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  • 1.
    Abate Waktola, Ebba Abate
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. EPHI, Ethiopia.
    Blomgran, Robert
    Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation.
    Verma, Deepti
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation.
    Lerm, Maria
    Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation.
    Fredrikson, Mats
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Belayneh, Meseret
    Univ Addis Abeba, Ethiopia.
    Söderkvist, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Clinical genetics.
    Stendahl, Olle
    Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation.
    Schön, Thomas
    Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden.
    Polymorphisms in CARD8 and NLRP3 are associated with extrapulmonary TB and poor clinical outcome in active TB in Ethiopia2019In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 9, article id 3126Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Innate immunity is a first line defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection where inflammasome activation and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1beta, plays a major role. Thus, genetic polymorphisms in innate immunity-related genes such as CARD8 and NLRP3 may contribute to the understanding of why most exposed individuals do not develop infection. Our aim was to investigate the association between polymorphisms in CARD8 and NLRP3 and active tuberculosis (TB) as well as their relationship to treatment outcome in a high-endemic setting for TB. Polymorphisms in CARD8 (C10X) and NLRP3 (Q705K) were analysed in 1190 TB patients and 1990 healthy donors (HD). There was a significant association between homozygotes in the CARD8 polymorphism and extrapulmonary TB (EPTB), which was not the case for pulmonary TB or HDs. Among TB-patients, there was an association between poor treatment outcome and the NLRP3 (Q705K) polymorphism. Our study shows that inflammasome polymorphisms are associated with EPTB and poor clinical outcome in active TB in Ethiopia. The practical implications and determining causal relationships on a mechanistic level needs further study.

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  • 2.
    Ahlstrom, Christina A.
    et al.
    US Geol Survey, AK 99508 USA.
    Bonnedahl, Jonas
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Kalmar Cty Council, Sweden.
    Woksepp, Hanna
    Kalmar Cty Hosp, Sweden.
    Hernandez, Jorge
    Kalmar Cty Hosp, Sweden.
    Reed, John A.
    US Geol Survey, AK 99508 USA.
    Tibbitts, Lee
    US Geol Survey, AK 99508 USA.
    Olsen, Bjoern
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Douglas, David C.
    US Geol Survey, AK USA.
    Ramey, Andrew M.
    US Geol Survey, AK 99508 USA.
    Satellite tracking of gulls and genomic characterization of faecal bacteria reveals environmentally mediated acquisition and dispersal of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska2019In: Molecular Ecology, ISSN 0962-1083, E-ISSN 1365-294X, Vol. 28, no 10, p. 2531-2545Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Gulls (Larus spp.) have frequently been reported to carry Escherichia coli exhibiting antimicrobial resistance (AMR E. coli); however, the pathways governing the acquisition and dispersal of such bacteria are not well described. We equipped 17 landfill-foraging gulls with satellite transmitters and collected gull faecal samples longitudinally from four locations on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska to assess: (a) gull attendance and transitions between sites, (b) spatiotemporal prevalence of faecally shed AMR E. coli, and (c) genomic relatedness of AMR E. coli isolates among sites. We also sampled Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) harvested as part of personal-use dipnet fisheries at two sites to assess potential contamination with AMR E. coli. Among our study sites, marked gulls most commonly occupied the lower Kenai River (61% of site locations) followed by the Soldotna landfill (11%), lower Kasilof River (5%) and upper Kenai River (amp;lt;1%). Gulls primarily moved between the Soldotna landfill and the lower Kenai River (94% of transitions among sites), which were also the two locations with the highest prevalence of AMR E. coli. There was relatively high spatial and temporal variability in AMR E. coli prevalence in gull faeces and there was no evidence of contamination on salmon harvested in personal-use fisheries. We identified E. coli sequence types and AMR genes of clinical importance, with some isolates possessing genes associated with resistance to as many as eight antibiotic classes. Our findings suggest that gulls acquire AMR E. coli at habitats with anthropogenic inputs and subsequent movements may represent pathways through which AMR is dispersed.

  • 3.
    Ahlstrom, Christina A.
    et al.
    US Geol Survey, AK 99508 USA.
    Ramey, Andrew M.
    US Geol Survey, AK 99508 USA.
    Woksepp, Hanna
    Kalmar Council, Sweden.
    Bonnedahl, Jonas
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Kalmar Council, Sweden.
    Early emergence of mcr-1-positive Enterobacteriaceae in gulls from Spain and Portugal2019In: Environmental Microbiology Reports, ISSN 1758-2229, E-ISSN 1758-2229, Vol. 11, no 5, p. 669-671Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We tested extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing bacteria from wild gulls (Larus spp.) sampled in 2009 for the presence of mcr-1. We report the detection of mcr-1 and describe genome characteristics of four Escherichia coli and one Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate from Spain and Portugal that also exhibited colistin resistance. Results represent the earliest evidence for colistin-resistant bacteria in European wildlife.

  • 4.
    Ahlstrom, Christina A.
    et al.
    US Geol Survey, AK 99508 USA.
    Ramey, Andrew M.
    US Geol Survey, AK 99508 USA.
    Woksepp, Hanna
    Dept Dev and Publ and Hlth, Sweden.
    Bonnedahl, Jonas
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Dept Infect Dis, Sweden.
    Repeated Detection of Carbapenemase-Producing Escherichia coil in Gulls Inhabiting Alaska2019In: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, ISSN 0066-4804, E-ISSN 1098-6596, Vol. 63, no 8, article id e00758-19Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Here, we report the first detection of carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli in Alaska and in wildlife in the United States. Wild bird (gull) feces sampled at three locations in Southcentral Alaska yielded isolates that harbored plasmidencoded bla(kpc-2), or chromosomally encoded bla(OXA-48) and genes associated with antimicrobial resistance to up to eight antibiotic classes.

  • 5.
    Andersson, Maria
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Östholm Balkhed, Åse
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Infectious Diseases.
    Fredrikson, Mats
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Holmbom, Martin
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Hällgren, Anita
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Infectious Diseases.
    Berg, Sören
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Hanberger, Håkan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Infectious Diseases.
    Delay of appropriate antibiotic treatment is associated with high mortality in patients with community-onset sepsis in a Swedish setting2019In: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, ISSN 0934-9723, E-ISSN 1435-4373, Vol. 38, no 7, p. 1223-1234Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Early appropriate antimicrobial therapy is crucial in patients with sepsis and septic shock. Studies often focus on time to first dose of appropriate antibiotics, but subsequent dosing is equally important. Our aim was to investigate the impact of fulfillment of early treatment, with focus on appropriate administration of first and second doses of antibiotics, on 28-day mortality in patients with community-onset severe sepsis and septic shock. A retrospective study on adult patients admitted to the emergency department with community-onset sepsis and septic shock was conducted 2012-2013. The criterion early appropriate antibiotic treatment was defined as administration of the first dose of adequate antibiotics within 1h, and the second dose given with less than 25% delay after the recommended dose interval. A high-risk patient was defined as a septic patient with either shock within 24h after arrival or red triage level on admittance according to the Medical Emergency Triage and Treatment System Adult. Primary endpoint was 28-day mortality. Of 90 patients, less than one in four (20/87) received early appropriate antibiotic treatment, and only one in three (15/44) of the high-risk patients. The univariate analysis showed a more than threefold higher mortality among high-risk patients not receiving early appropriate antibiotic treatment. Multivariable analysis identified early non-appropriate antibiotic treatment as an independent predictor of mortality with an odds ratio for mortality of 10.4. Despite that the importance of early antibiotic treatment has been established for decades, adherence to this principle was very poor.

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  • 6.
    Atterby, Clara
    et al.
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Osbjer, Kristina
    Swedish Univ Agr Sci SLU, Sweden; Food and Agr Org United Nations, Cambodia.
    Tepper, Viktoria
    Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Switzerland.
    Rajala, Elisabeth
    Swedish Univ Agr Sci SLU, Sweden.
    Hernandez, Jorge
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Kalmar Cty Council, Dept Infect Dis, Sweden; Linnaeus Univ, Sweden; Kalmar Cty Hosp, Sweden.
    Seng, Sokerya
    Food and Agr Org United Nations, Cambodia.
    Holl, Davun
    Minist Agr Forestry and Fisheries, Cambodia.
    Bonnedahl, Jonas
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linnaeus Univ, Sweden.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Natl Vet Inst SVA, Sweden.
    Magnusson, Ulf
    Swedish Univ Agr Sci SLU, Sweden.
    Jarhult, Josef D.
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Carriage of carbapenemase- and extended-spectrum cephalosporinase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in humans and livestock in rural Cambodia; gender and age differences and detection of bla(OXA-48 )in humans2019In: Zoonoses and Public Health, ISSN 1863-1959, E-ISSN 1863-2378, Vol. 66, no 6, p. 603-617Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objectives This study investigates the frequency and characteristics of carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli/Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPE/K) and extended-spectrum cephalosporinase-producing E. coli/K. pneumoniae (ESCE/K) in healthy humans and livestock in rural Cambodia. Additionally, household practices as risk factors for faecal carriage of ESCE/K are identified. Methods Faecal samples were obtained from 307 humans and 285 livestock including large ruminants, pigs and poultry living in 100 households in rural Cambodia in 2011. Each household was interviewed, and multilevel logistic model determined associations between household practices/meat consumption and faecal carriage of ESCE/K. CPE and ESCE/K were detected and further screened for colistin resistance genes. Results CPE/K isolates harbouring bla(OXA-48 )were identified in two humans. The community carriage of ESCE/K was 20% in humans and 23% in livestock. The same ESBL genes: bla(CTX-M-15), bla(CTX-M-14), bla(CTX-M-27), bla(CTX-M-55), bla(SHV-2), bla(SHV-12), bla(SHV-28); AmpC genes: bla(CMY-2), bla(CMY-42,) bla(DHA-1); and colistin resistance genes: mcr-1-like and mcr-3-like were detected in humans and livestock. ESCE/K was frequently detected in women, young children, pigs and poultry, which are groups in close contact. The practice of burning or burying meat waste and not collecting animal manure indoors and outdoors daily were identified as risk factors for faecal carriage of ESCE/K. Conclusions Faecal carriage of E. coli and K. pneumoniae harbouring extended-spectrum cephalosporinase genes are common in the Cambodian community, especially in women and young children. Exposure to animal manure and slaughter products are risk factors for intestinal colonization of ESCE/K in humans.

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  • 7.
    Berglund, Björn
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Bich Hoang, Ngoc Thi
    Vietnam Natl Childrens Hosp, Vietnam.
    Tärnberg, Maria
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Kien Le, Ngai
    Vietnam Natl Childrens Hosp, Vietnam.
    Nilsson, Maud
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Khanh Khu, Dung Thi
    Vietnam Natl Childrens Hosp, Vietnam; TRAC Sweden Vietnam, Vietnam.
    Svartström, Olov
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Microbiology.
    Welander, Jenny
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Microbiology.
    Nilsson, Lennart E
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Olson, Linus
    TRAC Sweden Vietnam, Vietnam; Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Minh Dien, Tran
    Vietnam Natl Childrens Hosp, Vietnam.
    Thanh Le, Hai
    Vietnam Natl Childrens Hosp, Vietnam; TRAC Sweden Vietnam, Vietnam.
    Larsson, Mattias
    TRAC Sweden Vietnam, Vietnam; Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Hanberger, Håkan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Infectious Diseases. TRAC Sweden Vietnam, Vietnam.
    Molecular and phenotypic characterization of clinical isolates belonging to a KPC-2-producing strain of ST15 Klebsiella pneumoniae from a Vietnamese pediatric hospital2019In: Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control, E-ISSN 2047-2994, Vol. 8, no 1, article id 156Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae are becoming increasingly common in hospital settings worldwide and are a source of increased morbidity, mortality and health care costs. The global epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae is characterized by different strains distributed geographically, with the strain ST258 being predominant in Europe and USA, and ST11 being most common in East Asia. ST15 is a less frequently occurring strain but has nevertheless been reported worldwide as a source of hospital outbreaks of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae. Methods In this study, whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was used to characterize 57 clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae belonging to a strain of ST15, which were collected at a Vietnamese pediatric hospital from February throughout September 2015. Results Aside from the carbapenem resistance gene bla(KPC-2), which was carried by all isolates, prevalence of resistance genes to other antibiotics including aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones, fosfomycin and trimethoprim, was also high. All isolates were multidrug-resistant. Susceptibility was highest to ceftazidime/avibactam (96%), gentamicin (91%) and tigecycline (82%). Notably, the colistin resistance rate was very high (42%). Single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis indicated that most isolates belonged to a single clone. Conclusions The diverse variety of antibiotic resistance genes and the high antibiotic resistance rates to last-resort antibiotics such as carbapenems and colistin, is indicative of a highly adaptable strain. This emphasizes the importance of implementation of infection controls measures, continued monitoring of antibiotic resistance and prudent use of antibiotics to prevent further selection of resistant strains and the emergence of pan-resistant clones.

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  • 8.
    Bivik Stadler, Caroline
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Hematopoiesis and Developmental Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Arefin, Md Badrul
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Hematopoiesis and Developmental Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Ekman, Helen
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Thor, Stefan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Hematopoiesis and Developmental Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Univ Queensland, Australia.
    PIP degron-stabilized Dacapo/p21(Cip)(1) and mutations in ago act in an anti- versus pro-proliferative manner, yet both trigger an increase in Cyclin E levels2019In: Development, ISSN 0950-1991, E-ISSN 1477-9129, Vol. 146, no 13, article id UNSP dev175927Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    During cell cycle progression, the activity of the CycE-Cdk2 complex gates S-phase entry. CycE-Cdk2 is inhibited by CDK inhibitors (CKIs) of the Cip/Kip family, which include the human p21(Cip)(1) and Drosophila Dacapo (Dap) proteins. Both the CycE and Cip/Kip family proteins are under elaborate control via protein degradation, mediated by the Cullin-RING ligase (CRL) family of ubiquitin ligase complexes. The CRL complex SCFFoxw7/Ago targets phosphorylated CycE, whereas p21(Cip)(1) and Dap are targeted by the CRLCdf2 complex, binding to the PIP degron. The role of CRL-mediated degradation of CycE and Cip/Kip proteins during CNS development is not well understood. Here, we analyse the role of ago (Fbxw7)-mediated CycE degradation, and of Dap and p21(Cip)(1) degradation during Drosophila CNS development. We find that ago mutants display over-proliferation, accompanied by elevated CycE expression levels. By contrast, expression of PIP degron mutant Dap and p21(Cip)(1) transgenes inhibit proliferation. However, surprisingly, this is also accompanied by elevated CycE levels. Hence, ago mutation and PIP degron Cip/Kip transgenic expression trigger opposite effects on proliferation, but similar effects on CycE levels.

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  • 9.
    Chi, Xiaohui
    et al.
    Shandong Univ, Peoples R China.
    Berglund, Björn
    Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Zhejiang Univ, Peoples R China.
    Zou, Huiyun
    Shandong Univ, Peoples R China.
    Zheng, Beiwen
    Zhejiang Univ, Peoples R China.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Natl Vet Inst, Sweden.
    Ji, Xiang
    Shandong Univ, Peoples R China.
    Ottoson, Jakob
    Natl Food Agcy, Sweden.
    Lundborg, Cecilia Stalsby
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Li, Xuewen
    Shandong Univ, Peoples R China.
    Nilsson, Lennart E
    Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation.
    Characterization of Clinically Relevant Strains of Extended-Spectrum beta-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Occurring in Environmental Sources in a Rural Area of China by Using Whole-Genome Sequencing2019In: Frontiers in Microbiology, E-ISSN 1664-302X, Vol. 10, article id 211Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative, opportunistic pathogen, and a common cause of healthcare-associated infections such as pneumonia, septicemia, and urinary tract infection. The purpose of this study was to survey the occurrence of and characterize K. pneumoniae in different environmental sources in a rural area of Shandong province, China. Two hundred and thirty-one samples from different environmental sources in 12 villages were screened for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-(ESBL)-producing K. pneumoniae, and 14 (6%) samples were positive. All isolates were multidrug-resistant and a few of them belonged to clinically relevant strains which are known to cause hospital outbreaks worldwide. Serotypes, virulence genes, serum survival, and phagocytosis survival were analyzed and the results showed the presence of virulence factors associated with highly virulent clones and a high degree of phagocytosis survivability, indicating the potential virulence of these isolates. These results emphasize the need for further studies designed to elucidate the role of the environment in transmission and dissemination of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae and the potential risk posed to human and environmental health.

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  • 10.
    Cohen, Adam
    et al.
    St Olavs Hosp, Norway.
    Mathiasen, Victor Dahl
    Statens Serum Inst, Denmark; Aarhus Univ Hosp, Denmark.
    Schön, Thomas
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Wejse, Christian
    INDEPTH Network, Guinea Bissau; Aarhus Univ GloHAU, Denmark.
    The global prevalence of latent tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis2019In: European Respiratory Journal, ISSN 0903-1936, E-ISSN 1399-3003, Vol. 54, no 3, article id 1900655Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In 1999, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that one-third of the worlds population had latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), which was recently updated to one-fourth. However, this is still based on controversial assumptions in combination with tuberculin skin test (TST) surveys. Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) with a higher specificity than TST have since been widely implemented, but never used to estimate the global LTBI prevalence. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of LTBI estimates based on both IGRA and TST results published between 2005 and 2018. Regional and global estimates of LTBI prevalence were calculated. Stratification was performed for low, intermediate and high TB incidence countries and a pooled estimate for each area was calculated using a random effects model. Among 3280 studies screened, we included 88 studies from 36 countries with 41 IGRA (n=67 167) and 67 TST estimates (n=284 644). The global prevalence of LTBI was 24.8% (95% CI 19.7-30.0%) and 21.2% (95% CI 17.9-24.4%), based on IGRA and a 10-mm TST cut-off, respectively. The prevalence estimates correlated well to WHO incidence rates (Rs=0.70, pamp;lt;0.001). In the first study of the global prevalence of LTBI derived from both IGRA and TST surveys, we found that one-fourth of the worlds population is infected. This is of relevance, as both tests, although imperfect, are used to identify individuals eligible for preventive therapy. Enhanced efforts are needed targeting the large pool of latently infected individuals, as this constitutes an enormous source of potential active tuberculosis.

  • 11.
    Cronhjort, Samuel
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Wilhelmsson, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Department of Clinical Microbiology, Jönköping, Sweden.
    Karlsson, Linda
    Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden.
    Thelaus, Johanna
    Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden.
    Sjödin, Andreas
    Division of CBRN Defence and Security, Swedish Defence Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden.
    Forsberg, Pia
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Infectious Diseases.
    Lindgren, Per-Eric
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Department of Clinical Microbiology, Jönköping, Sweden.
    The Tick-Borne Diseases STING study: Real-time PCR analysis of three emerging tick-borne pathogens in ticks that have bitten humans in different regions of Sweden and the Aland islands, Finland2019In: Infection Ecology & Epidemiology, ISSN 2000-8686, E-ISSN 2000-8686, Vol. 9, no 1, article id 1683935Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A milder climate has during the last decade contributed to an increased density and spreading of ixodid ticks, thus enhancing their role as emerging vectors for pathogenic microorganisms in northern Europe. It remains unclear if they contribute to the occurrence of infections caused by the bacteria Bartonella spp., Francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica and the parasite Toxoplasma gondii in Sweden and on the Åland islands, Finland. In this study, we want to improve understanding of the tick-borne transmission of these pathogens. Volunteers were recruited at primary healthcare centers. Ticks and blood samples were acquired from participants recruited in 2008 and 2009. Health questionnaires were completed, and medical records were acquired where applicable. Feeding time was estimated and screening of pathogens in the ticks was performed through real-time PCR. Ticks (n = 1849) were of mixed developmental stages: 76 larvae, 1295 nymphs, 426 adults and 52 undetermined. All analyzed ticks were considered negative for these pathogens since the CT-values were all below the detection limit for Bartonella spp. (1663 ticks), Francisella spp. (1849 ticks) and Toxoplasma gondii (1813 ticks). We assume that infections with these pathogens are caused by other transmission pathways within these regions of Sweden and the Åland islands, Finland.

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  • 12.
    Das, Jyotirmoy
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Verma, Deepti
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Gustafsson, Mika
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Bioinformatics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Lerm, Maria
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Identification of DNA methylation patterns predisposing for an efficient response to BCG vaccination in healthy BCG-naive subjects2019In: Epigenetics, ISSN 1559-2294, E-ISSN 1559-2308, Vol. 14, no 6, p. 589-601Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The protection against tuberculosis induced by the Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine is unpredictable. In our previous study, altered DNA methylation pattern in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in response to BCG was observed in a subgroup of individuals, whose macrophages killed mycobacteria effectively (responders). These macrophages also showed production of Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in response to mycobacterial stimuli before vaccination. Here, we hypothesized that the propensity to respond to the BCG vaccine is reflected in the DNA methylome. We mapped the differentially methylated genes (DMGs) in PBMCs isolated from responders/non-responders at the time point before vaccination aiming to identify possible predictors of BCG responsiveness. We identified 43 DMGs and subsequent bioinformatic analyses showed that these were enriched for actin-modulating pathways, predicting differences in phagocytosis. This could be validated by experiments showing that phagocytosis of mycobacteria, which is an event preceding mycobacteria-induced IL-1 beta production, was strongly correlated with the DMG pattern.

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  • 13.
    Davies Forsman, Lina
    et al.
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Karolinska Univ Hosp Solna, Sweden.
    Jonsson, Jerker
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Publ Hlth Agcy Sweden, Sweden.
    Wagrell, Charlotta
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Werngren, Jim
    Publ Hlth Agcy Sweden, Sweden.
    Mansjo, Mikael
    Publ Hlth Agcy Sweden, Sweden.
    Wijkander, Maria
    Publ Hlth Agcy Sweden, Sweden.
    Groenheit, Ramona
    Publ Hlth Agcy Sweden, Sweden.
    Hammar, Ulf
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Giske, Christian G.
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Karolinska Univ Hosp, Sweden.
    Schön, Thomas
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Kalmar Cty Hosp, Sweden.
    Bruchfeld, Judith
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Karolinska Univ Hosp Solna, Sweden.
    Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Fluoroquinolones and Pyrazinamide Susceptibility Correlate to Clinical Improvement in Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis Patients: A Nationwide Swedish Cohort Study Over 2 Decades2019In: Clinical Infectious Diseases, ISSN 1058-4838, E-ISSN 1537-6591, Vol. 69, no 8, p. 1394-1402Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing, unlike routine drug susceptibility testing (DST) at a single critical concentration, quantifies drug resistance. The association of MICs and treatment outcome in multidrug-resistant (MDR)-tuberculosis patients is unclear. Therefore, we correlated MICs of first- and second-line tuberculosis drugs with time to sputum culture conversion (tSCC) and treatment outcome in MDR-tuberculosis patients. Methods. Clinical and demographic data of MDR-tuberculosis patients in Sweden, including DST results, were retrieved from medical records from 1992 to 2014. MIC determinations were performed retrospectively for the stored individual Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) isolates using broth microdilution in Middlebrook 7H9. We fitted Cox proportional hazard models correlating MICs, DST results, and clinical variables to tSCC and treatment outcome. Results. Successful treatment outcome was observed in 83.5% (132/158) of MDR-tuberculosis patients. Increasing MICs of fluoroquinolones, diabetes, and age amp;gt;40 years were significantly associated with unsuccessful treatment outcome. Patients treated with pyrazinamide (PZA) had a significantly shorter tSCC compared to patients who were not (median difference, 27 days). Conclusions. Increasing MICs of fluoroquinolones were correlated with unsuccessful treatment outcome in MDR-tuberculosis patients. Further studies, including MIC testing and clinical outcome data to define clinical Mtb breakpoints, are warranted. PZA treatment was associated with shorter tSCC, highlighting the importance of PZA DST.

  • 14.
    Dellgren, Linus
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Infectious Diseases.
    Claesson, Carina
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Microbiology.
    Högdahl, Marie
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Microbiology.
    Forsberg, Jon
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Surgery, Orthopaedics and Cancer Treatment, Department of Urology in Östergötland.
    Hanberger, Håkan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Infectious Diseases.
    Nilsson, Lennart E
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Hällgren, Anita
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Infectious Diseases.
    Phenotypic screening for quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli2019In: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, ISSN 0934-9723, E-ISSN 1435-4373, Vol. 38, no 9, p. 1765-1771Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Recent studies show that rectal colonization with low-level ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli (ciprofloxacin minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) above the epidemiological cutoff point, but below the clinical breakpoint for resistance), i.e., in the range amp;gt; 0.06-0.5 mg/L is an independent risk factor for febrile urinary tract infection after transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy (TRUS-B) of the prostate, adding to the other risk posed by established ciprofloxacin resistance in E. coli (MIC amp;gt; 0.5 mg/L) as currently defined. We aimed to identify the quinolone that by disk diffusion best discriminates phenotypic wild-type isolates (ciprofloxacin MIC amp;lt;= 0.06 mg/L) of E. coli from isolates with acquired resistance, and to determine the resistance genotype of each isolate. The susceptibility of 108 E. coli isolates was evaluated by ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, nalidixic acid, and pefloxacin disk diffusion and correlated to ciprofloxacin MIC (broth microdilution) using EUCAST methodology. Genotypic resistance was identified by PCR and DNA sequencing. The specificity was 100% for all quinolone disks. Sensitivity varied substantially, as follows: ciprofloxacin 59%, levofloxacin 46%, moxifloxacin 59%, nalidixic acid 97%, and pefloxacin 97%. We suggest that in situations where low-level quinolone resistance might be of importance, such as when screening for quinolone resistance in fecal samples pre-TRUS-B, a pefloxacin (S amp;gt;= 24 mm) or nalidixic acid (S amp;gt;= 19 mm) disk, or a combination of the two, should be used. In a setting where plasmid-mediated resistance is prevalent, pefloxacin might perform better than nalidixic acid.

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  • 15.
    Doumpas, Nikolaos
    et al.
    Univ Zurich, Switzerland.
    Lampart, Franziska
    Univ Zurich, Switzerland.
    Robinson, Mark D.
    Univ Zurich, Switzerland.
    Lentini, Antonio
    Univ Zurich, Switzerland.
    Nestor, Colm
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Children's and Women's health. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Cantù, Claudio
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Univ Zurich, Switzerland.
    Basler, Konrad
    Univ Zurich, Switzerland.
    TCF/LEF dependent and independent transcriptional regulation of Wnt/beta-catenin target genes2019In: EMBO Journal, ISSN 0261-4189, E-ISSN 1460-2075, Vol. 38, no 2, article id e98873Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    During canonical Wnt signalling, the activity of nuclear beta-catenin is largely mediated by the TCF/LEF family of transcription factors. To challenge this view, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing approach to generate HEK 293T cell clones lacking all four TCF/LEF genes. By performing unbiased whole transcriptome sequencing analysis, we found that a subset of beta-catenin transcriptional targets did not require TCF/LEF factors for their regulation. Consistent with this finding, we observed in a genome-wide analysis that beta-catenin occupied specific genomic regions in the absence of TCF/LEF. Finally, we revealed the existence of a transcriptional activity of beta-catenin that specifically appears when TCF/LEF factors are absent, and refer to this as beta-catenin-GHOST response. Collectively, this study uncovers a previously neglected modus operandi of beta-catenin that bypasses the TCF/LEF transcription factors.

  • 16.
    Ederth, Thomas
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Molecular Physics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Lerm, Maria
    Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation.
    Orihuela, Beatriz
    Duke Univ, NC 28516 USA.
    Rittschof, Daniel
    Duke Univ, NC 28516 USA.
    Resistance of Zwitterionic Peptide Monolayers to Biofouling2019In: Langmuir, ISSN 0743-7463, E-ISSN 1520-5827, Vol. 35, no 5, p. 1818-1827Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are widely used in science and engineering, and recent progress has demonstrated the utility of zwitterionic peptides with alternating lysine (K) and glutamic acid (E) residues for antifouling purposes. Aiming at developing a peptide-based fouling-resistant SAM suitable for presentation of surface-attached pheromones for barnacle larvae, we have investigated five different peptide SAMs, where four are based on the EK motif, and the fifth was designed based on general principles for fouling resistance. The SAMs were formed by self-assembly onto gold substrates via cysteine residues on the peptides, and formation of SAMs was verified via ellipsometry, wettability, infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Settlement of cypris larvae of the barnacle Balanus (=Amphibalanus) amphitrite, the target of pheromone studies, was tested. SAMs were also subjected to fouling assays using protein solutions, blood serum, and the bacterium Mycobacterium marinum. The results confirm the favorable antifouling properties of EK-containing peptides in most of the assays, although this did not apply to the barnacle larvae settlement test, where settlement was low on only one of the peptide SAMs. The one peptide that had antifouling properties for barnacles did not contain a pheromone motif, and would not be susceptible to degredation by common serine proteases. We conclude that the otherwise broadly effective antifouling properties of EK-containing peptide SAMs is not directly applicable to barnacles, and that great care must be exercised in the design of peptide-based SAMs for presentation of barnacle-specific ligands.

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  • 17.
    Elkington, Paul
    et al.
    Univ Southampton, England.
    Lerm, Maria
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Kapoor, Nidhi
    Florida Hosp Adventist Hlth Syst, FL USA.
    Mahon, Robert
    NIAID, MD 20892 USA.
    Pienaar, Elsje
    Purdue Univ, IN 47907 USA.
    Huh, Dongeun
    Univ Penn, PA 19104 USA.
    Kaushal, Deepak
    Texas Biomed Res Inst, TX USA.
    Schlesinger, Larry S.
    Texas Biomed Res Inst, TX USA.
    In Vitro Granuloma Models of Tuberculosis: Potential and Challenges2019In: Journal of Infectious Diseases, ISSN 0022-1899, E-ISSN 1537-6613, Vol. 219, no 12, p. 1858-1866Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Despite intensive research efforts, several fundamental disease processes for tuberculosis (TB) remain poorly understood. A central enigma is that host immunity is necessary to control disease yet promotes transmission by causing lung immunopathology. Our inability to distinguish these processes makes it challenging to design rational novel interventions. Elucidating basic immune mechanisms likely requires both in vivo and in vitro analyses, since Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a highly specialized human pathogen. The classic immune response is the TB granuloma organized in three dimensions within extracellular matrix. Several groups are developing cell culture granuloma models. In January 2018, NIAID convened a workshop, entitled "3-D Human in vitro TB Granuloma Model" to advance the field. Here, we summarize the arguments for developing advanced TB cell culture models and critically review those currently available. We discuss how integrating complementary approaches, specifically organoids and mathematical modeling, can maximize progress, and conclude by discussing future challenges and opportunities.

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  • 18.
    Eskeland, Sveinung
    et al.
    Norwegian Univ Life Sci, Norway.
    Stuen, Snorre
    Norwegian Univ Life Sci, Norway.
    Crosby, Francy L.
    Univ Florida, FL 32608 USA.
    Lybeck, Kari
    Norwegian Vet Inst, Norway.
    Barbet, Anthony F.
    Univ Florida, FL 32608 USA.
    Lindgren, Per-Eric
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Tollefsen, Stig
    Norwegian Vet Inst, Norway.
    Wilhelmsson, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Cty Hosp Ryhov, Sweden.
    Tollersrud, Tore S.
    Norwegian Meat and Poultry Res Ctr, Norway.
    Makvandi-Nejad, Shokouh
    Norwegian Vet Inst, Norway.
    Granquist, Erik G.
    Norwegian Univ Life Sci, Norway.
    Assessing the clinical and bacteriological outcomes of vaccination with recombinant Asp14 and OmpA against A. phagocytophilum in sheep2019In: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, ISSN 0165-2427, E-ISSN 1873-2534, Vol. 218, article id UNSP 109936Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a tick borne bacterium, causing disease in sheep and other mammals, including humans. The bacterium has great economic and animal welfare implications for sheep husbandry in Northern Europe. With the prospect of a warmer and more humid climate, the vector availability will likely increase, resulting in a higher prevalence of A. phagocytophilum. The current preventive measures, as pyrethroids acting on ticks or long acting antibiotics controlling bacterial infection, are suboptimal for prevention of the disease in sheep. Recently, the increased awareness on antibiotic- and pyrethorid resistance, is driving the search for a new prophylactic approach in sheep against A. phagocytophilum. Previous studies have used an attenuated vaccine, which gave insufficient protection from challenge with live bacteria. Other studies have focused on bacterial membrane surface proteins like Asp14 and OmpA. An animal study using homologous proteins to Asp14 and OmpA of A. marginate, showed no protective effect in heifers. In the current study, recombinant proteins of Asp14 (rAsp14) and OmpA (rOmpA) of A. phagocytophilum were produced and prepared as a vaccine for sheep. Ten lambs were vaccinated twice with an adjuvant emulsified with rAsp14 or rOmpA, three weeks apart and challenged with a live strain of A. phagocytophilum (GenBank acc.nr M73220) on day 42. The control group consisted of five lambs injected twice with PBS and adjuvant. Hematology, real time qPCR, immunodiagnostics and flow cytometric analyses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were performed. Vaccinated lambs responded with clinical signs of A.phagocytophilum infection after challenge and bacterial load in the vaccinated group was not reduced compared to the control group. rAsp14 vaccinated lambs generated an antibody response against the vaccine, but a clear specificity for rAsp14 could not be established. rOmpA-vaccinated lambs developed a strong specific antibody response on days 28 after vaccination and 14 days post-challenge. Immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear monocytes revealed no difference between the three groups, but the percentage of CD4, CD8(+), gamma delta TcR+, lambda-Light chain(+), CD11b(+), CD14(+) and MHC II+ cells, within the groups changed during the study, most likely due to the adjuvant or challenge with the bacterium. Although an antigen specific antibody response could be detected against rOmpA and possibly rAsp14, the vaccines seemed to be ineffective in reducing clinical signs and bacterial load caused by A. phagocytophilum. This is the first animal study with recombinant Asp14 and OmpA aimed at obtaining clinical protection against A. phagocytophilum in sheep.

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  • 19.
    Jaenson, Thomas G. T.
    et al.
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Wilhelmsson, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Reg Jonkoping Cty, Sweden.
    First records of tick-borne pathogens in populations of the taiga tick Ixodes persulcatus in Sweden2019In: Parasites & Vectors, E-ISSN 1756-3305, Vol. 12, no 1, article id 559Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: The common tick Ixodes ricinus and the taiga tick I. persulcatus are the main tick vectors of Borrelia spirochaetes, TBE virus (TBEV) and of several other zoonotic pathogens in the western and eastern areas, respectively of the Palaearctic region. Recently, populations of the taiga tick were, for the first time, detected in northern Sweden. This prompted us to investigate if they harbour human pathogens. Methods: A total of 276 I. persulcatus ticks (136 males, 126 females and 14 nymphs) and one I. ricinus nymph was collected by the cloth-dragging method in northern Sweden in July-August 2015 and May-July 2016. In addition, 8 males and 10 females of I. persulcatus were collected from two dogs (16 and 2 ticks, respectively) in two of the localities. All ticks were microscopically and molecularly identified to developmental stage and species and screened for B. burgdorferi (sensu lato), B. miyamotoi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Rickettsia spp., Neoehrlichia mikurensis, Babesia spp. and TBEV using real-time PCR followed by species identification by sequencing the PCR-products of conventional PCR assays. Results: Of the ticks collected by the cloth-dragging method, 55% (152/277) were positive for Borrelia. There was no significant difference between the proportions of Borrelia-infected nymphs (33%, 5/15) and Borrelia-infected adult ticks (56%, 147/262), and no significant difference between the proportions of Borrelia-infected males (54%, 74/136) and Borrelia-infected females (58%, 73/126). Three different Borrelia species were identified. Borrelia afzelii was the predominant species and detected in 46% of all Borrelia-infected ticks followed by B. garinii, 35%, B. valaisiana, 1%, and mixed infections of different Borrelia species, 1%; 17% of all Borrelia-infections were untypeable. One I. persulcatus female contained Rickettsia helvetica, and one nymph contained Rickettsia sp. Of the 277 ticks analysed, all were negative for A. phagocytophilum, Babesia spp., Borrelia miyamotoi, N. mikurensis and TBEV. The ticks collected from the two dogs were negative for all pathogens examined except for Borrelia spp., that was detected in 5 out of 16 ticks removed from one of the dogs. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first time that I. persulcatus from Sweden has been analysed for the presence of tick-borne pathogens. The examined tick populations had a low diversity of tick-borne pathogens but a high prevalence of B. burgdorferi (s.l.).

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  • 20.
    Ji, Xiang
    et al.
    Shandong Univ, Peoples R China.
    Zheng, Beiwen
    Zhejiang Univ, Peoples R China.
    Berglund, Björn
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Zhejiang Univ, Peoples R China.
    Zou, Huiyun
    Shandong Univ, Peoples R China.
    Sun, Qiang
    Shandong Univ, Peoples R China.
    Chi, Xiaohui
    Shandong Univ, Peoples R China.
    Ottoson, Jakob
    Natl Food Agcy, Sweden.
    Li, Xuewen
    Shandong Univ, Peoples R China.
    Lundborg, Cecilia Stalsby
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Nilsson, Lennart E
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Dissemination of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli carrying mcr-1 among multiple environmental sources in rural China and associated risk to human health2019In: Environmental Pollution, ISSN 0269-7491, E-ISSN 1873-6424, Vol. 251, p. 619-627Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Antibiotic resistance among gram-negative bacteria is increasingly becoming a problem of global concern. Particularly problematic is the emergence of resistance to last-resort antibiotics such as carbapenems and colistin. The increasing number of reports on the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in isolates worldwide is raising concerns for the future usefulness of this class of antibiotics. Dissemination of mcr-1 is believed to have originated mainly from animal breeding, however, the role of the environment as a transmission source is not yet fully understood. In the current study, 89 extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from 231 samples from different environmental sources in 12 villages in a rural area of Shandong, China, were screened for mcr-1.17 (19.1%) mcr-1-positive isolates were found from different environmental sources, aggregated in 6 villages. Plasmids of three different Inc-groups carrying mcr-1 were confirmed, indicating that the widespread geographical distribution of mcr-1 in the local area is due to a number of different plasmids. Additionally, almost a third (29.4%) of the isolates carried virulence factors associated to intestinal pathogenic E. coli. These results illustrate the high complexity of the transmission patterns of mcr-1 among different environmental matrices on a local scale and the potential for the environment to facilitate dissemination and emergence of antibiotic-resistant and virulent strains of bacteria. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 21.
    Jonsson Henningsson, Anna
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Cty Hosp Ryhov, Sweden.
    Asgeirsson, Hilmir
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Karolinska Univ Hosp, Sweden.
    Hammas, Berit
    Karolinska Univ Hosp, Sweden.
    Karlsson, Elias
    Danderyd Hosp, Sweden.
    Parke, Asa
    Karolinska Univ Hosp, Sweden.
    Hoornstra, Dieuwertje
    Acad Med Ctr, Netherlands.
    Wilhelmsson, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Cty Hosp Ryhov, Sweden.
    Hovius, Joppe W.
    Acad Med Ctr, Netherlands.
    Two Cases of Borrelia miyamotoi Meningitis, Sweden, 20182019In: Emerging Infectious Diseases, ISSN 1080-6040, E-ISSN 1080-6059, Vol. 25, no 10, p. 1965-1968Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We report 2 human cases of Borrelia miyamotoi disease diagnosed in Sweden, including 1 case of meningitis in an apparently immunocompetent patient. The diagnoses were confirmed by 3 different independent PCR assays and DNA sequencing from cerebrospinal fluid, supplemented by serologic analyses.

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  • 22.
    Kabakci, Zeynep
    et al.
    Univ Zurich, Switzerland.
    Kappeli, Simon
    Univ Zurich, Switzerland.
    Cantù, Claudio
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Univ Zurich, Switzerland.
    Jensen, Lasse
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Pharmacology.
    Konig, Christiane
    Univ Zurich, Switzerland.
    Toggweiler, Janine
    Univ Zurich, Switzerland.
    Gentili, Christian
    Univ Zurich, Switzerland.
    Ribaudo, Giovanni
    Univ Padua, Italy.
    Zagotto, Giuseppe
    Univ Padua, Italy.
    Basler, Konrad
    Univ Zurich, Switzerland.
    Pinna, Lorenzo A.
    Univ Padua, Italy.
    Cozza, Giorgio
    Univ Padua, Italy.
    Ferrari, Stefano
    Univ Zurich, Switzerland.
    Pharmacophore-guided discovery of CDC25 inhibitors causing cell cycle arrest and tumor regression2019In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 9, article id 1335Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    CDC25 phosphatases play a key role in cell cycle transitions and are important targets for cancer therapy. Here, we set out to discover novel CDC25 inhibitors. Using a combination of computational methods, we defined a minimal common pharmacophore in established CDC25 inhibitors and performed virtual screening of a proprietary library. Based on the availability of crystal structures for CDC25A and CDC25B, we implemented a molecular docking strategy and carried out hit expansion/optimization. Enzymatic assays revealed that naphthoquinone scaffolds were the most promising CDC25 inhibitors among selected hits. At the molecular level, the compounds acted through a mixed-type mechanism of inhibition of phosphatase activity, involving reversible oxidation of cysteine residues. In 2D cell cultures, the compounds caused arrest of the cell cycle at the G1/S or at the G2/M transition. Mitotic markers analysis and time-lapse microscopy confirmed that CDK1 activity was impaired and that mitotic arrest was followed by death. Finally, the compounds induced differentiation, accompanied by decreased stemness properties, in intestinal crypt stem cell-derived Apc/K-Ras-mutant mouse organoids, and led to tumor regression and reduction of metastatic potential in zebrafish embryo xenografts used as in vivo model.

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  • 23.
    Koch, Stefan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Who controls the Wnt?2019In: Differentiation, ISSN 0301-4681, E-ISSN 1432-0436, Vol. 108Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    n/a

  • 24.
    Koeken, Valerie A. C. M.
    et al.
    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Netherlands.
    van der Pasch, Eva S.
    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Netherlands.
    Leijte, Guus P.
    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Netherlands.
    Mourits, Vera P.
    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Netherlands.
    de Bree, L. Charlotte J.
    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Netherlands; Statens Serum Inst, Denmark; Univ Southern Denmark, Denmark.
    Moorlag, Simone J. C. F. M.
    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Netherlands.
    Budnick, Isadore
    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Netherlands.
    Idh, Nina
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Lerm, Maria
    Linköping University, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Inflammation and Infection. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Kox, Matthijs
    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Netherlands.
    van Laarhoven, Arjan
    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Netherlands.
    Netea, Mihai G.
    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Netherlands; Univ Bonn, Germany.
    van Crevel, Reinout
    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Netherlands.
    The effect of BCG vaccination on alveolar macrophages obtained from induced sputum from healthy volunteers2020In: Cytokine, ISSN 1043-4666, E-ISSN 1096-0023, Vol. 133, article id 155135Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The anti-tuberculosis vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is able to boost innate immune responses through a process called trained immunity. It is hypothesized that BCG-induced trained immunity contributes to protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Since alveolar macrophages are the first cell type to encounter M. tuberculosis upon infection, we aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of BCG vaccination on alveolar macrophages. Searching for a less-invasive method than bronchoalveolar lavage, we optimized the isolation of alveolar macrophages from induced sputum of healthy volunteers. Viable alveolar macrophages could be successfully isolated from induced sputum and showed signs of activation already upon retrieval. Further flow cytometric analyses revealed that at baseline, higher expression levels of activation markers were observed on the alveolar macrophages of smokers compared to non-smokers. In addition, BCG vaccination resulted in decreased expression of the activation markers CD11b and HLA-DR on alveolar macrophages. Future studies should evaluate the functional consequences of this reduced activation of alveolar macrophages after BCG vaccination.

  • 25.
    Lager, Malin
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Dessau, Ram B.
    Department of Clinical Microbiology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark.
    Wilhelmsson, Peter
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Nyman, Dag
    The Åland Group for Borrelia Research, Åland, Mariehamn, Finland.
    Jensen, Guro F.
    Department of Medical Microbiology, Sørlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway.
    Matussek, Andreas
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Division of Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine, Jönköping Region Jönköping County, Sweden, Ryhov County Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden; Karolinska University Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Lindgren, Per-Eric
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Division of Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine, Jönköping Region Jönköping County, Sweden.
    Jonsson Henningsson, Anna
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Division of Clinical Microbiology, Laboratory Medicine, Jönköping Region Jönköping County, Sweden.
    Serrander, Lena (Contributor)
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Center for Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Microbiology.
    Serological diagnostics of Lyme borreliosis: comparison of assays in twelve clinical laboratories in Northern Europe2019In: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, ISSN 0934-9723, E-ISSN 1435-4373, Vol. 38, no 10, p. 1933-1945Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Lyme borreliosis (LB), caused by spirochetes belonging to the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, is the most common tick-borne infection in Europe. Laboratory diagnosis of LB is mainly based on the patients’ medical history, clinical signs and symptoms in combination with detection of Borrelia-specific antibodies where indirect enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the most widely used technique. The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare the diagnostic accuracy (sensitivities and specificities) of serological tests that are currently in use for diagnosis of LB in clinical laboratories in Northern Europe, by use of a large serum panel. The panel consisted of 195 serum samples from well-characterized and classified patients under investigation for clinically suspected LB (n = 59) including patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis, Lyme arthritis, acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, erythema migrans or other diseases (n = 112). A total of 201 serum samples from healthy blood donors were also included. The panel (396 serum samples altogether) was sent to 12 clinical laboratories (using five different ELISA methods) as blinded for group affiliation and the laboratories were asked to perform serological analysis according to their routine procedure. The results from the study demonstrated high diagnostic concordance between the laboratories using the same diagnostic assay and lower diagnostic concordance between laboratories using different diagnostic assays. For IgG, the results were in general rather homogenous and showed an average sensitivity of 88% (range 85–91%) compared to IgM which showed lower average sensitivity of 59% (range 50–67%) and more heterogeneous results between assays and laboratories. © 2019, The Author(s).

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  • 26.
    Lange, C.
    et al.
    Res Ctr Borstel, Germany; Univ Lubeck, Germany; German Ctr Infect Res DZIF, Germany; Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Aarnoutse, R. E.
    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Netherlands.
    Alffenaar, J. W. C.
    Univ Groningen, Netherlands.
    Bothamley, G.
    Homerton Univ Hosp, England; QMUL, England; London Sch Hyg and Trop Med, England.
    Brinkmann, F.
    Ruhr Univ Bochum, Germany.
    Costa, J.
    Ctr Hosp Leiria, Portugal; Ctr Innovat Technol and Hlth Care, Portugal.
    Chesov, D.
    Nicoale Testemitanu State Univ Med and Pharm, Moldova; Res Ctr Borstel, Germany.
    van Crevel, R.
    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Netherlands; Univ Oxford, England.
    Dedicoat, M.
    Univ Hosp Birmingham, England.
    Dominguez, J.
    Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Spain.
    Duarte, R.
    Portuguese Natl TB Program, Portugal; Ctr Hosp Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal; Univ Porto, Portugal; Univ Porto, Portugal.
    Grobbel, H. P.
    Res Ctr Borstel, Germany; Univ Lubeck, Germany; German Ctr Infect Res DZIF, Germany.
    Guenther, G.
    Res Ctr Borstel, Germany; Univ Namibia, Namibia.
    Guglielmetti, L.
    Hop Univ Pitie Salpetriere Charles Foix, France; Univ Pierre and Marie Curie 06, France.
    Heyckendorf, J.
    Res Ctr Borstel, Germany; Univ Lubeck, Germany; German Ctr Infect Res DZIF, Germany.
    Kay, A. W.
    Texas Childrens Hosp, TX 77030 USA; Baylor Coll Med, TX 77030 USA; Baylor Coll Med Childrens Fdn, Swaziland.
    Kirakosyan, O.
    MSF France OCP, Armenia.
    Kirk, O.
    Univ Copenhagen, Denmark; Univ Southern Denmark, Denmark.
    Koczulla, R. A.
    Philipps Univ Marburg, Germany; German Ctr Lung Res DZL, Germany.
    Kudriashov, G. G.
    St Petersburg State Res Inst Phthisiopulmonol, Russia.
    Kuksa, L.
    Riga East Univ Hosp, Latvia; Riga Stradins Univ, Latvia.
    van Leth, F.
    Univ Amsterdam, Netherlands.
    Magis-Escurra, C.
    Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Netherlands.
    Mandalakas, A. M.
    Texas Childrens Hosp, TX 77030 USA; Baylor Coll Med, TX 77030 USA.
    Molina-Moya, B.
    Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Spain.
    Peloquin, C. A.
    Univ Florida, FL USA.
    Reimann, M.
    Res Ctr Borstel, Germany; Univ Lubeck, Germany; German Ctr Infect Res DZIF, Germany.
    Rumetshofer, R.
    Otto Wagner Hosp Vienna, Austria.
    Schaaf, H. S.
    Stellenbosch Univ, South Africa.
    Schön, Thomas
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Kalmar Cty Hosp, Sweden.
    Tiberi, S.
    Barts Hlth NHS Trust, England; Queen Mary Univ, England.
    Valda, J.
    Otto Wagner Hosp Vienna, Austria.
    Yablonskii, P. K.
    St Petersburg State Res Inst Phthisiopulmonol, Russia; St Petersburg State Univ, Russia.
    Dheda, K.
    Univ Cape Town, South Africa.
    Management of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis2019In: The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, ISSN 1027-3719, E-ISSN 1815-7920, Vol. 23, no 6, p. 645-662Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB; defined as resistance to at least rifampicin and isoniazid) represents a growing threat to public health and economic growth. Never before in the history of mankind have more patients been affected by MDR-TB than is the case today. The World Health Organization reports that MDR-TB outcomes are poor despite staggeringly high management costs. Moreover, treatment is prolonged, adverse events are common, and the majority of affected patients do not receive adequate treatment. As MDR-TB strains are often resistant to one or more second-line anti-TB drugs, in-depth genotypic and phenotypic drug susceptibility testing is needed to construct personalised treatment regimens to improve treatment outcomes. For the first time in decades, the availability of novel drugs such as bedaquiline allow us to design potent and well-tolerated personalised MDR-TB treatment regimens based solely on oral drugs. In this article, we present management guidance to optimise the diagnosis, algorithm-based treatment, drug dosing and therapeutic drug monitoring, and the management of adverse events and comorbidities, associated with MDR-TB. We also discuss the role of surgery, physiotherapy, rehabilitation, palliative care and smoking cessation in patients with MDR-TB. We hope that incorporating these recommendations into patient care will be helpful in optimising treatment outcomes, and lead to more MDR-TB patients achieving a relapse-free cure.

  • 27.
    Li, Jiyun
    et al.
    China Agr Univ, Peoples R China; Hunan Agr Univ, Peoples R China.
    Bi, Zhenwang
    Shandong Acad Clin Med, Peoples R China.
    Ma, Shizhen
    China Agr Univ, Peoples R China.
    Chen, Baoli
    Shandong Ctr Dis Control and Prevent, Peoples R China.
    Cai, Chang
    Zhejiang Agr and Forestry Univ, Peoples R China; Murdoch Univ, Australia.
    He, Junjia
    China Agr Univ, Peoples R China.
    Schwarz, Stefan
    China Agr Univ, Peoples R China; Free Univ Berlin, Germany.
    Sun, Chengtao
    China Agr Univ, Peoples R China.
    Zhou, Yuqing
    China Agr Univ, Peoples R China.
    Yin, Jia
    Shandong Univ, Peoples R China; Shandong Univ, Peoples R China.
    Hulth, Anette
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Publ Hlth Agcy Sweden, Sweden.
    Wang, Yongqiang
    China Agr Univ, Peoples R China.
    Shen, Zhangqi
    China Agr Univ, Peoples R China.
    Wang, Shaolin
    China Agr Univ, Peoples R China.
    Wu, Congming
    China Agr Univ, Peoples R China.
    Nilsson, Lennart E
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Walsh, Timothy R.
    China Agr Univ, Peoples R China; Cardiff Univ, Wales.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Natl Vet Inst SVA, Sweden.
    Shen, Jianzhong
    China Agr Univ, Peoples R China.
    Sun, Qiang
    Shandong Univ, Peoples R China.
    Wang, Yang
    China Agr Univ, Peoples R China.
    Inter-host Transmission of Carbapenemase-Producing Escherichia coli among Humans and Backyard Animals2019In: Journal of Environmental Health Perspectives, ISSN 0091-6765, E-ISSN 1552-9924, Vol. 127, no 10, article id 107009Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: The rapidly increasing dissemination of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in both humans and animals poses a global threat to public health. However, the transmission of CRE between humans and animals has not yet been well studied. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the prevalence, risk factors, and drivers of CRE transmission between humans and their backyard animals in rural China. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive sampling strategy in 12 villages in Shandong, China. Using the household [residents and their backyard animals (farm and companion animals)] as a single surveillance unit, we assessed the prevalence of CRE at the household level and examined the factors associated with CRE carriage through a detailed questionnaire. Genetic relationships among human- and animal-derived CRE were assessed using whole-genome sequencing-based molecular methods. RESULTS: A total of 88 New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamases-type carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (NDM-EC), including 17 from humans, 44 from pigs, 12 from chickens, 1 from cattle, and 2 from dogs, were isolated from 65 of the 746 households examined. The remaining 12 NDM-EC were from flies in the immediate backyard environment. The NDM-EC colonization in households was significantly associated with a) the number of species of backyard animals raised/kept in the same household, and b) the use of human and/or animal feces as fertilizer. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) revealed that a large proportion of the core genomes of the NDM-EC belonged to strains from hosts other than their own, and several human isolates shared closely related core single-nucleotide polymorphisms and bla(NDM)( )genetic contexts with isolates from backyard animals. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, we are the first to report evidence of direct transmission of NDM-EC between humans and animals. Given the rise of NDM-EC in community and hospital infections, combating NDM-EC transmission in backyard farm systems is needed.

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  • 28.
    Liew-Littorin, C.
    et al.
    Orebro Univ Hosp, Sweden.
    Bruggemann, H.
    Aarhus Univ, Denmark.
    Davidsson, S.
    Orebro Univ, Sweden.
    Nilsdotter-Augustinsson, Åsa
    Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Infectious Diseases. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation.
    Hellmark, B.
    Orebro Univ Hosp, Sweden.
    Soderquist, B.
    Orebro Univ Hosp, Sweden; Orebro Univ, Sweden.
    Clonal diversity of Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) in prosthetic joint infections2019In: Anaerobe, ISSN 1075-9964, E-ISSN 1095-8274, Vol. 59, p. 54-60Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) are rare but feared complications following joint replacement surgery. Cutibacterium acnes is a skin commensal that is best known for its role in acne vulgaris but can also cause invasive infections such as PJIs. Some phylotypes might be associated with specific diseases, and recently, a plasmid was detected that might harbour important virulence genes. In this study, we characterized C. acnes isolates from 63 patients with PJIs (n = 140 isolates) and from the skin of 56 healthy individuals (n = 56 isolates), using molecular methods to determine the phylotype and investigate the presence of the plasmid. Single-locus sequence typing and a polymerase chain reaction designed to detect the plasmid were performed on all 196 isolates. No statistically significant differences in sequence types were seen between the two study groups indicating that the C. acnes that causes PJIs originates from the patients own normal skin microbiota. Of the 27 patients with multiple tissue samples, 19 displayed the same sequence types among all their samples. Single-locus sequence typing identified different genotypes among consecutive C. acnes isolates from four patients with recurrent infections. The plasmid was found among 17 isolates distributed in both groups, indicating that it might not be a marker for virulence regarding PJIs. Patients presenting multiple sequence types in tissue samples may represent contamination or a true polyclonal infection due to C. acnes. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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  • 29.
    Ljunggren, Stefan
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center.
    Bengtsson, Torbjorn
    Orebro Univ, Sweden.
    Karlsson, Helen
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Starkhammar Johansson, Carin
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Public Dental Health Care, Center for Oral Rehabilitation Linköping.
    Palm, Eleonor
    Orebro Univ, Sweden.
    Nayeri, Fariba
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Infectious Diseases.
    Ghafouri, Bijar
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Pain and Rehabilitation Center.
    Davies, Julia
    Malmo Univ, Sweden.
    Svensater, Gunnel
    Malmo Univ, Sweden.
    Lönn, Johanna
    Orebro Univ, Sweden; Malmo Univ, Sweden; PEAS Research Institute, Sweden.
    Modified lipoproteins in periodontitis: a link to cardiovascular disease?2019In: Bioscience Reports, ISSN 0144-8463, E-ISSN 1573-4935, Vol. 39, no 3, article id BSR20181665Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There is a strong association between periodontal disease and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disorders. A key event in the development of atherosclerosis is accumulation of modified lipoproteins within the arterial wall. We hypothesise that patients with periodontitis have an altered lipoprotein profile towards an atherogenic form. Therefore, the present study aims at identifying modifications of plasma lipoproteins in periodontitis. Lipoproteins from ten female patients with periodontitis and gender- and age-matched healthy controls were isolated by density-gradient ultracentrifugation. Proteins were separated by 2D gel-electrophoresis and identified by map-matching or by nano-LC followed by MS. Apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I (ApoA-I) methionine oxidation, Oxyblot, total antioxidant capacity and a multiplex of 71 inflammation-related plasma proteins were assessed. Reduced levels of apoJ, phospholipid transfer protein, apoF, complement C3, paraoxonase 3 and increased levels of alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, apoA-II, apoC-III were found in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) from the patients. In low-density lipoprotein (LDL)/very LDL (VLDL), the levels of apoL-1 and platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) as well as apo-B fragments were increased. Methionine oxidation of apoA-I was increased in HDL and showed a relationship with periodontal parameters. alpha-1 antitrypsin and alpha-2-HS glycoprotein were oxidised in LDL/VLDL and antioxidant capacity was increased in the patient group. A total of 17 inflammation-related proteins were important for group separation with the highest discriminating proteins identified as IL-21, Fractalkine, IL-17F, IL-7, IL-1RA and IL-2. Patients with periodontitis have an altered plasma lipoprotein profile, defined by altered protein levels as well as post-translational and other structural modifications towards an atherogenic form, which supports a role of modified plasma lipoproteins as central in the link between periodontal and cardiovascular disease (CVD).

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  • 30.
    Marti, M.
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, Tema Environmental Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Nilsson, M. B.
    Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Sweden.
    Danielsson, Åsa
    Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, Tema Environmental Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Lindgren, Per-Eric
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Svensson, Bo
    Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, Tema Environmental Change. Linköping University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences.
    Strong long-term interactive effects of warming and enhanced nitrogen and sulphur deposition on the abundance of active methanogens in a boreal oligotrophic mire2019In: Mires and Peat, ISSN 1819-754X, E-ISSN 1819-754X, Vol. 24, p. 1-14, article id 29Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Peatlands play a key role in the carbon cycle by being a considerable source of atmospheric methane. Thus, an understanding of the microbial production of methane is important in relation to environmental changes of peatlands. We applied real-time PCR on the mcrA gene and transcript to investigate the peat methanogen community response to the combined effect of 18 years of simulated warming and deposition of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) at a boreal oligotrophic mire in Sweden. The long-term effects of the experimental treatments on the methanogens was highly dependent on interactions between the treatment factors Enhanced N deposition amplified the effect of warming, resulting in a further increase of the abundance of active methanogens. The effect of the perturbations was modulated by the depth horizon, with the strongest effect at the water level, where the interaction between enhanced N and S deposition, and warming, resulted in an increase of active methanogens. These results indicate that increasing average temperatures and simultaneously higher N deposition rates will substantially increase the methanogenic activity in northern ombrotrophic peatlands. These findings strongly highlight the importance of accounting for any possible interactive perturbation effects when investigating the response of peat methanogens to environmental change.

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  • 31.
    Moparthi, Lavanya
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Koch, Stefan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Wnt signaling in intestinal inflammation2019In: Differentiation, ISSN 0301-4681, E-ISSN 1432-0436, Vol. 108, p. 24-32Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis, are a major health burden worldwide. Numerous conserved signaling pathways control tissue injury and repair during colitis, but owing to the complexity of the inflammatory process, their individual contribution remains poorly understood. A key regulatory pathway in the intestinal mucosa is Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, which acts as the central organizer of epithelial stem cell identity and maintenance. Apart from this core function, there is mounting evidence that the Wnt pathway is highly interconnected with numerous other signaling cascades, and that combinatorial signaling events shape epithelial homeostasis and tissue regeneration. Here we provide an updated view of how Wnt signaling intersects with major inflammatory pathways, with a particular focus on intestinal inflammation. Elucidating the reciprocal actions of Wnt ligands and cytokines has the potential to reveal new treatment options for chronic colitis and other inflammatory disorders.

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  • 32.
    Moparthi, Lavanya
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Pizzolato, Giulia
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Koch, Stefan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Wnt activator FOXB2 drives the neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer2019In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, ISSN 0027-8424, E-ISSN 1091-6490, Vol. 116, no 44, p. 22189-22195Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Wnt signaling pathway is of paramount importance for development and disease. However, the tissue-specific regulation of Wnt pathway activity remains incompletely understood. Here we identify FOXB2, an uncharacterized forkhead box family transcription factor, as a potent activator of Wnt signaling in normal and cancer cells. Mechanistically, FOXB2 induces multiple Wnt ligands, including WNT7B, which increases TCF/LEF-dependent transcription without activating Wnt coreceptor LRP6 or beta-catenin. Proximity ligation and functional complementation assays identified several transcription regulators, including YY1, JUN, and DDX5, as cofactors required for FOXB2-dependent pathway activation. Although FOXB2 expression is limited in adults, it is induced in select cancers, particularly advanced prostate cancer. RNA-seq data analysis suggests that FOXB2/WNT7B expression in prostate cancer is associated with a transcriptional program that favors neuronal differentiation and decreases recurrence-free survival. Consistently, FOXB2 controls Wnt signaling and neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer cell lines. Our results suggest that FOXB2 is a tissue-specific Wnt activator that promotes the malignant transformation of prostate cancer.

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  • 33.
    Niward, Katarina
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Infectious Diseases.
    Towards individualised treatment of tuberculosis2019Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Each year, around 10 million of individuals develop active tuberculosis (TB). Worldwide, TB is the leading cause of death from an infectious agent surpassing both malaria and HIV. Current treatment regimens are long and therefore encompass a risk of nonadherence and development of acquired drug-resistance, reflected in the increase of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB. Indeed, this calls for prudent use of existing TB drugs and improvement of TB treatment strategies. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the current drug susceptibility testing (DST) breakpoints for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of TB treatment and to explore the role of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for optimising TB treatment.

    Drug resistance in M. tuberculosis is expressed over a continuous scale and for some drugs it may be identified as low- and high-level resistance. This has been poorly reflected in currently used binary susceptibility breakpoints for TB drugs. Results from genome sequencing and phenotypic DST of ofloxacin and levofloxacin were compared in study I and current breakpoints were found to misclassify up to 25% of M. tuberculosis isolates with resistance mutations in gyrA as susceptible to fluoroquinolones. This finding may have implications for the classification of XDR-TB, treatment of MDR-TB and the evaluation of fluoroquinolones in clinical studies.

    Study II was a prospective cohort study of susceptible TB in Sweden, where drug concentrations of first-line TB drugs were measured along with the susceptibility level of the bacteria defined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of M. tuberculosis. First-line drug concentrations below the reference range (16-42%) were common and most pronounced for rifampicin (13/31, 42%). An exploratory investigation of PK/PD parameters displayed a wide distribution of ratios between drug exposures and MICs. Rifampicin exhibited higher level of individual fluctuations over time during TB treatment compared with isoniazid. In study III the plasma drug concentrations of rifampicin were compared to the tuberculosis drug activity assay (TDA) and results showed that rifampicin drug levels, but not drug levels of the other first-line drugs, correlated with TDA. Patients with rifampicin drug levels below 8 mg/L had significantly lower median TDA. This finding supports the use of TDA as a potential indicator for low rifampicin exposure in resource-constrained settings without access to drug concentration analysis. The study design in study II has been further developed in study IV, which is a prospective cohort study of MDR-TB in China, where drug exposure will be explored in relation to individual bacterial MIC and measurements of treatment outcome.

    In summary, the work in this thesis emphasises the importance of reliable DST of M. tuberculosis and the need to re-evaluate the currently used breakpoints. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) based on drug concentrations and MICs is a useful tool to avoid suboptimal drug exposure and to individualise TB treatments. Such strategies may improve treatment regimens and avoid further development of resistance.

    List of papers
    1. Susceptibility testing breakpoints for Mycobacterium tuberculosis categorize isolates with resistance mutations in gyrA as susceptible to fluoroquinolones: implications for MDR-TB treatment and the definition of XDR-TB.
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Susceptibility testing breakpoints for Mycobacterium tuberculosis categorize isolates with resistance mutations in gyrA as susceptible to fluoroquinolones: implications for MDR-TB treatment and the definition of XDR-TB.
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    2016 (English)In: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, ISSN 0305-7453, E-ISSN 1460-2091, Vol. 71, no 2, p. 333-338Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVES: Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are important in the treatment of MDR-TB and in the definition of XDR-TB. Our objective was to investigate how discrepancies in the phenotypic and genotypic methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing could affect the interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility test results.

    METHODS: We analysed MICs of ofloxacin and levofloxacin in Middlebrook 7H10 broth (7H10) as well as sequencing of the quinolone resistance-determining region of the gyrA gene and the MTBDRsl assay in 75 resistant isolates, including MDR and XDR strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

    RESULTS: Among 75 resistant isolates, 27 had mutations associated with FQ resistance. Among isolates with resistance mutations in gyrA, 26% (seven of 27) were susceptible to levofloxacin and ofloxacin by phenotypic testing at 1 mg/L and 2 mg/L. The most common mutation was in codon 94 and these isolates had significantly increased MICs of levofloxacin (2-8 mg/L) compared with isolates with mutations in codon 90 (0.25-2 mg/L, P < 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity for the MTBDRsl assay compared with gyrA sequencing were 96% and 98%, respectively.

    CONCLUSION: Current critical concentrations may classify up to 26% of isolates with gyrA mutations as susceptible to FQs due to a close relationship between susceptible and resistant populations. These results should be considered while improving clinical breakpoints for M. tuberculosis and may have an impact on the definition of XDR-TB.

    National Category
    Infectious Medicine
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-124557 (URN)10.1093/jac/dkv353 (DOI)000372427600008 ()26538509 (PubMedID)
    Note

    Funding agencies: Heart and Lung Foundation; Swedish Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (SSAC); Swedish Medical Association; Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation

    Available from: 2016-02-03 Created: 2016-02-03 Last updated: 2019-04-24
    2. Distribution of plasma concentrations of first-line anti-TB drugs and individual MICs: a prospective cohort study in a low endemic setting
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Distribution of plasma concentrations of first-line anti-TB drugs and individual MICs: a prospective cohort study in a low endemic setting
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    2018 (English)In: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, ISSN 0305-7453, E-ISSN 1460-2091, Vol. 73, no 10, p. 2838-2845Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) could improve current TB treatment, but few studies have reported pharmacokinetic data together with MICs. Objectives: To investigate plasma concentrations of rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol along with MICs. Methods: Drug concentrations of rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol were analysed pre-dose and 2, 4 and 6 h after drug intake at week 2 in 31 TB patients and MICs in BACTEC 960 MGIT were determined at baseline. The highest plasma concentrations at 2, 4 and 6 h post-dose (C-high) were determined, as well as estimates of C-high/MIC and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC(0-6))/MIC including the corresponding ratios based on calculated free-drug concentrations. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02042261). Results: After 2 weeks of treatment, the median C-high values for rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol were 10.0, 5.3, 41.1 and 3.3 mg/L respectively. Lower than recommended drug concentrations were detected in 42% of the patients for rifampicin (amp;lt;8 mg/L), 19% for isoniazid (amp;lt;3 mg/L), 27% for pyrazinamide (amp;lt;35 mg/L) and 16% for ethambutol (amp;lt;2 mg/L). The median Chigh/MIC values for rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol were 164, 128, 1.3 and 2.5, respectively, whereas the AUC(0-6)/MIC was 636 (range 156-2759) for rifampicin and 351 (range 72-895) for isoniazid. Conclusions: We report low levels of first-line TB drugs in 16%-42% of patients, in particular for rifampicin. There was a wide distribution of the ratios between drug exposures and MICs. The future use of MIC determinations in TDM is dependent on the development of a reference method and clinically validated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2018
    National Category
    Pharmaceutical Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-153707 (URN)10.1093/jac/dky268 (DOI)000452914200032 ()30124844 (PubMedID)
    Note

    Funding Agencies|Research Council of Southeast Sweden; Region of Ostergotland; Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation; Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation; Swedish Research Council; Stockholm County Council [ALF20160331]

    Available from: 2019-01-07 Created: 2019-01-07 Last updated: 2019-05-02
    3. Plasma Levels of Rifampin Correlate with the Tuberculosis Drug Activity Assay
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Plasma Levels of Rifampin Correlate with the Tuberculosis Drug Activity Assay
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    2018 (English)In: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, ISSN 0066-4804, E-ISSN 1098-6596, Vol. 62, no 5, article id e00218-18Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    The plasma tuberculosis drug activity (TDA) assay may be an alternative tool for therapeutic drug monitoring in resource-limited settings. In tuberculosis (TB) patients (n = 30), TDA and plasma levels of first-line drugs were analyzed 2 h post-dose, 2 weeks after treatment initiation. Patients with plasma levels of rifampin lower than 8 mg/liter had a significantly lower median TDA (1.40 versus 1.68, P = 0.0013). TDA may be used to identify TB patients with suboptimal rifampin levels during TB treatment.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY, 2018
    Keywords
    pharmacokinetics; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; rifampin; isoniazid
    National Category
    Pharmacology and Toxicology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-147915 (URN)10.1128/AAC.00218-18 (DOI)000431341200022 ()29483112 (PubMedID)
    Note

    Funding Agencies|Research Council of Southeast Sweden (FORSS); Marianne and Marcus Wallenberg Foundation; Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation; Region of Ostergotland, Sweden; Swedish Research Council

    Available from: 2018-05-23 Created: 2018-05-23 Last updated: 2019-05-01
    4. Plasma concentrations of second-line antituberculosis drugs in relation to minimum inhibitory concentrations in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients in China: a study protocol of a prospective observational cohort study
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Plasma concentrations of second-line antituberculosis drugs in relation to minimum inhibitory concentrations in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients in China: a study protocol of a prospective observational cohort study
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    2018 (English)In: BMJ Open, E-ISSN 2044-6055, Vol. 8, no 9, article id e023899Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction Individualised treatment through therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) may improve tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes but is not routinely implemented. Prospective clinical studies of drug exposure and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) are scarce. This translational study aims to characterise the area under the concentration-time curve of individual MDR-TB drugs, divided by the MIC for Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates, to explore associations with markers of treatment progress and to develop useful strategies for clinical implementation of TDM in MDR-TB. Methods and analysis Adult patients with pulmonary MDR-TB treated in Xiamen, China, are included. Plasma samples for measure of drug exposure are obtained at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 hours after drug intake at week 2 and at 0, 4 and 6 hours during weeks 4 and 8. Sputum samples for evaluating time to culture positivity and MIC determination are collected at days 0, 2 and 7 and at weeks 2, 4, 8 and 12 after treatment initiation. Disease severity are assessed with a clinical scoring tool (TBscore II) and quality of life evaluated using EQ-5D-5L. Drug concentrations of pyrazinamide, ethambutol, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, cycloserine, prothionamide and para-aminosalicylate are measured by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry and the levels of amikacin measured by immunoassay. Dried blood spot on filter paper, to facilitate blood sampling for analysis of drug concentrations, is also evaluated. The MICs of the drugs listed above are determined using custom-made broth microdilution plates and MYCOTB plates with Middlebrook 7H9 media. MIC determination of pyrazinamide is performed in BACTEC MGIT 960. Ethics and dissemination This study has been approved by the ethical review boards of Karolinska Institutet, Sweden and Fudan University, China. Informed written consent is given by participants. The study results will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal. Trial registration number NCT02816931; Pre-results.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018
    Keywords
    tuberculosis; clinical pharmacology; public health; microbiology
    National Category
    Pharmaceutical Sciences
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-153393 (URN)10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023899 (DOI)000450417800153 ()30287613 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85054436449 (Scopus ID)
    Note

    Funding Agencies|Swedish Heart Lung Foundation [20150508]; Swedish National Research Council [540-2013-8797]; National Research Foundation of China [81361138019]

    Available from: 2018-12-17 Created: 2018-12-17 Last updated: 2023-08-28Bibliographically approved
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  • 34.
    Olofsson, Magnus
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Odeshog Hlth Care Ctr, Sweden.
    Matussek, A.
    Reg Jonkoping Cty, Sweden; Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Karolinska Univ Lab, Sweden.
    Ehricht, R.
    Abbott Alere Technol GmbH, Germany; InfectoGnost Res Campus, Germany; Leibniz Inst Photon Technol, Germany.
    Lindgren, Per-Eric
    Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Reg Jonkoping Cty, Sweden.
    Östgren, Carl Johan
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Community Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Primary Care Center, Primary Health Care Center Ödeshög.
    Differences in molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in nursing home residents and people in unassisted living situations2019In: Journal of Hospital Infection, ISSN 0195-6701, E-ISSN 1532-2939, Vol. 101, no 1, p. 76-83Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: The usefulness of colonization pressure as a working model and proxy for infection transmission is limited due to the inability to grade or quantify the specific risk within environments that are subject to change. Aim: To elaborate on the colonization pressure model by comparing the molecular epidemiology of two bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, among residents in a nursing home and people in unassisted living situations. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 73 elderly residents from a village in south-central Sweden was conducted. Of these, 35 were residents of a nursing home, and 34 lived in an own place of residence in the same geographical area. Samples of two representative bacterial species were collected from multiple body sites and analysed for molecular diversity. Findings: Combining all body sites, 47% of the participants were colonized with S. aureus and 93% with E. coli. The nursing home group, the group in unassisted living situations, and both units combined, held 16, 17, and 29 different S. aureus spa types, respectively. The corresponding numbers of different E. coli serogenotypes were 34, 28, and 48. Diabetes mellitus was associated with more frequent colonization with S. aureus. Conclusion: The molecular diversity of bacteria found within different forms of accommodation was within the same range. Hospital quality hygiene might have contributed to the absence of homogenization of the molecular diversity within the nursing home group. Diabetes mellitus might have played a role in a patient selection characterized by advanced age. (C) 2018 The Healthcare Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 35.
    Peters, Lynn
    et al.
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Olson, Linus
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Khu, Dung T. K.
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Vietnam Natl Childrens Hosp, Vietnam.
    Linnros, Sofia
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Le, Ngai K.
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Vietnam Natl Childrens Hosp, Vietnam.
    Hanberger, Håkan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Infectious Diseases.
    Hoang, Ngoc T. B.
    Vietnam Natl Childrens Hosp, Vietnam.
    Tran, Dien M.
    Res Inst Child Hlth, Vietnam; Vietnam Natl Childrens Hosp, Vietnam.
    Larsson, Mattias
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Multiple antibiotic resistance as a risk factor for mortality and prolonged hospital stay: A cohort study among neonatal intensive care patients with hospital-acquired infections caused by gram-negative bacteria in Vietnam2019In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 14, no 5, article id e0215666Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is an increasing burden for global health. The prevalence of ABR in Southeast Asia is among the highest worldwide, especially in relation to hospital acquired infections (HAI) in intensive care units (ICU). However, little is known about morbidity and mortality attributable to ABR in neonates. Aim This study aimed to assess mortality and the length of hospitalization attributable to ABR in gram-negative bacteria (GNB) causing HAI in a Vietnamese neonatal ICU (NICU). Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study (n = 296) in a NICU in Hanoi, Vietnam, from March 2016 to October 2017. Patients isolated with HAI caused by GNB were included. The exposure was resistance to multiple antibiotic classes, the two outcomes were mortality and length of hospital stay (LOS). Data were analysed using two regression models, controlling for confounders and effect modifiers such as co-morbidities, time at risk, severity of illness, sex, age, and birthweight. Results The overall case fatality rate was 44.3% and the 30 days mortality rate after infection was 31.8%. For every additional resistance to an antibiotic class, the odds of a fatal outcome increased by 27% and LOS increased by 2.1 days. These results were statistically significant (p amp;lt; 0.05). Conclusion ABR was identified as a significant risk factor for adverse outcomes in neonates with HAI. These findings are generally in line with previous research in children and adults. However, heterogeneous study designs, the neglect of important confounders and varying definitions of ABR impair the validity, reliability, and comparability of results.

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  • 36.
    Protudjer, Jennifer L. P.
    et al.
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Univ Manitoba, Canada; George and Fay Yee Ctr Healthcare Innovat, Canada; Childrens Hosp Res Inst Manitoba, Canada.
    Middelveld, Roelinde
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Ballardini, Natalia
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Soder Sjukhuset, Sweden; Kings Coll London, England.
    Wai, Hay Mar
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Ahlstedt, Staffan
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Nilsson, Lennart E
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Kivisto, Juho E.
    Tampere Univ Hosp, Finland; Univ Tampere, Finland.
    Epinephrine dispensings, allergy hospitalizations and the elimination of co-payments in Sweden2019In: Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, ISSN 0105-4538, E-ISSN 1398-9995, Vol. 74, no 6, p. 1197-1200Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    n/a

  • 37.
    Raffetseder, Johanna
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Iakobachvili, Nino
    Division of Nanoscopy, The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
    Loitto, Vesa
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Peters, Peter J.
    Division of Nanoscopy, The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
    Lerm, Maria
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Retention of EsxA in the Capsule-Like Layer of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Associated with Cytotoxicity and Is Counteracted by Lung Surfactant2019In: Infection and Immunity, ISSN 0019-9567, E-ISSN 1098-5522, Vol. 87, no 3, article id e00803-18Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the pathogen that causes tuberculosis, primarily infects macrophages but withstands the host cells bactericidal effects. EsxA, also called virulence factor 6-kDa early secretory antigenic target (ESAT-6), is involved in phagosomal rupture and cell death. We provide confocal and electron microscopy data showing that M. tuberculosis bacteria grown without detergent retain EsxA on their surface. Lung surfactant has detergent-like properties and effectively strips off this surface-associated EsxA, which advocates a novel mechanism of lung surfactant-mediated defense against pathogens. Upon challenge of human macrophages with these M. tuberculosis bacilli, the amount of surface-associated EsxA rapidly declines in a phagocytosis-independent manner. Furthermore, M. tuberculosis bacteria cultivated under exclusion of detergent exert potent cytotoxic activity associated with bacterial growth. Together, this study suggests that the surface retention of EsxA contributes to the cytotoxicity of M. tuberculosis and highlights how cultivation conditions affect the experimental outcome.

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  • 38.
    Ridberg, Sara
    et al.
    Örebro University, Sweden.
    Hellmark, Bengt
    Örebro University, Sweden.
    Nilsdotter-Augustinsson, Åsa
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Infectious Diseases.
    Söderquist, Bo
    Örebro University, Sweden.
    Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) isolated from prosthetic joint infections is less susceptible to oxacillin than to benzylpenicillin2019In: Journal of bone and joint infection, ISSN 2206-3552, Vol. 4, no 3, p. 106-110Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction: The frequency of prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) due to Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) is increasing, especially shoulder PJIs. The recommended antibiotic prophylaxis for hip and knee arthroplasties is beta-lactam antibiotics, predominantly cephalosporins. However, for example in Sweden, isoxazolyl-penicillin cloxacillin is used. No specific recommendations for shoulder arthroplasties are available. The aim of the present study was to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for different antibiotics for C. acnes; and, more specifically, to compare the MIC values for benzylpenicillin and oxacillin.

    Materials and methods: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for nine different antibiotic agents were obtained by gradient test (Etest) using strains of C. acnes (n= 57) isolated from PJIs from shoulders (n=31), hips (n=21), and knees (n=5).

    Results: All isolates had low MIC values for most of the tested antibiotic agents, and showed a wild type MIC distribution. The exception was clindamycin with 9% of the isolates displaying decreased susceptibility. The MIC values obtained for benzylpenicillin were significantly lower than the MIC values for isoxazolyl-penicillin (oxacillin).

    Conclusion: These in vitro results indicate that benzylpenicillin might be a more effective prophylactic treatment to prevent shoulder PJIs caused by C. acnes. However, further studies on the subject are needed, and the effectiveness of the prophylactic treatment should be evaluated using randomized controlled studies and/or register-based studies.

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  • 39.
    Salazar, Valerie S.
    et al.
    Harvard Sch Dent Med, MA 02115 USA; Univ Zurich, Switzerland.
    Capelo, Luciane P.
    Harvard Sch Dent Med, MA 02115 USA; Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Brazil.
    Cantù, Claudio
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Univ Zurich, Switzerland.
    Zimmerli, Dario
    Univ Zurich, Switzerland.
    Gosalia, Nehal
    Regeneron Pharmaceut, NY USA.
    Pregizer, Steven
    Harvard Sch Dent Med, MA 02115 USA.
    Cox, Karen
    Harvard Sch Dent Med, MA 02115 USA.
    Ohte, Satoshi
    Harvard Sch Dent Med, MA 02115 USA; Kitasato Univ, Japan.
    Feigenson, Marina
    Harvard Sch Dent Med, MA 02115 USA.
    Gamer, Laura
    Harvard Sch Dent Med, MA 02115 USA.
    Nyman, Jeffry S.
    Vanderbilt Univ, TN USA.
    Carey, David J.
    Geisinger Hlth Syst, PA USA.
    Economides, Aris
    Regeneron Pharmaceut, NY USA.
    Basler, Konrad
    Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, United States.
    Rosen, Vicki
    Harvard Sch Dent Med, MA 02115 USA.
    Reactivation of a developmental Bmp2 signaling center is required for therapeutic control of the murine periosteal niche2019In: eLIFE, E-ISSN 2050-084X, Vol. 8, article id e42386Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Two decades after signals controlling bone length were discovered, the endogenous ligands determining bone width remain unknown. We show that postnatal establishment of normal bone width in mice, as mediated by bone-forming activity of the periosteum, requires BMP signaling at the innermost layer of the periosteal niche. This developmental signaling center becomes quiescent during adult life. Its reactivation however, is necessary for periosteal growth, enhanced bone strength, and accelerated fracture repair in response to bone-anabolic therapies used in clinical orthopedic settings. Although many BMPs are expressed in bone, periosteal BMP signaling and bone formation require only Bmp2 in the Prx1-Cre lineage. Mechanistically, BMP2 functions downstream of Lrp5/6 pathway to activate a conserved regulatory element upstream of Sp7 via recruitment of Smad1 and Grhl3. Consistent with our findings, human variants of BMP2 and GRHL3 are associated with increased risk of fractures.

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  • 40.
    Schaufler, Katharina
    et al.
    Ernst Moritz Arndt Univ Greifswald, Germany; Free Univ Berlin, Germany.
    Semmler, Torsten
    Robert Koch Inst, Germany.
    Wieler, Lothar H.
    Robert Koch Inst, Germany.
    Trott, Darren J.
    Univ Adelaide, Australia.
    Pitout, Johann
    Calgary Lab Serv, Canada; Univ Calgary, Canada.
    Peirano, Gisele
    Calgary Lab Serv, Canada; Univ Calgary, Canada.
    Bonnedahl, Jonas
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Kalmar Cty Council, Sweden.
    Dolejska, Monika
    Univ Vet and Pharmaceut Sci Brno, Czech Republic; Univ Vet and Pharmaceut Sci Brno, Czech Republic.
    Literak, Ivan
    Univ Vet and Pharmaceut Sci Brno, Czech Republic; Univ Vet and Pharmaceut Sci Brno, Czech Republic.
    Fuchs, Stephan
    Robert Koch Inst, Germany.
    Ahmed, Niyaz
    Int Ctr Diarrheal Dis Res Bangladesh, Bangladesh.
    Grobbel, Mirjam
    German Fed Inst Risk Assessment, Germany.
    Torres, Carmen
    Univ La Rioja, Spain.
    McNally, Alan
    Univ Birmingham, England.
    Pickard, Derek
    Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, England.
    Ewers, Christa
    Justus Liebig Univ Giessen, Germany.
    Croucher, Nicholas J.
    Imperial Coll, England.
    Corander, Jukka
    Wellcome Trust Sanger Inst, England; Univ Helsinki, Finland; Univ Oslo, Norway.
    Guenther, Sebastian
    Free Univ Berlin, Germany; Ernst Moritz Arndt Univ Greifswald, Germany.
    Genomic and Functional Analysis of Emerging Virulent and Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Lineage Sequence Type 6482019In: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, ISSN 0066-4804, E-ISSN 1098-6596, Vol. 63, no 6, article id e00243-19Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The pathogenic extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli lineage ST648 is increasingly reported from multiple origins. Our study of a large and global ST648 collection from various hosts (87 whole-genome sequences) combining core and accessory genomics with functional analyses and in vivo experiments suggests that ST648 is a nascent and generalist lineage, lacking clear phylogeographic and host association signals. By including large numbers of ST131 (n = 107) and ST10 (n = 96) strains for comparative genomics and phenotypic analysis, we demonstrate that the combination of multidrug resistance and high-level virulence are the hallmarks of ST648, similar to international high-risk clonal lineage ST131. Specifically, our in silico, in vitro, and in vivo results demonstrate that ST648 is well equipped with biofilm-associated features, while ST131 shows sophisticated signatures indicative of adaption to urinary tract infection, potentially conveying individual ecological niche adaptation. In addition, we used a recently developed NFDS (negative frequency-dependent selection) population model suggesting that ST648 will increase significantly in frequency as a cause of bacteremia within the next few years. Also, ESBL plasmids impacting biofilm formation aided in shaping and maintaining ST648 strains to successfully emerge worldwide across different ecologies. Our study contributes to understanding what factors drive the evolution and spread of emerging international high-risk clonal lineages.

  • 41.
    Schulman, H.
    et al.
    Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Infectious Diseases.
    Niward, Katarina
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Infectious Diseases.
    Abate, E.
    Univ Gondar, Ethiopia; Ethiopian Publ Hlth Inst, Ethiopia.
    Idh, Jonna
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Axenram, P.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Bornefall, Anna
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Forsgren, S.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Jakobsson, J.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Öhrling, C.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Kron, M.
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Brudin, Lars
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Diro, E.
    Univ Gondar, Ethiopia.
    Kebede, A. Getachew
    Addis Ababa Univ, Ethiopia.
    Paues, Jakob
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Infectious Diseases.
    Bruchfeld, J.
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Wejse, C.
    Indepth Network, Guinea Bissau; Aarhus Univ Hosp, Denmark; Aarhus Univ, Denmark.
    Stendahl, Olle
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Schön, Thomas
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Sedimentation rate and suPAR in relation to disease activity and mortality in patients with tuberculosis2019In: The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, ISSN 1027-3719, E-ISSN 1815-7920, Vol. 23, no 11, p. 1155-1161Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE : To investigate how levels of the soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) correlate with disease activity and prognosis in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). DESIGN: This was a retrospective analysis of patients with active PTB (n = 500) in Gondar, Ethiopia, for whom the suPAR (n = 301) and ESR (n = 330) were analysed at the start of treatment. Both biomarkers were available for 176 patients. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, chest X-ray (CXR) findings, classification according to the clinical TBscore and treatment outcome were all recorded. RESULTS : In a multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex and HIV status, surrogate markers of disease activity such as advanced CXR patterns correlated with increased levels of suPAR (adjusted OR [aOR] 8.24, Pamp;lt; 0.001) and of ESR (aOR 1.63, P = 0.030), whereas ESR only correlated significantly with a TBscore amp;gt;6 points. Increased levels of both suPAR and ESR were associated with unsuccessful treatment outcomes (aOR 2.93, P = 0.013; aOR 2.52, P = 0.025). The highest quartile of suPAR (aOR 13.3, P = 0.029) but not ESR levels correlated independently with increased mortality. CONCLUSION: SuPAR and ESR levels correlate with disease activity in PTB; however, the clinical role of these potentially prognostic biomarkers needs to be verified in prospective studies.

  • 42.
    Schön, Thomas
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    The evaluation of routine immunological tests to estimate the risk of progression into active tuberculosis2019In: The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, ISSN 1027-3719, E-ISSN 1815-7920, Vol. 23, no 11, p. 1127-1128Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    n/a

  • 43.
    Schön, Thomas
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Kalmar Cty Hosp, Sweden.
    Matuschek, E.
    EUCAST Dev Lab, Sweden.
    Mohamed, S.
    Univ Virginia, VA USA.
    Utukuri, M.
    Univ Cambridge, England.
    Heysell, S.
    Univ Virginia, VA USA.
    Alffenaar, J. -W.
    Univ Sydney, Australia.
    Shin, S.
    Korean Inst TB, South Korea.
    Martinez, E.
    Univ Sydney, Australia; Inst Clin Pathol and Med Res Pathol West, Australia; Western Sydney Local Hlth Dist, Australia.
    Sintchenko, V.
    Univ Sydney, Australia; Inst Clin Pathol and Med Res Pathol West, Australia; Western Sydney Local Hlth Dist, Australia.
    Maurer, F. P.
    Res Ctr Borstel, Germany.
    Keller, P. M.
    Univ Bern, Switzerland.
    Kahlmeter, G.
    EUCAST Dev Lab, Sweden.
    Koser, C. U.
    Univ Cambridge, England.
    Standards for MIC testing that apply to the majority of bacterial pathogens should also be enforced for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex2019In: Clinical Microbiology and Infection, ISSN 1198-743X, E-ISSN 1469-0691, Vol. 25, no 4, p. 403-405Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    n/a

  • 44.
    Seitanidou, Maria S
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Physics and Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Blomgran, Robert
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Pushpamithran, Giggil
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Berggren, Magnus
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Simon, Daniel
    Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering.
    Modulating Inflammation in Monocytes Using Capillary Fiber Organic Electronic Ion Pumps2019In: Advanced Healthcare Materials, ISSN 2192-2640, E-ISSN 2192-2659, Vol. 8, no 19, article id 1900813Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An organic electronic ion pump (OEIP) delivers ions and drugs from a source, through a charge selective membrane, to a target upon an electric bias. Miniaturization of this technology is crucial and will provide several advantages, ranging from better spatiotemporal control of delivery to reduced invasiveness for implanted OEIPs. To miniaturize OEIPs, new configurations have been developed based on glass capillary fibers filled with an anion exchange membrane (AEM). Fiber capillary OEIPs can be easily implanted in proximity to targeted cells and tissues. Herein, the efficacy of such a fiber capillary OEIP for modulation of inflammation in human monocytes is demonstrated. The devices are located on inflammatory monocytes and local delivery of salicylic acid (SA) is initiated. Highly localized SA delivery results in a significant decrease in cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6) levels after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The findings-the first use of such capillary OEIPs in mammalian cells or systems-demonstrate the utility of the technology for optimizing transport and delivery of different therapeutic substances at low concentrations, with the benefit of local and controlled administration that limits the adverse effect of oral/systemic drug delivery.

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  • 45.
    Simonsson, Per
    et al.
    Siemens healthineers, Solna, Sweden.
    Tjernberg, Ivar
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Landstinget i Kalmar län, Kalmar, Sweden.
    Egenordinerad provtagning kan ge laboratoriemedicinen ny roll [Patient-initiated diagnostics - a challenge for laboratory medicine]2019In: Läkartidningen, ISSN 0023-7205, E-ISSN 1652-7518, Vol. 116, article id FIFWArticle, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Citizens can now order their own laboratory investigations. Self-testing is in line with increasing patient empowerment and in conflict with existing routines in medicine where all tests are ordered by the physician. Several challenges have to be faced by laboratory medicine to secure the quality and increase the medical benefits of patient-initiated diagnostics.

  • 46.
    Singh, Susmita K.
    et al.
    Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation.
    Larsson, Marie
    Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Hematopoiesis and Developmental Biology.
    Schön, Thomas
    Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Kalmar Cty Hosp, Sweden.
    Stendahl, Olle
    Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation.
    Blomgran, Robert
    Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation.
    HIV Interferes with the Dendritic Cell-T Cell Axis of Macrophage Activation by Shifting Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific CD4 T Cells into a Dysfunctional Phenotype2019In: Journal of Immunology, ISSN 0022-1767, E-ISSN 1550-6606, Vol. 202, no 3, p. 816-826Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    HIV coinfection is the greatest risk factor for transition of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection into active tuberculosis (TB). Epidemiological data reveal both the reduction and the impairment of M. tuberculosis-specific CD4 T cells, although the cellular link and actual mechanisms resulting in immune impairment/suppression need further characterization. M. tuberculosis-specific CD4 T cells play a central role in development of protective immunity against TB, in which they participate in the activation of macrophages through the dendritic cell (DC)-T cell axis. Using an in vitro priming system for generating Ag-specific T cells, we explored if HIV-M. tuberculosis-infected (coinfected) human DCs can dysregulate the M. tuberculosis-specific CD4 T cell phenotype and functionality and subsequently mediate the failure to control M. tuberculosis infection in macrophages. After coculture with coinfected DCs, M. tuberculosis Ag-specific CD4 T cells lost their ability to enhance control of M. tuberculosis infection in infected macrophages. Coinfection of DCs reduced proliferation of M. tuberculosis Ag-specific CD4 T cells without affecting their viability, led to increased expression of coinhibitory factors CTLA-4, PD-1, and Blimp-1, and decreased expression of costimulatory molecules CD40L, CD28, and ICOS on the T cells. Expression of the regulatory T cell markers FOXP3 and CD25, together with the immunosuppressive cytokines TGF-beta and IL-10, was also significantly increased by coinfection compared with M. tuberculosis single infection. Our data suggest a pattern in which HIV, through its effect on DCs, impairs the ability of M. tuberculosis-specific CD4 T cells to maintain a latent TB within human macrophages, which could play an early role in the subsequent development of TB.

  • 47.
    Sun, Chengtao
    et al.
    China Agr Univ, Peoples R China.
    Chen, Baoli
    Shandong Ctr Dis Control and Prevent, Peoples R China.
    Hulth, Anette
    Publ Hlth Agcy Sweden, Sweden; Karolinska Inst, Sweden.
    Schwarz, Stefan
    China Agr Univ, Peoples R China; Free Univ Berlin, Germany.
    Ji, Xing
    China Agr Univ, Peoples R China.
    Nilsson, Lennart E
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences.
    Ma, Shizhen
    China Agr Univ, Peoples R China.
    Sun, Qiang
    Shandong Univ, Peoples R China.
    Bi, Zhenwang
    Shandong Ctr Dis Control and Prevent, Peoples R China.
    Wang, Yang
    China Agr Univ, Peoples R China.
    Bi, Zhenqiang
    Shandong Ctr Dis Control and Prevent, Peoples R China.
    Wu, Congming
    China Agr Univ, Peoples R China.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Natl Vet Inst SVA, Sweden.
    Genomic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus along a pork production chain and in the community, Shandong Province, China2019In: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, ISSN 0924-8579, E-ISSN 1872-7913, Vol. 54, no 1Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) is an increasingly important public health concern worldwide; however, data on LA-MRSA from Asian countries is scarce. As such, a comprehensive molecular epidemiological survey of S. aureus along a pork production chain and in the community was undertaken in Shandong Province, China. spa typing and whole-genome sequencing were used to survey the occurrence and potential transmission of S. aureus in various sectors, including 899 porcine samples (snout or skin swabs, carcass swabs and pork portions), 845 human nasal samples and 239 environmental samples from commercial farms, a slaughterhouse, a pork wholesale market and the surrounding community. MRSA was detected in higher frequencies in samples from two commercial pig farms (pigs, 49%; farm workers, 64%; environmental samples, 16%) than in samples from the slaughterhouse (fatteners, 8.2%; carcasses, 1.1%; operation workers, 0%; environmental samples, 3.8%), the pork wholesale market (pork, 14%; sellers, 0%) and individuals in the community (6.8%). There were significant differences in population structures, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, and the presence of resistance and virulence genes between human- and pig-associated isolates. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed the dissemination of LA-MRSA between various segments along the pork production chain. However, MRSA of the same sequence type was not found to be disseminated between the commercial farms and the surrounding communities. Furthermore, one MRSA ST398 was observed, and a novel CC9 variant ST3597 was detected within the chain. The high MRSA carriage rates and the emergence of a new MRSA CC9 variant identified in this study highlight the need for MRSA surveillance. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. and International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.

  • 48.
    Svensson, Robin J.
    et al.
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Niward, Katarina
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Infectious Diseases.
    Forsman, Lina Davies
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Karolinska Univ Hosp Solna, Sweden.
    Bruchfeld, Judith
    Karolinska Inst, Sweden; Karolinska Univ Hosp Solna, Sweden.
    Paues, Jakob
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Infectious Diseases.
    Eliasson, Erik
    Karolinska Univ Hosp Huddinge, Sweden.
    Schön, Thomas
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Kalmar Cty Hosp, Sweden.
    Simonsson, Uirika S. H.
    Uppsala Univ, Sweden.
    Individualised dosing algorithm and personalised treatment of high-dose rifampicin for tuberculosis2019In: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, ISSN 0306-5251, E-ISSN 1365-2125, Vol. 85, no 10, p. 2341-2350Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims To propose new exposure targets for Bayesian dose optimisation suited for high-dose rifampicin and to apply them using measured plasma concentrations coupled with a Bayesian forecasting algorithm allowing predictions of future doses, considering rifampicins auto-induction, saturable pharmacokinetics and high interoccasion variability. Methods Rifampicin exposure targets for Bayesian dose optimisation were defined based on literature data on safety and anti-mycobacterial activity in relation to rifampicins pharmacokinetics i.e. highest plasma concentration up to 24 hours and area under the plasma concentration-time curve up to 24 hours (AUC(0-24h)). Targets were suggested with and without considering minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) information. Individual optimal doses were predicted for patients treated with rifampicin (10 mg/kg) using the targets with Bayesian forecasting together with sparse measurements of rifampicin plasma concentrations and baseline rifampicin MIC. Results The suggested exposure target for Bayesian dose optimisation was a steady state AUC(0-24h) of 181-214 h x mg/L. The observed MICs ranged from 0.016-0.125 mg/L (mode: 0.064 mg/L). The predicted optimal dose in patients using the suggested target ranged from 1200-3000 mg (20-50 mg/kg) with a mode of 1800 mg (30 mg/kg, n = 24). The predicted optimal doses when taking MIC into account were highly dependent on the known technical variability of measured individual MIC and the dose was substantially lower compared to when using the AUC(0-24h)-only target. Conclusions A new up-to-date exposure target for Bayesian dose optimisation suited for high-dose rifampicin was derived. Using measured plasma concentrations coupled with Bayesian forecasting allowed prediction of the future dose whilst accounting for the auto-induction, saturable pharmacokinetics and high between-occasion variability of rifampicin.

  • 49.
    Söderlund, Robert
    et al.
    Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Skarin, Hanna
    Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Börjesson, Stefan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Sannö, Axel
    Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Jernberg, Therese
    Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Aspán, Anna
    Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Ågren, Erik O
    Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Hansson, Ingrid
    Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Prevalence and genomic characteristics of zoonotic gastro-intestinal pathogens and ESBL/pAmpC producing Enterobacteriaceae among Swedish corvid birds2019In: Infection Ecology & Epidemiology, ISSN 2000-8686, E-ISSN 2000-8686, Vol. 9, no 1, article id 1701399Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction: Wild birds pose a potential threat to animal and human health by spreading infectious diseases. In the present study, we studied the occurrence of bacterial zoonotic pathogens as well as enterobacteria with transferrable antimicrobial resistance genes among Swedish corvids.

    Materials and methods: Intestines from 66 jackdaws, crows, rooks and magpies from the vicinity of livestock farms at 14 locations in 7 counties were analysed by direct culture or PCR screening followed by culture. Isolates were investigated by whole-genome sequencing.

    Results and discussionCampylobacter jejuni were detected in 82% and Yersinia in 3% of the birds. ESBL-producing E. coli were found in one sample (2%) and carried blaCTX-M-55. No Enterobacteriaceae with transferable carbapenem resistance were identified. No Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7 were found, but PCR analysis for enterohaemorrhagic E. coli virulence genes revealed 35% positive samples for intimin, 9% for verotoxin 1 and 17% for verotoxin 2. C. jejuni isolates from corvids were compared to previously published isolates from Swedish sources by multi-locus sequence typing based on genome sequences. All corvid C. jejuni isolates formed a cluster, intermingled with human and chicken isolates. Our results indicate that C. jejuni is ubiquitous among Swedish corvid birds, with sporadic transmission to poultry and humans.

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  • 50.
    Taxbro, Knut
    et al.
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Drug Research. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Ryhov Cty Hosp, Sweden.
    Hammarskjöld, Fredrik
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Ryhov Cty Hosp, Sweden.
    Thelin, Bo
    Ryhov Cty Hosp, Sweden.
    Lewin, Freddi
    Ryhov Cty Hosp, Sweden.
    Hagman, Helga
    Skane Univ Hosp, Sweden.
    Hanberger, Håkan
    Linköping University, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Infection and Inflammation. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Infectious Diseases.
    Berg, Sören
    Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. Linköping University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Region Östergötland, Heart and Medicine Center, Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery.
    Clinical impact of peripherally inserted central catheters vs implanted port catheters in patients with cancer: an open-label, randomised, two-centre trial2019In: British Journal of Anaesthesia, ISSN 0007-0912, E-ISSN 1471-6771, Vol. 122, no 6, p. 734-741Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background

    Centrally inserted totally implanted vascular access ports (PORTs) and peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are widely used for the administration of chemotherapy. Our aim was to study the incidence of catheter-related deep venous thrombosis in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy through either a PICC or a PORT.

    Methods

    Adults with non-haematological cancer (mainly breast and colorectal) from two Swedish oncology centres were included and followed for up to 1 yr. Patients were randomly assigned to receive a single-lumen PICC or PORT. The primary end point was the occurrence of a clinically significant catheter-related deep venous thrombosis, and the secondary end point was a composite of adverse events related to the catheter: insertion complication, thrombosis, occlusion, infection, and mechanical problems.

    Results

    The trial recruited 399 participants (PICC, n=201; PORT, n=198) between March 2013 and February 2017. The PICCs were associated with 16 (8%) deep venous thromboses compared with two (1%) in the PORT group (HR=10.2; 95% confidence interval, 2.3–44.6; P=0.002). The overall incidence of composite adverse events was higher for patients with a PICC compared with those with a PORT (HR=2.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.6–4.6; P<0.001).

    Conclusions

    PICCs are associated with higher risk for catheter-related deep venous thrombosis and other adverse events when compared with PORTs. This increased risk should be considered when choosing a vascular access device for chemotherapy, especially in patients with solid malignancy.

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