta
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Oncology. Östergötlands Läns Landsting, Centre of Surgery and Oncology, Department of Oncology UHL.
    Palmer, K
    Gauldie, J
    Oestradiol enhances tumour regression induced by B7-I/IL-2 adenoviral gene transfer in a murine model of breast cancer2003In: British Journal of Cancer, ISSN 0007-0920, E-ISSN 1532-1827, Vol. 89, no 2, p. 385-390Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The majority of breast cancers are oestrogen dependent and although current treatment strategies have improved, approximately 50% of the patients will develop metastasis. New treatments that result in long-term systemic immunity are therefore being developed. We have previously shown that adenoviral gene transfer of B7-I/IL-2 to murine breast cancer induces a high rate of complete turnout regression and systemic immunity. Since oestrogens not only affect breast cancer but also have been shown to modulate immune function and secretion of immune-regulatory cytokines, we explored whether administration of oestradiol altered the immune response induced by an adenoviral vector expressing B7-I/IL-2. An oestrogen-dependent murine breast cancer tumour was used in ovariectomised mice, supplemented either oestradiol or placebo. We report the somewhat unexpected finding that intratumoral injection of adenovirus expressing B7-I/IL-2 induces complete turnout regression in 76% of oestradiol-supplemented mice, while only 18% of the tumours regressed in the oestrogen-depleted group. Cured mice in both groups exhibited a similar CTL response against the tumour antigen. However, intratumoral IFN-? levels, 2 days after B7-I/IL-2 injection, were significantly higher in mice treated with oestradiol compared to placebo. This may be one mechanism explaining the higher response rate of tumours in oestradiol-replenished mice.

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