Den här handboken är resultatet av forskningsprojektet ”Affärsmodeller för citylogistik” som har finansierats av Vinnova och genomförts av forskare på Linköpings Universitet vid avdelningen Logistik- & Kvalitetsutveckling under perioden 2015 – 2017. Projektet är en direkt uppföljning av Färdplan Citylogistik – Godstransporter i urbana miljöer som visade att citylogistik och samordnad varudistribution behövs för att kunna driva utvecklingen mot mer hållbara och attraktiva städer med emissionsfria godstransporter. Den här boken presenterar en modell som syftar till att hjälpa kommuner och företag att komma igång med citylogistik och samordnad varudistribution – En affärsmodell som också fungerar som ett beslutsunderlag. Projektet grundar sig också i Forsknings- och innovationsagenda för framtidens logistik, där citylogistik lyfts fram som ett av de viktigaste utvecklingsområdena inom logistikområdet i framtiden.

Framtidens logistik står inför mycket stora utmaningar som har direkt bäring på svenska företags och organisationers förmåga till tillväxt, hållbarhet och konkurrenskraft. 

Det står utom all tvivel att logistikens betydelse kommer att öka ännu mer i framtiden. Vinnare på de globala, rörliga marknaderna kommer ett vara de flödeseffektiva företagen, som har förmåga att hantera förändringarna på marknaden med en effektiv logistik som grund. För att lyckas behövs ett Logistiklyft för Sverige, med ett medvetet fokus på att utveckla de dynamiska förmågorna i företag och organisationer. Detta gäller i de allra flesta branscher och typ av företag.

Den här innovations- och forskningsagendan utgår från den svenska traditionen och internationellt sett unika kunskapen och förmågan att med en systemsyn som grund designa, utveckla och styra komplexa system där flera olika kompetenser samverkar. Logistikens systemkunskap handlar om att lära sig att utforma och styra omfattande och allt mer komplexa försörjningskedjor (supply chains) från råvara till slutkund i syfte att öka svenska företags internationella konkurrenskraft och förmåga att växa på ett miljömässigt och ekonomiskt hållbart sätt. 

Agendan adresserar behovet av kompetens och kunskap för mer innovativ logistikutveckling som följer:

• Utveckling av kunskap om nya och mer innovativa logistiksystem och modeller för industri & handel 
• Tjänsteutveckling för transport/logistik och IT-företag som stöd för mer innovativa logistiksystem, men också att ta till vara och stimulera den omfattande tjänsteutveckling som finns i förnyelsen av svenskt näringsliv, t ex mot högre grad av e-handel. 
• Tillämpning av befintliga logistikkunskaper för områden och sektorer i behov av ett logistiklyft och ökad flödeseffektivitet, t.ex. logistik för små- och medelstora företag (SME) med fokus på HUR (genomförandeprocesser) istället för VAD (utformning av koncept och modeller). 
• Utveckling av kunskaper om hur logistiksystem kan bidra till en hållbar utveckling, såväl miljömässigt som socialt.
• Utveckling av kunskap om och tillämpning av logistiklösningar med primär samhällsnytta, t ex sjukvårdslogistik och citylogistik samt effektiv och hållbar försörjning av livsmedel, energi etc.

Den här forsknigs- och innovationsagendan är utvecklad i samarbete mellan Linköpings Universitet, Lunds Tekniska Högskola, Chalmers Tekniska Högskola och en lång rad företag där Axis, SKF, Volvo och Nobel Biocare har funnits med i projektets styrgrupp. 

Agendan finns endast som PDF. Kontakta Mats Abrahamsson, Linköpings Universitet. mats.abrahamsson@liu.se

To stay ahead in an increasingly competitive business environment, organizations need agile supply chain systems that are holistically designed and managed. The experiences of SKF, a Swedish multinational firm, point to the benefits of reengineering upstream capabilities to create value downstream. To foster the flexibility, responsiveness, and other dynamic capabilities needed to manage increased supply chain complexity, the company established programs to involve its suppliers in the value creation process, making them an extension of the organization’s resource base. The overall objective has been to migrate from a business model based on economies of scale in operations to one that exploits both economies of scope and economies of integration. As a result of its efforts to create a more agile and cost-efficient supply chain, the company has been able to decrease supply risks while improving its value creation process and responsiveness to new customer demands and advancing its sustainability and social responsibility initiatives. 

The meat producers of the western world needs to develop their export organizations and to streamline their physical distribution in order to take new market shares on the fast growing overseas markets. HKScan is one of those meat producing companies, the group has businesses in Finland, Sweden, Denmark and the Baltic countries. A part of their sales goes frozen on overseas export by container sea freight. Lately the logistics management of HKScan has been interested in investigating the effects of centralizing the physical distribution for the overseas export from Sweden and Denmark. This leads to the purpose of this study, which is:

 “For HKScan, develop and apply a model that evaluates distribution structures for overseas export of frozen food regarding total cost, delivery service, environmental impact and regulations.”

The case study included comparison between the current distribution structure for HKScan and three pre-determined scenarios. The current setup consists of multiple warehouses in both countries. In the first scenario the distribution structure is centralized to include one warehouse per country. In the second scenario, the total export flow of products from both Sweden and Denmark is redirected and centralized to one warehouse in Denmark. In the third scenario, the total export flow of products from both Sweden and Denmark is instead redirected and centralized to one warehouse in Sweden.

To evaluate and compare the different distribution structures a general model was first created by combining different theoretical models and adapting them to the context of overseas distribution for frozen food. The study then included the three phases of developing the model to fit the case company, applying the model on the case company and then to finally evaluating the model.

The resulting model, which was the outcome of the development process, can be seen below. The model illustrates the different included elements.

By then applying the model onto the case company, HKScan, it was found that a centralization to a joint warehouse in Denmark would make total cost savings of several percents. In addition, this scenario would increase the total service level. However, the environmental impact would be increased due to long cross-border road transport distances and longer land and sea transports from the warehouse. In addition, it was not possible to fully investigate whether such a distribution would be possible from a regulatory point of view.  A centralization in each country would have minor regulatory issues, it would lead to the smallest environmental impact and have a slight increase in service levels as well as a reduction for the total cost of one percent.

The evaluation of the model showed that it produces reasonable results with the regulatory elements being the hardest to evaluate for the different scenarios. Regarding the detail level, the veterinary element could be accounted for by the warehousing element and the sea freight element split into transport from warehouse to domestic port and sea freight from domestic port to the destination port. The box-model, containing twelve elements, can be seen as generalizable for evaluating distribution structures in similar contexts, Overseas export of frozen food. However, the calculation performed within the model do probably only apply to the specific scenarios in the study.

The importance for manufacturing firms to add services to their offerings has been asserted over and over again (Neu and Brown 2005). Adding services to product sales require manufacturing firms to develop other types of offerings such as maintenance services, hybrid offerings or integrated solutions. This implies using new and often unknown practices to be able to provide services. Previous research has focused on the benefits of servitization (Gebauer, Gustafsson, and Witell 2011), albeit in larger firms. Hence, similar research on Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SME) has been scarce. Furthermore, servitization as a unidirectional transition process can be questioned as researchers argue that manufacturing firms might offer different types of services simultaneously and might not have the intention to take the next step that a transition process suggests (Kowalkowski et al. 2015). Moreover, previous research shows that the step from offering after-sales services and repair to offering more advanced services, e.g. process-related services, is rather big. For those services different mindsets are required within the organization; more advanced services would require a service oriented mindset, whereas after-sales services only requires the firm to have a product oriented mindset (Löfberg 2014).

This case study is based on Company XY's Paper division and aims to present a new organizational structure and best practices for the processes involved in replenishing. Furthermore, proposals for future actions to be executed by Company XY to increase the customer service and profitability will be proposed. The results of the study will be based on a thorough analysis done on the three mills' and eight sales offices' organizational structures and processes. The analysis has a supply chain management perspective with the aim of increasing the customer service and profitability of Company XY.

Company XY is a world leader paper and board producing company with the Paper division having customers located worldwide and paper producing mills as well as board producing plants located in Europe. Company X and Company Y were two different companies that merged in 2005 which has led to there being three different virgin mills in the Company XY group. At the moment the three mills and eight sales offices all work in different ways and different systems which has led to sub-optimization of the resources available. To increase the customer service and profitability of the Paper division, which the mills and sales offices belong to, a project has started to increase agility, transparency and establish standardized processes.

The study is of both a qualitative and quantitative character and is based on a literature study, observations, data and interviews conducted at Company XY. Processes regarding replenishing, information and forecasting at Company XY have been identified as areas where there is room for improvement. Problem areas of the organizational structure that Company XY have today have been identified.

Company XY is recommended to adopt a hybrid virtual organizational structure to enable them to reach their goals of being agile, transparent and standardized. This structure will enable Company XY to utilize the knowledge of sales offices to be responsive while still having the central units macro view to enable visibility and therefore be able to divide the resources in a better manner than today. This structure, since it demands common practices, will make Company XY work according to standardized processes which in turn has the effect of reducing misalignment and duplication of work.

It is concluded that a centralized unit will be responsible for generating standardized reports to be distributed to mill and sales offices before 2020. After the implementation of SAP this will no longer be part of the central unit's tasks since it will be done by the system, this will decrease the information sharing issues present today. Furthermore, it is concluded that this central unit will be responsible for the allocation distribution therefore preventing the sub optimization of allocation distributions. Moreover, it is suggested that all mills work with allocations to enable more reliable production cycles.

Through standardizing the processes so that all the sales offices correct the forecasts on a weekly basis the forecast deviation average can be decreased to 2,45% from 4.98% therefore decreasing the wrongly produced products or non-produced products worth 23 239 042 € a year.

It is recommended that the replenishing of service stocks should be done by the sales offices. Suggested effects will be stock out costs to be lowered by 26 686 € a year.

By adopting the suggested structure and change of processes it is believed that Company XY can become more agile, transparent and standardized leading them to increase their profitability and customer service. 

The overall purpose of this project is to devise improved quality acceptance procedures to examine quality characteristics of utility poles at the factory of the supplier (FAT) and on-site upon receipt by the customer (SAT). To that end, the thesis draws upon available standards, literature, and industry practices regarding wood, fiberglass and steel poles. As far as the design of the research, a single case study of a major power company was chosen. Then, a data collection plan was developed in order to build upon the existing knowledge found in the literature, and upon the data that can be collected from three of the Company’s suppliers, in addition to the Technical Research Institute of Sweden (SP). Documents’ analysis, interviews, observations, and a survey were the tools of that plan. It was found that criteria, inspection and test methods of wood poles are all sufficiently covered in the standards and the literature; for wood is the most commonly used material for utility poles. Next, in coverage of research, are the steel poles; while there is currently no standard that covers fiberglass utility poles. Indeed, quality characteristics, criteria, and acceptance procedures can altogether form parts of a sustainable solution, as long as the quality is managed as a process whether at the Company’s end or at the fabrication sites; that is especially true if there is some form of backward partnership between the Company and its suppliers.

To measure the effect of quality improvement interventions, it is appropriate to use analysis methods that measure data over time. Examples of such methods include statistical process control analysis and interrupted time series with segmented regression analysis. This article compares the use of statistical process control analysis and interrupted time series with segmented regression analysis for evaluating the longitudinal effects of quality improvement interventions, using an example study on an evaluation of a computerized decision support system.

The need for fast, flexible, and sustainable deliveries has become a key priority for companies as customers demand more convenience in their purchasing experience. Retailers have responded by developing their logistics into an omnichannel to meet these expectations, which has made the supply chain more complex. The following study has been conducted at The Company, a telecommunication company aiming to be competitive in the market with fast deliveries through its omnichannel. In 2015, The Company set the logistics vision of “Availability as The Competitive Advantage”, aiming for 15-minute deliveries of all physical products in Sweden. This study involved investigating the logistical consequences of realising 15-minute deliveries in an omnichannel company. Therefore, the purpose of this study was formulated: “The purpose is to investigate the logistical consequences for The Company if the logistics vision of 15-minute deliveries is realised.”

Since The Company cannot provide 15-minute deliveries today, local inventory points must be added to the underlying warehouse structure, acting simultaneously as storage points and parcel boxes. Firstly, the study involved creating scenarios for The Company where the customer can reach any local inventory point within 15 minutes by bicycle. Four scenarios were designed realising 15-minute deliveries in Sweden, Östergötland County, Jönköping County, and Stockholm respectively. For all four scenarios the number of local inventory points, central- and satellite warehouses, stores, replenishment- and distribution flows were decided by semi-structured interviews with The Company. Furthermore, investigating the logistical consequences involved two supply chain business processes connected to demand and supply: the demand management- and order fulfilment process. The included activities in the demand management process were Plan Forecast, Collect Data, Forecast, Synchronization and Communication of Forecast, Measure Performance. In the order fulfilment process, activities included were Defining Requirements, Evaluation of Logistics Network, Order Fulfilment Plan, Process Order, Pick and Pack Order, and Transport and Delivery. 12 respondents from The Company were interviewed to analyse the current activities and the required activities in the four scenarios. The logistical consequences to bridge the gaps were found and investigated.

In the two processes investigated, 14 logistical consequences were found, seven in the demand management process and seven in the order fulfilment process. The study’s result indicates that rapid deliveries imply the same logistical consequences regardless of geographical area and the number of local inventory points for The Company. Covering Sweden implies bigger gaps and consequences than solely covering a big city. Many of the logistical consequences address similar gaps and logistical consequences resulting in the two processes interfacing. Consequently, the logistical consequences were divided into three main categories: system, strategic, and operational. Despite the difference between the four scenarios, many of the respondents have expressed the challenging future ahead by offering 15-minute deliveries. To fulfil the logistics vision The Company must focus on the logistical consequences identified in this study. It will require major significant changes in The Company’s logistics system adding stores. However, the focus of the study lied in understanding the requirements of the demand management and order fulfilment processes within the designed scenarios. Moreover, The Company is recommended to prioritize these consequences and then actively address them. 

Denna rapport innehåller en fallstudie av företaget HKScan och fokuserar på deras interna hantering av transporter ut till kunderna. Eftersom HKScan verkar i en konkurrensutsatt bransch med små marginaler så är det viktigt att varenda krona används på ett bra sätt. Transporter är en aktivitet som sällan undersöks eftersom det är en operativ aktivitet som är fristående från övrig verksamhet. Det har dock visat sig att även om olika funktioner i ett företag traditionellt styrs separat så finns det starka kopplingar mellan transporter och funktioner som sälj, marknad, inköp, ekonomi, personaladministration och produktion. Denna studies syfte var därför att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar transportkostnaderna och ge förslag på hur transportkostnaderna på sikt kan minskas.

Undersökningen av vilka faktorer som påverkar transportkostnaderna genomfördes i flera steg. Först sammanställdes de faktorer som nämns i teorin vilket kompletterades med de faktorer som Supply Chain-funktionen på HKScan trodde påverkade transportkostnaderna. Detta resulterade i en modell med 18 möjliga påverkande faktorer som sedan avgränsades beroende på vad HKScan mäter och vad som ansågs relevant att undersöka. Denna avgränsade lista bestod av sju drivare som sedan undersöktes med hjälp av en multipel regressionsanalys. I denna analys kunde det matematiskt bevisas att faktorerna vikt per transportkolli, transporttemperatur, kvantitet, avstånd samt vilken typ av kund som transporten gick till påverkar transportkostnaden både på sändningsnivå och per transportkolli.

Efter att dessa drivare identifierats så hölls intervjuer för att undersöka vilka funktioner som har störst möjlighet att påverka dem och därför i förlängningen även kan påverka transportkostnaden direkt. Dessa intervjuer visade att det främst är funktionerna för sälj och Supply Chain som direkt kan påverka transportkostnaden. Även marknad och produktion har möjlighet att påverka transportkostnaden på ett indirekt sätt.

Slutligen genomfördes intervjuer med personal från de berörda funktionerna för att undersöka på vilket sätt medvetenheten och styrningen av transportkostnaderna kan förbättras. Detta resulterade i ett stort antal förslag där det mest frekvent förekommande var en kontinuerlig uppföljning av transportkostnaderna. Denna uppföljning ska inte bara vara på nivån att transportkostnaderna varit dyra utan gå djupare och peka på vilka mönster i beställningar och transporter som gett upphov till den högre kostnaden. Om denna uppföljning ska ske manuellt eller med hjälp av ett automatiserat verktyg finns det olika åsikter om men personalen känner genomgående de behöver öka medvetenheten om vad som påverkar transportkostnaderna för att kunna sänka dem.

Although research has been carried out linking Total Quality Management and Innovation, it was found that there is a dearth of literature exploring the relationship between Lean Six Sigma (LSS) and Innovation. The purpose of this paper is to explore the link between LSS and Process/Product/Service Innovation. A number of interviews were carried out with 10 UK-based companies to explore how LSS and Process/Product/Service Innovation are linked. The interviewees (Six Sigma Black Belts and Master Black Belts) were carefully chosen to ensure that sound and valid conclusions could be derived from the investigation. Due to constraints of limited time, the number of people who participated in the study was relatively small. However, the authors argue that this study can provide a good foundation to various researchers and practitioners to further explore the nature of the relationship between one of the most popular business process improvement methodologies (LSS) and Process/Product/Service Innovation. Based on the interviews of 10 companies in the UK engaging with LSS initiatives, the authors found that LSS is commonly viewed as fostering Process/Product/Service Innovation, Incremental Innovation, or Innovation Capability. The authors also identify seven features specific to LSS that are likely to have significant influence on the above types of Innovation.

På en alltmer global handelsplats med allt tuffare kundkrav handskas många företag med utmaningar kopplade till flexibilitet. Kunderna vill ha korta ledtider, stora anpassningsmöjligheter och utmärkt service, naturligtvis till ett lågt pris. Ytterligare en dimension av komplexitet adderas när stora koncerner gör förvärv av mindre bolag, vilket gör att koncernen måste säkerställa att även dessa nya förvärv kan möta kundens krav i samma utsträckning. 

En lösning på denna problematik återfinns i litteraturen i konceptet logistikplattform. Konceptet innebär att ett företag arbetar med en centralt framtagen resursbas som sedan servar alla delar av företaget på en mer decentraliserad nivå för att kunna möta kundens krav. Fem viktiga byggstenar i en logistikplattform är central styrning, logistiska koncept, fysisk struktur, logistiska processer och aktiviteter samt informationssystem (Abrahamsson, et al., 2003). 

I denna studie beskrivs koncernen Kesko, som i Sverige framför allt är aktiv inom byggbranschen och den tekniska handeln, med varumärkena K-Bygg, K-Rauta, Onninen samt Mark & Infra. Där återfinns denna problematik, speciellt kopplat till förvärv och kapaciteten på centrallagret som servar hela koncernen. Baserat på detta har denna studie syftet att utreda hur Kesko kan använda sig av en logistikplattform för att serva de olika varumärkena samt vad användandet får för konsekvens för centrallagret i Pilängen. 

Studien fokuserar framförallt på de logistiska koncepten och den fysiska strukturen inom Kesko. De logistiska koncepten har avgränsats till att handla om försörjningskoncepten lagerhållning, kontinuerlig försörjning, leverantörsstyrt lager, cross-docking samt direktleverans och den fysiska strukturen har avgränsats till att hantera lokaliseringsstrategi, lagerstrategi samt transportstrategi. 

Baserat på Keskos kunders, leverantörers samt produkters karaktäristik utformas vilka krav detta ställer på en logistikplattformen. Baserat på denna karaktäristik och krav utreds en ideal bild av Keskos logistikplattform i form av försörjningskoncept och den fysiska strukturen. Sedan utreds hur Kesko i nuläget verkligen arbetar med försörjningskoncepten och den fysiska strukturen. Dessa två versioner, den ideala bilden och nuläget, jämförs sedan i en så kallad gap-analys där skillnader utreds för att upptäcka var förbättringspotential finns och vilka förändringar Kesko kan genomföra för att kunna sägas jobba mot konceptet logistikplattform. 

Analysen visar att Kesko är på god väg till det som anses viktigt inom konceptet, men att framtiden ställer stora krav på centrallagret och dess kapacitet. De sex gap som identifierades mellan den ideala och nuvarande utformningen och som ansågs påverka kapaciteten på centrallagret var 1) Användandet av cross-docking, 2) E-handelslagrets lokalisering och transportupplägg, 3) Förädlingsstrukturen, 4) Varumärket K-Byggs sortiment på centrallagret, 5) Varumärket Onninens sortiment på centrallagret och 6) Användandet av extern part för säsongslagring. Utifrån dessa gap formulerades åtta stycken förändringsförslag för hur Kesko kan minimera dessa gap och i och med detta gå mot den mer ideala utformningen. Förslagen visade att centrallagret, för att kunna fungera som en resursbas för Kesko i framtiden, troligen behöver en utökning av antalet pallplatser och plockautomatsplatser, en utökning av antalet in- och utlastningsportar samt utlastningsyta. Genom dessa förändringar förväntas centrallagret bli bättre anpassat för att serva de nuvarande varumärkena inom koncernen men även vara bättre förberett för att serva framtida nyförvärv. 

Studien utfördes under våren -18 som ett examensarbete på Husqvarna Group gentemot företagets inköpsavdelning. Författarna studerar masterutbildningen Logistik som en del av sin civilingenjörsutbildning på Linköpings Universitet. 

Studiens huvudämnen är inköp och lagerstyrning, med fokus på den senare delen och ämnade att minska kapitalbindning utan att öka de totala kostnaderna genom en förändring. Säkerhetslager, orderkvantiteter och konsignationslager var de tre centrala områdena som undersöktes och fyra olika scenarion skapades inom dessa. Utöver kostnad och kapitalbindning utvärderades de även efter hur de påverkade flexibiliteten för Husqvarna. De två scenariona som utreddes inom säkerhetslager var servicenivåmetoden Scenario 1 - SERV1 och användningen av Scenario 2 - Procentandel av efterfrågan under ledtiden. Inom orderkvantiteter undersöktes ett scenario baserat på ekonomisk orderkvantitet, Scenario 3 – EOK. Kvalitativt utreddes också ett konsignationslagerupplägg genom Scenario 4 – Konsignationslager. 

Intervjuer och information från företagets affärssystem har varit de centrala informationskällorna till studien, där säkerhetslager- och orderkvantitetsförändringarna utvärderades kvantitativt och konsignationslager kvalitativt. Studien har fokuserat på två avlägsna leverantörer belägna i Asien. 

Studiens resultat blev att användning av servicenivåmetoden SERV1 för dimensionering av säkerhetslager minskar företagets kapitalbindning med 13,6 % och de totala kostnaderna med 15,9 %, med den ytterligare effekten av en högre samt jämnare servicenivå för hela produktsortimentet. Även dimensioneringen av orderkvantiteter genom ekonomisk orderkvantitet gav minskad kapitalbindning med 9,8 % och en marginell minskning av de totala kostnaderna. De procentuella förändringarna är i förhållande till nuläget och de kostnadsposter som förändras i samband med scenariots införande. Ett konsignationslagerupplägg kommer minska kapitalbindningen, men kostnaderna skulle troligen öka vid omställningen från nuläget. Vid detta val är det viktigt att utvärdera vinsten av att frigöra kapital gentemot att öka kostnaderna. Scenario 2 – Procentandel av efterfrågan under ledtiden inom säkerhetslager ansågs inte ge ett tillräckligt bra resultat för att det skulle vara värt att gå vidare med för Husqvarna. 

Slutsatsen av studien är att Husqvarna Group bör dimensionera om sina säkerhetslager och se över sina orderkvantiteter för de befintliga artiklarna enligt de rekommenderade metoderna. De bör även vid uppstart av nya artiklar öka fokus på bestämmandet av orderkvantiteten. Konsignationslager bör utredas vidare utifrån svårigheter med det samt för att kvantitativt utreda kostnader. Resultatet av studien kan användas för både avlägsna samt närliggande leverantörer, och anses därför vara generaliserbart för alla Husqvarnas produkter och för andra företag.

BackgroundThe training of impaired attention after acquired brain injury is central for successful reintegration in daily living, social, and working life. Using statistical process control, we found different improvement trajectories following attention training in a group of relatively homogeneous patients early after acquired brain injury (ABI). ObjectiveTo examine the contribution of pre-injury factors and clinical characteristics to differences in outcome after early attention training. Materials and MethodsData collected in a clinical trial comparing systematic attention training (APT) with activity-based attention training (ABAT) early after brain injury were reanalyzed. ResultsStroke patients (p = 0.004) with unifocal (p = 0.002) and right hemisphere lesions (p = 0.045), and those with higher mental flexibility (TMT 4) (p = 0.048) benefitted most from APT training. Cognitive reserve (p = 0.030) was associated with CHANGE and APT as the sole pre-injury factor. For TBI patients, there was no statistical difference between the two treatments. ConclusionOur study identifies indiscernible factors predicting improvement after early attention training. APT is beneficial for patients with right-hemispheric stroke in an early recovery phase. Knowledge of prognostic factors, including the level of attention deficit, diagnosis, and injury characteristics, is vital to maximizing the efficiency of resource allocation and the effectiveness of rehabilitative interventions to enhance outcomes following stroke and TBI.

The electrification of the road freight sector has been visible in society during the last couple of years, where several companies have started to o↵er electric solutions. Further, this is due to an increased awareness of the negative impact of transport on the environment. However, Key Per- formance Indicators (KPIs) for evaluation and benchmarking have not kept up with the transition, creating a problem for new electric solutions to be communicated and understood. 

The following study has been conducted with a Partner Company, which is a Swedish company that currently o↵ers electric transport. The Partner Company experiences a knowledge gap regarding which KPIs transport buyers follow up, whereas they want to know which KPIs are demanded when going electric. Therefore, a framework of KPIs could facilitate communication between stakeholders on the market and, with some adjustments, also be tailored to fit the Partner Company’s business. The purpose of the study is thus to design a framework of KPIs to measure and evaluate electric road freight and further adjust the framework to Partner Company. Developing a framework of KPIs requires structuring the constituent parameters to ease usability and practical applicability. The literature highlights that designing a framework can be done by determining KPIs, character- istics of the KPIs, and an appropriate categorization. Therefore, literature was studied regarding transport, KPIs, and processes of developing frameworks of KPIs. Together with the literature and the background, the process developed further acted as a basis for developing the study’s three Research Questions, aiming to ease answering the study’s overall purpose. The first Research Question is based on understanding traditional, fossil-driven road freight. The second Research Question aims to design a framework connected to electric road freight. When answering these questions, empirical data consisted of semi-structured interviews with transport buyers, transport providers, associated organizations, OEMs, and internal interviews at the Partner Company. The data collected was further analyzed to enable answering the Research Questions. Furthermore, the third Research Question intended to adjust the framework to fit the Partner Company, where a workshop with the Partner Company acted as empirical input and, together with an analysis of answers, further answered the last Research Question. 

The framework developed was designed to facilitate communication between transport providers and transport buyers. Therefore, it was essential to capture transport buyers’ concerns, level of knowledge, and maturity regarding electric road freight and match the needs with the transport provider’s o↵ers. 

After analyzing empirical data validated by literature, a cross-functional categorization of the framework could be made. KPIs were selected and assigned in the constituent categories of De- livery service, Costs, Operational electric, Planning and optimization, and Environmental impact. Furthermore, several characteristics were applied to each of the included KPIs, where important characteristics are; based on data, traceable, transparent, and market-oriented. In order to meet the study’s purpose, the framework was further adjusted to the Partner Company. The adjusted framework created a clear structure to facilitate when the Partner Company communicates KPIs with transport buyers. Several KPIs are recommended to be raised to solely build trust during the sales process. Other, more operational KPIs should be used by existing customers when following up the transport activity, and some KPIs should be written when the Partner Company contracts with new customers. In conclusion, the study’s purpose was achieved, as the framework developed is considered to facilitate the measuring and evaluation of electric road freight. The generalizability of the framework enables stakeholders in the market to further apply it within their businesses. The framework reduces the knowledge gap and increases communicability for improved benchmarking. Further, as the framework can act as a standard, the understanding of electric road freight can increase, something the study’s problematization was intended to facilitate. 

Multidisciplinary frameworks are needed to develop products that fit the human. Ergonomics is a multifaceted field that encompasses physical, cognitive and organizational aspects, and it is therefore a suitable subject to be taught to design engineering students.

The objective of this paper was to describe and reflect upon how a systems perspective on Ergonomics is developed and conveyed in a course in Product Ergonomics to engineering students at the Design and Product Development (DPD) programme at Linköping University, Sweden. The paper is based on the authors’ experiences from teaching the course in Product Ergonomicsas well ason 52 students’ written reflections about their view on Ergonomics before and after taking the course.

Means and ideas for teaching Ergonomics with a systems perspective included organizing a theoretical introduction into weekly themes and thereafter integrating and applying these themes in a product concept project under supervision of a multidisciplinary teacher team.

The paper also reflects on how the systems perspective of Ergonomics is planned for and realized in the intended, implemented and attained curriculum.

The purpose of this paper is to describe HELIX Competence Centre at Linköping University and its work to contribute to sustainable working life. Research in HELIX Competence Centre is based on an interactive approach between researchers from different disciplines and partner organizations, including industrial organizations, public organizations, labour market organizations, and civil society organizations. The research programme includes four research themes: 1) Sustainable development processes in industrial production systems; 2) Growth and development in small enterprises; 3) Sustainable, innovative, and coordinated health and welfare processes; and 4) Diversity and inclusion in working life. Other activities include seminars and partnership meetings with different topics and a yearly HELIX day. The research and activities led by HELIX Competence Centre constitute an approach to integrate social and economic sustainability, produce scientific knowledge, and add value to practice in the partner organizations.

The aim of this article is to explore improvisational handling of critical work practices during the COVID-19 pandemic and interpret these practices from a learning perspective. Based on an interview study with representatives of private, public and intermediary organisations, the study identified three different types of improvisational handling as responses to the pandemic crisis involving ‘scaling up’ and ‘scaling down’ critical work practices. By ‘scaling up’ and ‘scaling down’, we refer to practices for which, due to the pandemic, it has been imperative to urgently scale up an existing operational process or develop a new process, and alternatively extensively scale down or cease an existing process. The types of improvisational handling differed depending on the discretion of involved actors in terms of the extent to which the tasks, methods and/or results were given beforehand. These types of improvisational handling resulted in temporary solutions that may become permanent after the pandemic. The framework and model proposed in the article can be used as a tool to analyse and learn from the changes in work practices that have been set in motion during the pandemic. Such learning may improve the ability to cope with future extensive crises and other rapid change situations.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to reflect on interactive research as a means to create relevant knowledge in the domain of operations management in general and specifically in the context of production start-up. Design/methodology/approach The reflection on the use of interactive research in production start-ups was based on a study of two completed interactive research projects. The lens for reflection was a framework including context, quality of relationship, quality of the research process itself and outcomes. Findings The context was industrial manufacturing companies in Sweden, with different kind of challenges related to production start-ups, such as collaboration between involved functions and suppliers, competence development and work routines. Indicators of the quality of relationship between researchers and practitioners were initiated development activities and new collaboration between functions, within the company, between companies and in supply chains. The reflection of the quality of the research process itself was based on an interactive research process including four iterative steps with regular follow-ups allowing joint practitioner and researcher reflection on the progress. Identified outcomes included increased awareness and competence on how to deal with production start-ups, improvements of communication, work procedures and structures, better use of competences, increased cross-functional dialogue and cultural understanding. Practical implications - Implications for practitioners are the possibilities for knowledge creation through interactive collaboration in research projects enabling exchange between researchers from complementary fields and other companies dealing with production start-ups. Originality/value The interactive research approach enables joint knowledge creation in a fast-changing context such as production start-ups as well as value-adding results both for practitioners in industry and for academia.

Working life of today faces challenges. There is a fast pace in technical and organisational development and continual demands for increased performance. In order to manage the increasing complexity in work systems, there is a need to take a holistic view on operations. One such view is the systems concept of Humans, Technology and Organisation (HTO). The aim of this report is to describe the HTO concept, how it was developed, and how it can be used to develop work and work systems, understand humans at work, and understand contributing factors to organisational performance and individual well-being. The core of the HTO model is human work activity and how it is carried out within a work system consisting of humans, technology and the organisation. Focussing on human work activity generates knowledge about work conditions, needed competences and collective interaction, but also understanding about outcomes of the activities – the systems performance. H, the Humans in the work system, can be understood from different perspectives, for example as biological systems, information processing systems, individuals with unique personal traits and experiences, or as members of social groups. The H can thus in itself be regarded as a sub-system within HTO. In a similar way, T, Technology, includes several facets, such as tangible tools and machinery, intangible IT systems and software, and environmental characteristics that are technologically designed. The same applies for O, Organisation, consisting of both formal aspects (e.g. written work instructions and follow-up systems) and informal aspects (e.g. organisational culture and informal work practice). Applying HTO in practice generates several types of outcomes: 1) HTO to design products shows that it can be beneficial for productivity, quality and individual safety; 2) HTO to analyse and understand complex work may shed light on complex work in practice, the influences between the individual and the work system, and gaps between prescribed, standard work and how it is carried out in practice; 3) HTO to understand safety shows that it is achieved through systems thinking, thus technology needs to be designed to match human capabilities, and HTO barriers should be in place to prevent accidents; and 4) HTO to improve health and productivity may result in workplace redesign, increased individual well-being and business productivity. HTO has several uses, such as a theoretical framework, an analytical tool, and a method for a holistic view on human work, but also as a tool for visualisation and design. 

One fundamental challenge in choosing an examination form to assess student achievements is to find an examination which, both encourages students to continuously elaborate the course content and constitutes a learning process itself. The objective of this paper is to share and reflect on the development and implementation of a new theme-based examination in a six credit course in Product Ergonomics given in the engineering programme Design and Product Development at Linköping University, Sweden. The course runs during four months and has two parts: one theoretical and one applied. The former focuses on theoretical ergonomic topics, models and methods while the latter is a project aiming at consolidating the students’ understanding of the theory by implementing the knowledge in a product development case. To encourage the students to adapt a deep learning approach, the traditional written mid-term exam for the theoretical part was abandoned and another concept developed. In the new concept, the theoretical part was split onto six weekly themes. Each theme was introduced at the beginning of the week by high-lighting main theories and models followed by a group-work assignment to be elaborated on by the students during the week. The theme was examined at the end of the week through a short written exam and a seminar to discuss and reflect upon the theme. From a student perspective, the positive outcome of the theme-based examination was peer learning and a more active learning style. The students appreciated the theme-based structure of the course. Occasionally, some students commented that weekly examinations could be perceived as stressful. The teachers perceived the students to be more acquainted with ergonomics theory and methods which increased the quality of the course project. The reported theme-based assessment is one example of implementing among others the CDIO syllabus parts 2.2 and 3.1and CDIO standards 8 and 11.

Purpose: The aim of this paper is twofold, to investigate the representatio n of female researchers in QMOD publications and to describe in what way a gender perspective has beenapplied within QMOD publications.

Design/Methodology/Approach: The paper is based on a literature review an d analysis ofthe papers in the QMOD proceedings for ever y other year from 2012 to 2018. After excluding papers where gender could not be identified for the first or second author, the final sampleincluded 555 papers. The papers were analysed with respect to gender in authorship, nationality, type of paper, QM research area, domain and gender perspective. Analysis of quantitative data was made with SPSS and Chi square testing. The papers with a gender perspective were further categorized through qualitativ e content analysis.

Findings: The quantitative analysis showed that gender representation of first authors were 43.2% female and 56.8% male. Males accounted for most of the single authored papers (61%). The most common research areas and domains differed between genders. Female studied lean and research on employee and student related areas and the domains education and health care to a greater extent than males. Males, to a greater extent studied quality management in general and reliability and safety related topics and the domain manufacturing. Eighteen papers with a gender perspective were identified. These originated from 13 different countries and there were equal number of female and male first authors . A major topic was customer or user focus in pr oduct or service development with a dominance of papers focusing on the service sector.

Practical implications: For researchers the results of the study demonstrate that there is stilla general need to increase the awareness of gender issues in QM research, both in terms of ensuring that ge nder issues are integrated in research projects and that any gender is not underrepresented in specific research roles. In product development there may also be a nuntapped potential in further quality development of products and services by focusing more on gender.

Originality/Value of paper: There are no similar studies within the QM field. Gender is an area receiving increased interest within academia in terms of reques ts from research funding and increased awareness in higher education. The study shows that t here is a need for increased attention on gender issues within QM research.

I takt med att världens städer blir allt mer tätbefolkade ökar behovet av varor i städerna. Varutransporter inom tätbebyggda områden för med sig många problem, så som luftföroreningar, buller och trängsel, men är vitala för städernas överlevnad. En av åtgärderna som föreslås i litteraturen för att minska dessa problem kallas lokal mikroterminal (LMT), som är en logistisk anläggning i utkanten av ett tätbebyggt område där varor konsolideras innan de levereras till mottagare inom det tätbebyggda området. Lokala mikroter- minaler har stor potential till att minska den miljöpåverkan som varutrans- porter i tätbebyggda områden för med sig, men de är ändå sällsynta.

Studiens syfte var att ”identifiera potentiella för- och nackdelar, ur ett ekonomiskt, ekologiskt och socialt perspektiv, med att styra varuflödet till köp- centrum i Linköping och Norrköping via lokala mikroterminaler”. Efter lit- teratursökningen stod det klart att ur de ekologiska och sociala hållbarhets- dimensionerna hade flera fördelar med LMT:er identifierats och uppmätts. Fördelarna i dessa två dimensioner uppnås genom att varutransporten utförs effektivare om en lokal mikroterminal används. Eftersom LMT:n även har en driftskostnad så har många LMT:er dock lagts ner på grund av att de blev för dyra. Studien fokuserades därför på det ekonomiska perspektivet. Ifall fler möjliga ekonomiska fördelar med LMT:er identifierades skulle det öka sannolikheten att fler lönsamma LMT:er kan införas.

Valet av aktörsperspektiv preciserades ytterligare genom att studien fo- kuserades på butiker och hur de påverkas av ett införande av en LMT. Den mest centrala utgångspunkten var hur personalens butikslogistiska (Kotzab & Teller, 2005) arbetsuppgifter påverkade deras möjlighet att erbjuda så bra service som möjligt och ifall en LMT kan motverka eventuella butikslogis- tiska problem hos butikerna. De butikslogistiska aktiviteter som undersök- tes var leveransmottagning, uppackning, prismärkning, larmning samt skräp- hantering/återvinning. Dessutom undersöktes butikernas behov av ett större lagringsutrymme. Studiens frågeställningar besvarades med hjälp av 51 semi- strukturerade intervjuer hos butiker i köpcentrum i Linköping och Norrkö- ping, samt till en viss del med hjälp av litteraturen.

Den största potentialen till ekonomiska fördelar för butikerna identifiera- des som möjligheten till att få alla leveranser tidigt under dagen och möjlig- heten till att kunna utnyttja LMT:n som en lagringspunkt. 75 % av butikerna angav antingen butikslogistiska aktiviteter eller lagring som ett problem och därmed bör en stor andel av butikerna ha någon form av intresse för vad en LMT kan erbjuda. För att uppnå dessa ekonomiska fördelar är det därför viktigt att en LMT kan erbjuda ett stort antal tilläggstjänster. 

Hållbara logistiksystem beskriver hur hållbar logistik skapas och utvecklas. Boken är utformad med kurser vid högskolor, universitet eller annan eftergymnasial utbildning i åtanke och kan antingen användas som kurslitteratur i det specifika ämnet eller som komplement i generella logistikkurser...[Bokinfo]

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ELEVBOK

Konsten att arbeta och skriva vetenskapligt är indelad i fyra övergripande delar. Del 1 och 2 handlar om den studie som ligger bakom en uppsats, medan del 3 behandlar själva uppsatsskrivandet. Del 4 behandlar både uppsatsen och studien och hur eleverna kan arbeta för att höja kvalitén i sitt arbete med hjälp av de bedömningskriterier som vanligtvis tillämpas på en studie.

Abstract Although urban consolidation centres (UCC) worldwide have improved urban freight distribution and reduced externalities, other UCC initiatives have not materialised due to problems such as for example, business model limitations. All the same, researchers have rarely described business model components relevant to city logistics. In response, the purpose of this article is to analyse critical factors for viable business models of city logistics initiatives involving UCCs. Following an extensive literature review and multiple-case study of five initiatives with UCCs, we identified seven critical factors of viable city logistics business models: the ability to scale up and down the UCC solution; an ability to continuously develop and adapt to a dynamic environment; the important entrepreneurial role of the initiator as well; the acknowledgment of society; ability to innovate new services; logistics and supply chain management competence; and the ability to take full advantage of advanced IT. All seven factors describe continuously redeveloped business models seeking to seize new and unexpected opportunities, yet also indicate that city logistics systems require local authorities and municipalities to act as initiators, enablers, and customers. The models also underscore differences between purely commercial and purely municipal city logistics initiatives.

Researchers and practitioners alike need support in the challenges to develop sustainable logistics, and one cannot afford to have a limited view of what constitutes sustainable logistics innovation (SLI). In order to inspire researchers and practitioners to expand their mindset when addressing sustainable logistics, the purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for classifying sustainable logistics innovations, and by classifying some SLIs evaluating the applicability of the framework. The study is based on a literature review within logistics innovation, sustainable innovation, and sustainable logistics innovation, resulting in a framework. It contains three areas: softness, extent of change and scope, which in turn contain nine dimensions. Interviews in three retailers acting in Sweden were conducted. SLIs were illustrated and classified in the framework. By moving outside how research so far has studied SLIs, examples of SLIs in logistics activities other than transport were identified, in forms aside from technological solutions, and in industries outside of logistics service providers. It was found that it was possible to classify SLIs in all dimensions, with some difficulties in extent of change in output, which also shows the applicability of the framework. Using the framework, SLIs can be understood in a more concrete and applicable way, which can inspire practitioners to develop and expand their efforts towards sustainable logistics. Therefore the study has implications for research, practice and society. Several suggestions for future research are presented.

The sustainable logistics business case (SLBC) provides underlying argumentation to convince decision makers to approve initiatives within sustainable logistics. Little knowledge exists on how companies conduct SLBCs or the challenges that need to be addressed. The purpose of this paper is to explore how companies conduct SLBCs, to increase the understanding of how perceived challenges can be addressed. Potential challenges were identified in literature on business cases models in general and sustainable logistics business cases. As third-party logistics providers (3PL) are big contributors to emissions and often are responsible for designing logistics setups, they were focused in the empirical study. How SLBC were conducted was investigated based on interviews with managers responsible for conducting SLBCs and the responses triangulated with information derived from actual business cases. Despite the careful selection of 3PLs well ahead within the area, few challenges were perceived by the studied companies. This does not imply that challenges do not exist but can rather be described as a consequence of their pragmatic and inward-looking perspective. Examples of how to address challenges are provided. The compiled list of SLBC challenges provides an overview that was missing in literature. 

Purpose - The development of more sustainable logistics calls for innovative thinking. In order to accelerate the development in the field, there is a need for increased understanding of the process behind successful implementation of sustainable logistics innovations (SLI). The purpose of this paper is to explore the SLI process, in order to identify critical factors, challenges as well as actors involved. Design/methodology/approach - A multiple-case study in six Swedish retailers and logistics service providers (LSPs), successful in SLI implementations, was conducted. Both within-case and cross-case analyses were applied. Findings - The SLI process consists of five phases. The positive relationship between formalisation and SLI success is supported. Critical activities and challenges not known from literature were found in each phase. Examples are the use of logistics and customer KPIs, quickness, developing simple concepts, using a sustainability business case template and selecting where to test SLIs. Some phases are involving many internal and external actors, while others involve few internal actors. Customers are not particularly involved, and retailers involve their LSP suppliers. Research limitations/implications - This study addresses the lack of empirical research in logistics innovation and has bridged the gap of innovation studies in other companies than in LSPs. Furthermore it has combined two developing areas, sustainable innovation and logistics innovation, into SLI. A number of critical activities and challenges, and complex patterns for actors involvement in the SLI process phases are explored as insights from particular cases; these results could be analytically generalised to theory. Practical implications - The practical implications lie in guiding managers who wish to improve sustainability and innovativeness in logistics and, consequently, business success. Knowledge from successful companies about which phases to go through in which sequence, which challenges that can be expected and who to include in the SLI process could imply that more companies focus on SLI. Social implications - Knowledge on how to include sustainability in a clear innovation process, e.g., by making strong business cases, should imply an accelerated development of sustainable logistics in society. Originality/value - This study addresses the lack of empirically-based research in logistics innovation and expands the concept to retailers.

Purpose: Sustainability has become an important aspect for improving logistics, and the development ofmore sustainable logistics operations calls for innovative thinking. The purpose of this study isto explore how the sustainable logistics innovation (SLI) process is managed by some retailersand LSPs in order to suggest a framework for describing and analysing the SLI process.

Design/methodology/approach: Literature on general, logistics and sustainable innovation processes is studied. A multiple-casestudy in five Swedish retailers and LSPs is conducted. With a pattern-matching approach, theSLI processes in the companies are analysed and a framework is suggested.

Findings: A framework for the SLI process is suggested and its differences from general innovationprocesses are highlighted, such as the use of 3BL business cases. It shows the characteristics ofthe SLI process and which actors that are involved. The SLI process can vary largely and stillgenerate SLIs. However, managerial improvement potentials were found in several phases ofthe process.

Research limitations/implications: This study addresses the lack of empirically based research in logistics innovation and expandsit to retailers. It expands our knowledge into SLI, where the framework can be applied tostructure and understand SLI processes, and to identify improvement potentials.

Practical limitations/implications: Managerial implications are found in the limited customer involvement in idea generation andthe often “secret” way of evaluating ideas. As the companies can be seen as forerunners in SLI,managers can get inspiration by studying how the process is managed.

Originality/value: Very few studies are found in the area of sustainable logistics innovation.

För att möta trender såsom ökad internationell konkurrens måste framtida transportsystem inte bara vara ekonomiskt utan även socialt och miljömässigt hållbara. CSR-arbetet måste lyftas till en affärsmässighet där hållbara transportsatsningar blir en integrerad del av affärsutvecklingen och stödjer näringslivets långsiktiga och hållbara konkurrenskraft. För detta krävs nytänkande och innovationskraft. Kunskapen kring hur CSR-arbete kan göras företagsekonomiskt intressant är starkt begränsad. Det saknas kunskap kring hur företagsekonomiskt intressanta tjänster och processer kan utformas som stödjer en utveckling mot satta transportpolitiska mål och miljömål, och som stöds av mätning och uppföljning.

Fokus i detta projekt har legat på att identifiera, beskriva och analysera innovationer som kan medföra att transportrelaterat CSR-arbete ger effektivare verksamheter och/eller kundservice. Transportutövare och transportköpare (här handelsföretag) har fokuserats. Handelsföretag kan i sin roll som länk mellan kunder och producenter och med sin ofta starka förhandlingskraft påverka CSR-arbetet även utanför företagsgränserna. De stora potentialer som finns i gränssnitten mellan transportsystemets aktörer har därmed lyfts fram.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore and illustrate ways in which the world’s largest retailers describe their logistics-related environmental considerations, their environmental indicators applied to measure the effects of these considerations and their environmental consciousness in their CSR reports.

Design/methodology/approach – Classification models are developed via a literature review on logistics-related environmental considerations, indicators and consciousness. A content analysis approach is then applied to examine CSR reports from 12 of the world’s largest retailers.

Findings – Few retailers show environmental considerations in all logistics activities, but purchasing is especially well described. Even if many retailers claim to use the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) framework, no one uses is completely. Judging consciousness from CSR reports raised a number of questions.

Research limitations/implications – A contribution to theory is the development of two classification models. The first provides a description structure for environmental considerations related to logistics activities. The second expands the GRI indicator framework by incorporating a structure for logistics activities.

Practical implications – The classification models developed can be an important mean for managers and also consumers to judge the environmental sustainability of retailers by their CSR reports.

Social implications – The study makes a social contribution with its input on sustainability and especially environmental issues.

Originality/value – Few studies have focused upon environmentally sustainable logistics in retail chains, and even fewer address how to measure environmental sustainability in this context.

Purpose Contradictory sustainability priorities and interests among supply chain actors can be challenging in the transition towards greener transportation. Several of these contradictions can be described as paradoxes, e.g., interests that are logical in themselves, but becomes irrational when perceived together. This study aims at increasing the understanding of paradoxes in transport buyers’ and suppliers’ strive towards greener transportation. Design/methodology/approach An interview study targeting transport buyer-supplier dyads has been applied, followed by an analysis with a point of departure in the paradox theory. Findings Tensions related to performing, belonging, learning, and organizing paradoxes in the greening of transportation have been identified. The tensions arise both within individual companies and within dyads. An explanatory framework with four loci of tensions and related propositions are suggested. Research limitations/implications By identifying examples through the lens of paradoxes in the particular setting, the study provides increased understanding to why the transition towards green transportation goes slow, despite involved actors’ high ambitions. Practical implications Understanding paradoxes is a necessary first step, before identifying ways to manage contradictions in the greening of transportation. Social implications The study provides deep insights on the challenges regarding the greening of transportation, which is fundamental for a long-term sustainable society during global crises. Original/value This study is original as it applies paradox theory within the field of green transportation, and in particular as a lens in studying the interactions between different actors.

PurposeContradictory sustainability priorities and perspectives among supply chain actors in greening transportation can be challenging. Several of these contradictions can be described as paradoxes (i.e. interests that are logical in themselves, but become irrational when perceived together). The aim of this study is to increase the understanding of paradoxical tensions hampering the greening of transportation in transport buyer-supplier dyads.Design/methodology/approachA case study method targeting greening transportation in two transport buyer-supplier dyads was applied, followed by an analysis with a point-of-departure in paradox theory.FindingsTensions related to performing, belonging, learning and organizing paradoxes in greening transportation were identified. These tensions arise as a consequence of actions, perspectives and other tensions, within three identified loci in individual companies and in dyads.Research limitations/implicationsBy identifying examples of tensions through the lens of paradoxes in a particular setting, this study provides an increased understanding of why the transition toward green transportation goes slow, despite the high ambitions of involved actors. The suggested framework provides a novel contribution to the literature that further increases the understanding of tensions, by providing additional insights into where tensions arise and how actions, perspectives and tensions in one place of a locus spectrum can disseminate along that spectrum.Originality/valueThis study is original because it applies paradox theory and the four categories of performing, belonging, learning and organizing within the field of greening transportation, and in particular as a lens to study interactions between different actors.

The implementation of urban consolidation centres (UCCs) can improve urban freight distribution and reduce negative environmental and social externalities in urban transport. Several forms of UCC initiatives have been implemented worldwide. However, initiatives often fail to reach their full potential and long-term viability. Important aspects for successful implementation and long-term viability are strong business models that include suitable forms of interaction between involved stakeholders of urban freight solutions. The overall aim of this chapter is to increase the understanding of UCCs as an urban freight initiative, and to provide state-of-the-art examples from practice on how some of the most central challenges are managed. This chapter elaborates on the benefits and challenges of UCCs. The characteristics of different forms of UCCs are described and illustrated with present initiatives in different cities. These cases further illustrate different critical elements in the business models applied and successful forms of stakeholder interactions.